Disaster Risk Communication

At the heart of Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (DRRM) work is capacitating and enabling communities to plan and prepare for the onslaught of hazards. Efforts toward this aim have been mostly centered around the notion that there are ‘experts’ whom vulnerable groups should learn and seek help from to attain community resilience. This is typically underpinned by the belief that Western-centric knowledge and practice take precedence over their local and indigenous counterparts.

The same goes for risk communication, commonly articulated across the global DRRM landscape as something undertaken by officials, experts, and professionals to “produce an informed public.” However, risk communication can only be effective and impactful if it is cognizant of the ways in which knowledge is exchanged and understood beyond the conventional eurocentric and global lenses.

Harnessing and reflecting on past experiences, the researchers tested out a process for the development and localization of Information, Education, and Communication (IEC) materials that hones in on local communities as co-designers – with special focus on the participation of vulnerable sectors.

Seeking to decentralize the narrative on long-established communication strategies, researchers and co-designers undertook collaborative workshops to create context-based IEC materials, co-developing risk communication strategies grounded in communities’ realities and capacities that utilized a participatory, human-centered design process of pananaliksik, pagtukoy, pagtakda, paghahabi, and pagdidisenyo. Grounded in the community-based approach, the workshops built on the Project’s years of community organizing and organizational development experience which helped foster trust and an empathetic understanding of the community’s challenges.

Essentially, it was discerned that undertaking the process of co-designing – one which puts  a premium on local and indigenous knowledge and inclusivity – catalyzes the much-needed process of unlearning and shedding preconceived notions on how risk knowledge should be formed and disseminated and serves as a vital first step toward the decolonization of risk communication.

İletişim, birey/toplum yaşantısında etkileşimin kurulması, enformasyonun yayılması, sosyal düzenin sürdürülmesi ve yönetimin sağlanması gibi kritik roller üstlenmektedir. Kriz dönemlerinde iletişimin önemi daha da artmakta, doğru ve zamanında bilgilendirme toplumun güvenliğini ve huzurunu sağlamada, kaos ve paniğin önüne geçmede stratejik araç haline gelmektedir. Küreselleşen dünyada değişen ve dönüşen teknoloji ile birlikte sosyal medya platformları afet öncesi, esnası ve sonrasında kriz iletişimini sağlayan bir bileşendir. Çalışma 6 Şubat 2023 tarihinde Türkiye'de gerçekleşen ve literatüre Asrın Felaketi olarak geçen Kahramanmaraş Pazarcık ve Elbistan merkezli depremlerin ardından AFAD'ın X hesabı üzerinden yürüttüğü kriz iletişimini incelemekte, nicel veri analiz yöntemlerinden içerik analizi kullanılarak bulgular değerlendirilmektedir. AFAD'ın kriz esnasında X hesabındaki paylaşımlar Coombs'un Durumsal Kriz İletişimi teorisine uygun şekilde kategorilere ayrılarak kodlanmıştır. Bu veriler AFAD'ın afet sürecinde etkin bilgi akışı sağladığını, bilgilendirme ve destek stratejileriyle halkın güvenini pekiştirdiğini ortaya koymaktadır. Kriz yönetiminde doğru ve anlık bilgilendirme sağlayan AFAD'ın şeffaflık ve güvenilirlik ilkesine bağlı kalarak inkâr ve tepki azaltma stratejilerinden kaçındığı gözlemlenmiştir. Elde edilen bulgularla birlikte çalışma Türkiye gibi afet riski yüksek ülkelerde kriz yönetimi ve iletişim stratejilerinin etkinliğini artırmak amacıyla akademik araştırmaların önemini ve literatürde birlik sağlanmasının gerekliliğini ortaya koymaktadır.

Dans le cadre du projet RATCOM, le BRGM a developpe une methode d'evaluation de la vulnerabilite aux tsunamis, avec application au site pilote " baie de Cannes-Nice ". Dans un premier temps, l'analyse en retour de tsunamis et raz-de-maree a permis d'inventorier les elements les plus exposes et l'intensite des dommages attendus. Concernant la cote francaise mediterraneenne, les zones les plus impactees sont les ports. Cependant, meme pour des intensites de tsunamis faibles a moyennes, en saison touristique, la population situee sur la bande cotiere peut presenter un risque non negligeable. Dans un deuxieme temps, un etat de l'art sur les methodes actuelles d'evaluation de la vulnerabilite aux tsunamis a ete conduit. Ces methodes concernent generalement les zones exposees a de tres violents tsunamis (comme l'ocean indien) et restent difficilement applicables dans nos contextes geologiques et geographiques. Finalement, l'etude conduit a une met...

There are natural-origin crises that institutions and organizations in the service sector may encounter at any time. The earthquake is one of these natural origin crises and the Great Kahramanmaraş earthquake occurred in Türkiye on 06.02.2023. In this direction, the study aims to examine the crisis perception and communication method of hospital-hospital groups towards health tourists in the 06.02.2023 Kahramanmaraş earthquake. In the study, a qualitative research case study design was adopted and document analysis was used as a data collection technique, and content analysis was preferred as a data analysis technique. The sample group consists of the websites and social media (Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, LinkedIn) shares related to Kahramanmaraş earthquake between 06.02.2023-06.03.2023 of 22 hospital and-hospital groups that have the Joint Commission Certificate certificate in Türkiye. As a result of the study, two themes with the content of "Earthquake Injury and

In this paper we investigate the extent to which iterative and non-iterative design procedures, when conducted by designers without expertise in Ergonomics, are able to generate meaningful pictograms. For this purpose 2 methodologies, used to design pictograms, were compared according to productivity and efficacy. This research had used data from a real project that had the aim to design 24 pictograms for forestal context. The iterative design condition was referred to as Production Group (PG) and the non-iterative was labeled as Individual Production (IP). The pictograms were then evaluated according to their comprehensibility through a Comprehensibility Judgment Test. Results showed that the PG condition had produced the top ranking pictograms (regarding the comprehensibility estimation) 9 times (37.50%) against 5 times (20.83%) of the IP condition and a tied result had occurred 10 times (41.66%). The estimated comprehensibility average of the PG was 37.14% and the IP was 35.42%. According to the t-Student test the difference between the 2 groups' means was not statistically significant (p-value = 0.491). The results suggest that an iterative procedure to design pictograms could not be cost-effective if the team lacks expertise in Ergonomics and User-Centered-Design methodologies and is not prepared to take advantage of the participant's contribution.

Beck’in “Risk Toplumu” adını verdiği sistemde bireyler artık modernleşen dünyada artan ekonomik, ekolojik, biyolojik riskler ve felaketlerle mücadele etmektedirler. Akademik çalışmalar göstermektedir ki toplumsal alt yapı, hazırlık ve kapasite tehlikelerin felakete sürüklenmesinin önündeki en büyük engeldir. Türkiye’de Şubat 2023’te meydana gelen 7.7 şiddetindeki güçlü deprem büyük tahribat yaratmış ve iklim ile güvenlik sorunlarının altını çizmiştir. Bütün bu veriler doğrultusunda, Türkiye’de son yaşanan deprem felaketinin ardından 06-27 Şubat tarihleri arasında ilk üç haftada ulusal ve uluslararası internet gazetesinde yer alan medya haberleri çeşitli başlıklar altında incelenmiştir. İlk bölümde ulusal medya analiziyle, 20 ulusal internet gazetesinde yer alan konu başlıkları Google arama motoruna girilerek aramada ilk sayfaya düşen haberler ele alınmıştır. Haber içerikleri hermeneutik açıdan incelenmiş ve eleştirel söylem analiziyle çözümlenerek hangi medya çerçevesinden ele alındığı tartışılmıştır: belirsizlik, tetikleyici, sorumluluk, çatışma, güvenlik. Bu şekilde medya yasakları - çatışma, hükümet söylemleri güvenlik ve çatışma, dezenformasyon – belirsizlik ve tetikleyici, yardımlaşma – sorumluluk çerçevelerine uygun görülmüştür. İkinci bölümde ise uluslararası medyada yer alan belirli haber siteleri kategorize edilerek öne çıkarılan konu başlıkları yorumlanarak analiz edilmiştir. Bu bölümde Birleşik Krallık (The Guardian, BBC ve The Independent), ABD (CNN, CNBC, FoxNews), Fransa (Le Monde), Almanya (Euronews) ve Mısır (Al Jazeera) basın yayın kuruluşlarının son bir ay boyunca yaptığı haberler irdelenmiş ve çerçeveleme kuramına göre yorumlanmıştır. Sonuç olarak, basın yayın kuruluşlarının, gündemi yayın yaptıkları ülkelerinin milli çıkarları kapsamında ve mevcut siyasi otoriteyi sorgulayan çerçevelerle işledikleri görülmüştür. Birleşik Krallık, ABD Fransız ve Alman medyasının depremin yıkıcı etkilerinden siyasi otoriteyi sorumlu tuttuğu anlaşılmıştır. Yalnızca Mısırlı Al Jazeera bir İslam ülkesi olması sebebiyle daha tarafsız ve yapıcı bir üslup kullanmıştır. Özetle, bu çalışmada ulusal ve uluslararası medyadaki farklı yaklaşımlar ve çerçeveleme biçimleri ortaya konmaya çalışılmıştır. Ayrıca, kriz anlarında medyanın oynadığı rolün ve medyanın kamuyu afetlere hazırlama ve bilinçlendirme rolünün altı çizilmiştir.

Disaster readiness and risk reduction has been observed as one of the most important, yet somehow overlooked prospects for societal development. Moreover, this has also been included within one of the subjects in the Senior High School of the Philippine system of education, imploring literacy as vital in the education of every individual. This study has measured the disaster literacy of the students of the City of San Jose del Monte National Science High School. The population of this study has amounted to a total of 614 students; ranging from selected students of seventh grade, up to twelfth grade. This study employed Slovin’s Formula and stratified random sampling for the statistical analysis and treatment, and online survey questionnaires consisting of ten, disaster-based scenarios were distributed to the selected respondents for acquiring necessary information. As per the gathered data shown via graphical illustrations and figures, the survey reveals that the majority of the students have answered accurately; based upon their choice of answers from the questionnaire, which corresponds to the provided set of answers that are stated as the most accurate. Therefore, these findings suggest
that the students have answered for the given set of scenarios from the test; and therefore proving that they are literate in disasters.

Our community's resilience begins with strategic, localized preparedness. We propose establishing seven specialized Purok Disaster Risk Reduction Management (PDRRM) teams within each barangay, a targeted approach designed to transform our community's disaster response capabilities.

Questo numero della rivista si trova ad uscire in un momento storico forse unico e con una prospettiva di osservazione privilegiata: dopo tanti anni di proclami disattesi, speranze deluse e riforme abortite, anche l'Italia pare avviarsi decisamente in un cammino di cambiamento profondo della Pubblica Amministrazione secondo le potenzialità offerte dal paradigma tecnologico digitale. Il tema e le sue poliedriche ramificazioni disciplinari, certo, non sono dei più facili da inquadrare, e va subito detto che questo numero parte da una prospettiva di economia politica, che poi cerca una ibridazione fruttuosa con altre discipline, più o meno vicine. Comprendere l'evoluzione delle organizzazioni pubbliche che gestiscono i beni ed i servizi di una comunità (come le Pubbliche Amministrazioni, d'ora in poi, PA) significa considerare sistemi le cui forme di apprendimento, innovazione e cambiamento dipendono prevalentemente da forze esterne al sistema stesso. Questo fatto ha validità generale, pur essendo integrato da specificità nazionali e regionali: in particolare, accanto alle istituzioni formali ve ne sono altre, informali, altrettanto importanti, le quali contribuiscono a determinare il comportamento e i risultati del gioco di interazione tra gli agenti orientati ai loro obiettivi (North, 1990; Aoki, 2001). Le aziende private, diversamente dalle pubbliche, sono istituzioni per le quali i processi di apprendimento dipendono principalmente dalle dinamiche interne di auto-organizzazione (largamente informali), rispetto alle forze di etero regolazione. Ciò accade perché le motivazioni, gli incentivi, i processi di rinforzo, di conformità e di legittimazione dei comportamenti ammissibili nelle PA sono determinati da atti e contratti 1 formali a rilievo collettivo (come leggi, decreti, regolamenti, ordinanze di vario tipo, accordi di categoria, etc.) che, per essere cambiati, necessitano di atti e contratti di livello superiore, mentre nel caso delle aziende private essi dipendono in maniera dominante dalle routine e dalla cultura organizzativa interna. Il fatto che il cambiamento debba passare attraverso un processo di legittimazione esterna (etero regolazione), piuttosto che essere auto gestito come nelle imprese private, produce la naturale inerzia evolutiva delle PA. Così, per fare un esempio attuale, le amministrazioni provinciali italiane non sono dotate degli strumenti per adattare autonomamente i propri 'confini' funzionali e geografici alle mutevoli condizioni della società, dei territori e del mercato, bensì sottostanno alle forze esterne dei cambiamenti politici ed istituzionali. Lo stesso discorso vale per il Copyright © FrancoAngeli N.B: Copia ad uso personale. È vietata la riproduzione (totale o parziale) dell'opera con qualsiasi mezzo effettuata e la sua messa a disposizione di terzi, sia in forma gratuita sia a pagamento. Copyright © FrancoAngeli N.B: Copia ad uso personale. È vietata la riproduzione (totale o parziale) dell'opera con qualsiasi mezzo effettuata e la sua messa a disposizione di terzi, sia in forma gratuita sia a pagamento. Copyright © FrancoAngeli N.B: Copia ad uso personale. È vietata la riproduzione (totale o parziale) dell'opera con qualsiasi mezzo effettuata e la sua messa a disposizione di terzi, sia in forma gratuita sia a pagamento. Copyright © FrancoAngeli N.B: Copia ad uso personale. È vietata la riproduzione (totale o parziale) dell'opera con qualsiasi mezzo effettuata e la sua messa a disposizione di terzi, sia in forma gratuita sia a pagamento. Copyright © FrancoAngeli N.B: Copia ad uso personale. È vietata la riproduzione (totale o parziale) dell'opera con qualsiasi mezzo effettuata e la sua messa a disposizione di terzi, sia in forma gratuita sia a pagamento. Copyright © FrancoAngeli N.B: Copia ad uso personale. È vietata la riproduzione (totale o parziale) dell'opera con qualsiasi mezzo effettuata e la sua messa a disposizione di terzi, sia in forma gratuita sia a pagamento. Copyright © FrancoAngeli N.B: Copia ad uso personale. È vietata la riproduzione (totale o parziale) dell'opera con qualsiasi mezzo effettuata e la sua messa a disposizione di terzi, sia in forma gratuita sia a pagamento. Copyright © FrancoAngeli N.B: Copia ad uso personale. È vietata la riproduzione (totale o parziale) dell'opera con qualsiasi mezzo effettuata e la sua messa a disposizione di terzi, sia in forma gratuita sia a pagamento. Copyright © FrancoAngeli N.B: Copia ad uso personale. È vietata la riproduzione (totale o parziale) dell'opera con qualsiasi mezzo effettuata e la sua messa a disposizione di terzi, sia in forma gratuita sia a pagamento. Copyright © FrancoAngeli N.B: Copia ad uso personale. È vietata la riproduzione (totale o parziale) dell'opera con qualsiasi mezzo effettuata e la sua messa a disposizione di terzi, sia in forma gratuita sia a pagamento. Copyright © FrancoAngeli N.B: Copia ad uso personale. È vietata la riproduzione (totale o parziale) dell'opera con qualsiasi mezzo effettuata e la sua messa a disposizione di terzi, sia in forma gratuita sia a pagamento. Copyright © FrancoAngeli N.B: Copia ad uso personale. È vietata la riproduzione (totale o parziale) dell'opera con qualsiasi mezzo effettuata e la sua messa a disposizione di terzi, sia in forma gratuita sia a pagamento.

Doğal afet kaynaklı risklere yönelik farkındalık sağlanmasında, toplumsal bilincin geliştirilmesinde ve risk nedenli hasarların en aza indirilebilmesi için ideal tutumların edinilmesinde, medyanın önemli bir rol oynadığı kabul edilmektedir. Türkiye için yüksek ve daimî risk teşkil eden depremin medya gündeminde yer alış biçimleri de bu nedenledir ki özel bir önem arz etmektedir. Bu çalışmada da deprem riskinin taşıdığı bu çok özel öneme odaklanmış ve TRT Haber, A Haber, CNN Türk, Habertürk ve NTV televizyon ve radyo kanallarının analizi birer örneklem alanı olarak kabul edilmiştir. Bu kanalların, 26 Eylül 2019 İstanbul ve 30 Ekim 2020 İzmir depremlerine yönelik haber ve benzeri program içerikleri, nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden İçerik Analizi tekniği ile incelenmiş, izlerkitlede yaratılmak istenen etkilerin gözlenebilmesi için işlevsel bir araç olan ve seçici bir kontrol süreci anlamını taşıyan çerçeveleme paradigması, risk iletişimi ile bağlantılandırılarak çalışmaya kuramsal altya...

Doğal afet kaynaklı risklere yönelik farkındalık sağlanmasında, toplumsal bilincin geliştirilmesinde ve risk nedenli hasarların en aza indirilebilmesi için ideal tutumların edinilmesinde, medyanın önemli bir rol oynadığı kabul edilmektedir. Türkiye için yüksek ve daimî risk teşkil eden depremin medya gündeminde yer alış biçimleri de bu nedenledir ki özel bir önem arz etmektedir. Bu çalışmada da deprem riskinin taşıdığı bu çok özel öneme odaklanmış ve TRT Haber, A Haber, CNN Türk, Habertürk ve NTV televizyon ve radyo kanallarının analizi birer örneklem alanı olarak kabul edilmiştir. Bu kanalların, 26 Eylül 2019 İstanbul ve 30 Ekim 2020 İzmir depremlerine yönelik haber ve benzeri program içerikleri, nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden İçerik Analizi tekniği ile incelenmiş, izlerkitlede yaratılmak istenen etkilerin gözlenebilmesi için işlevsel bir araç olan ve seçici bir kontrol süreci anlamını taşıyan çerçeveleme paradigması, risk iletişimi ile bağlantılandırılarak çalışmaya kuramsal altya...

Public responses to large-scale radiological incidents are often thought to be disproportionate to the objective risk and can involve widespread societal disruption. Recent experiences of the 210 Po incident in central London suggest that public responses depend heavily on the nature of the incident and the effectiveness of risk communication efforts. This paper describes the outcome of several studies done in the aftermath of the 210 Po incident that suggest the reaction of the public on this occasion was muted, even for those directly affected. However, the desire for accurate, up-to-date and individuallytailored information was strong, and satisfaction with the efforts of the responding agencies was mediated by this information provision. A small minority of individuals was difficult to reassure effectively. This group may confer a particular drain on resources. Lessons for the risk communication efforts of public health responders are identified, in particular the importance of helping individuals to identify their risk of exposure, understand the difference between acute and chronic effects of exposure, and appreciate the meaning of any test results. Attempts at providing reassurance in the absence of specific information are likely to be counterproductive in any future radiological incident.

Bu çalışmanın amacı, 2023 yılında yayınlanan Afet Bilinci Dersi Öğretim Programı’nın (I-II) afet yönetimi evreleri açısından incelenmesidir. Doküman inceleme yöntemiyle yürütülen araştırmanın veri kaynağı, Afet Bilinci (I-II) Dersi Öğretim Programıdır. Program dokümanından elde edilen veriler içerik analizi yöntemiyle değerlendirilmiştir. İlk araştırma sorusuna ilişkin sonuçlar, programın genel yapısının açık ve organize bir şekilde açıklandığını göstermiştir. Bunun yanında derse özgü becerilere (13) yer verilirken, değerler özel bir başlık altında sunulmamıştır. İkinci araştırma sorusuna dair ise program içerisinde afet yönetim evrelerinin tamamına yönelik kazanım olduğu, evreler arasında en çok afet öncesi süreçte yer alan “risk ve zarar azaltma” (25), en az afet sonrası süreçte yer alan “iyileştirme” (6) evresine yönelik kazanım bulunduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Bu durum ilgili programın afet eğitimi, afet bilinci geliştirme ve afet yönetimi sistemi açısından geliştirilmesi gerektiğini göstermektedir. Ulaşılan sonuçlardan yola çıkarak derse özgü değerler ile afet ve coğrafya gibi okuryazarlık becerilerinin eklenmesi, iyileştirme evresine ilişkin daha fazla kazanıma yer verilmesi ve okul dışı öğrenme ortamları-kazanım ilişkisinin kurulması önerilebilir.

Disasters can shake institutions and their adaptive strategies temporarily and often in the aftermath of a disaster. Disaster events, such as floods and epidemics, unceasingly demonstrate that disasters provide an avenue for a "litmus test" for institutional effectiveness, efficiency, and accountability. Therefore, this study examines municipalities’ receptivity to their role in an integrated disaster management system. Based on the literature and 25 interviews in three research areas: (1) legislative understanding and legislative implementation, (2) the establishment of disaster management centres as units and (3) relevance of institutional capacity [decision-making powers of the head of centres]. This study established that the disaster management centres are established in various municipalities as units supported by Disaster Management Act 57 of 2002 as amended by Act 16 of 2015. This is very solid legislative support, but practical implementation problems persist, especially concerning coordinating disaster management activities and financial accountability at the municipal level. Whereas the framework has sought to ensure a standardised method of governance, the decentralisation process has ensured disparities in municipalities’ resource base and procedural practices. Deep-rooted power differences and tightly embedded hierarchies can restrict collaboration and slow decision-making. Given these findings, it is recommended that attention be directed at the following areas: i) developing more effective mechanisms for compliance with standardised disaster management guidelines; ii) planning and operationalising policies to ensure equitable resource distribution; and iii) introducing reforms into existing systems to make disaster management structures more transparent and equitable. Furthermore, the head of the centre should be fully delegated with disaster management power and authority as enshrined in Section 44(3) of the Disaster Management Act 2002, as amended in 2015, to strengthen various stakeholders' internal and external collaboration.

Afet ve acil durumlarda, afetle ilgili eğitimli ve donanımlı kamu görevlileriyle afet gönüllülerinin birlikte çalışmaları yaygındır. Artan afetler karşısında giderek artan bir afet bilinci ve afet gönüllüğü ortaya çıkmıştır. İlk üç gün genellikle bölgede, kendisi de afetzede olanların ilk müdahaleleri yapmaya çalıştığı görülmektedir. Yetkililer ve afet gönüllülerinin bölgeye intikalinden sonra ise elbirliğiyle arama, kurtarma ve yardım faaliyetleri gerçekleştirilmektedir.
Bu çalışmada, 6 Şubat Depremlerinde afet bölgelerinde gönüllü çalışan bir grubun algı ve deneyimlerinin tespit edilerek gönüllü organizasyonlarına yönelik bir tespit yapılması amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaca yönelik olarak, 6 Şubat Depremleri sonrasında bölgeye İstanbul’dan intikal eden ve 9 Şubat-30 Nisan 2023 tarihleri arasında görev yaparak İstanbul’a dönen 154 AFAD gönüllüsüyle görüşme gerçekleştirilmiştir. Görüşmede, yapılandırılmış ve yarı yapılandırılmış sorular kullanılmıştır. Araştırmadan elde edilen verilere göre ağırlıklı olarak orta yaş grubunda, önemli kısmı teknik alanda yüksek öğrenimli genç erkeklerden oluşan katılımcıların en büyük motivasyonları hayat kurtarmak ve kurtarma ekiplerine yardım sağlamaktır. Afet sahasında kalış süreleri bir haftaya yakın olan gönüllüler, afetlere yönelik eğitimlerde özellikle uygulama eğitimlerinin arttırılmasının önemli olduğunu belirtmişlerdir. Bir diğer önemli değerlendirme, afet sonrasında ihtiyaç duyulan en önemli gönüllü grubunun sağlık meslek mensupları olduğudur. Gönüllülere psikolojik destek sunmak açısından özellikle psikolog ve pedagog ihtiyacı olduğuna işaret edilmiştir. Afet yönetimi açısından ihtiyaç duyulan bir başka husus ise koordinasyonun iyileştirilmesi olmuştur. Ayrıca, afet bölgesine intikal eden gönüllülerin daha ilk başta saha içi ve saha gerisi ekipler olarak ayrılmasının acil yardım ve lojistik destek ekiplerinin koordinasyonu açısından yararlı olacağı değerlendirilmiştir.

Disaster is a term that can be defined in various ways, depending on the context. Generally, it refers to a sudden or catastrophic event that causes significant damage, destruction, and loss of life. However, the definition of disaster goes beyond just a calamitous event – it also involves the subsequent effects on a community, a society, or environment. Disasters can be categorized into two main groups: natural disasters and human-made disasters.  1. Natural Disasters: These are disasters that occur due to natural phenomena and are usually beyond human control. They include: a) Geological Disasters: These are disasters caused by geological changes or movements in the earth. They include earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides and tsunamis among others. b) Meteorological Disasters: These are disasters caused by weather and climate conditions. They include cyclones, hurricanes, tornadoes, blizzards, droughts and heatwaves among others. c) Biological Disasters: These are disasters arising from the biological sphere. They include pandemics, epidemics, plagues, and infestations, etc. 2. Man-made Disasters: These are disasters that are caused directly or indirectly by human actions. They can further be divided into: a)        b)        c)      Technological Disasters: These disasters are a result of the failure of technology. They include industrial accidents, nuclear explosions, chemical spills, oil spills and structure collapses among others. Sociopolitical Disasters: These disasters occur due to sociopolitical conditions or conflicts. They include wars, genocides, riots, terrorism and economic crises. Environmental Disasters: These disasters result from adverse environmental conditions brought about by human activities. They include deforestation, desertification, water pollution, air pollution, and loss of biodiversity. Each type of disaster has unique impacts and requires distinct strategies for preparedness, response, and recovery. Understanding these different types of disasters can help in creating effective disaster management and mitigation plans. Disaster preparedness and awareness are of utmost importance in today's scenario. So, in this chapter, we are going to discuss the Significance of Disaster Preparedness and Awareness in details.

Colombia, Indonesia, Vietnam, Egypt, Turkey, and South Africa (CIVETS) have shaped their foreign economic policies in line with the Washington Consensus and have implemented strategies to attract foreign investment as a possible way out of the current nancial crisis. Once multilateral trade rules were agreed under the WTO, these countries revised their domestic trade policies in order to cope with both the organisational principles and the international investment standards promoted by international nancial institutions. Despite the fact that transnational economic groups have been focussing their attention on these 'new investment miracles' since the coining of the term CIVETS in 2009, the CIVETS governments have shown no interest in coordinating their foreign economic policies on investment issues. In this paper we argue that the emerging economies of CIVETS exemplify a case of unintended foreign economic policy convergence, facilitated by systemic causes. ese include their common need to overcome historic processes of adverse economic transition while getting inserted successfully into world trade; as well as domestic variables like the similar ideas of CIVETS policy makers.

COVID-19 pandemic and associated national responses have had ramifications for societies around the world, including South Africa. The marginalisation of people with disabilities is well documented in pre-COVID times, and emerging evidence suggests that the crisis has made this worse, as well as presenting new challenges for people with disabilities. This paper presents a review of published research and grey literature of relevance to the proven or anticipated socio-economic, wellbeing and human right related impacts of COVID-19 on people with disabilities in South Africa and other contexts. Its purpose is to summarise evidence to inform a study on the experiences of South Africans with disabilities during the COVID-19 pandemic and the development of an improved inclusive framework for future management of such crises in South Africa. After a brief introduction, the paper is structured around four main sections. Context is provided by considering COVID-19 and disability both global...

Colombia, Indonesia, Vietnam, Egypt, Turkey, and South Africa (CIVETS) have shaped their foreign economic policies in line with the Washington Consensus and have implemented strategies to attract foreign investment as a possible way out of the current nancial crisis. Once multilateral trade rules were agreed under the WTO, these countries revised their domestic trade policies in order to cope with both the organisational principles and the international investment standards promoted by international nancial institutions. Despite the fact that transnational economic groups have been focussing their attention on these 'new investment miracles' since the coining of the term CIVETS in 2009, the CIVETS governments have shown no interest in coordinating their foreign economic policies on investment issues. In this paper we argue that the emerging economies of CIVETS exemplify a case of unintended foreign economic policy convergence, facilitated by systemic causes. ese include their common need to overcome historic processes of adverse economic transition while getting inserted successfully into world trade; as well as domestic variables like the similar ideas of CIVETS policy makers. Keywords: Foreign economic policies, CIVETS, convergence, emerging economies, foreign direct investment (FDI), negotiating strategies, free trade agreements (FTAs), bilateral investment treaties (BITs).

This study investigates the disaster awareness and preparedness of lakeside barangays in Sta. Cruz, Laguna, providing valuable insights for Graduate Studies and Applied Research Program (GSAR) Social Support Services. Utilizing a cross-sectional descriptive survey design, data were collected from 404 respondents to assess their awareness of hazards, exposure, vulnerability, and preparedness levels in relation to disaster risk reduction. The findings reveal that respondents demonstrated a moderate level of awareness regarding hazards and exposure but only a somewhat aware understanding of vulnerability. In terms of preparedness, participants were extremely prepared for response activities, while preparedness and recovery efforts were categorized as somewhat prepared. Correlation analysis indicated a statistically significant but very weak relationship between disaster awareness and preparedness, suggesting that increased awareness does not necessarily translate into effective preparedness. Based on these findings, the study recommends the implementation of targeted community awareness campaigns, enhanced training and capacity-building programs, and participatory disaster risk reduction initiatives to strengthen the overall disaster preparedness framework. Additionally, it advocates for expanding resource availability and logistical support, establishing a sustainable monitoring and evaluation system, and fostering collaboration between government agencies and humanitarian organizations. These efforts are important for building resilience within the community and ensuring effective disaster response and recovery in the face of future threats.

Earthquake, as an important natural disaster, is a crisis situation that affects social life in all aspects and brings extraordinary conditions in the geographies where it occurs. This crisis situation needs to be managed successfully by the relevant administrative structures of the state. One of the most needed service areas with the realisation of the earthquake is health services. In this direction, ensuring the continuity of all kinds of health services in the settlements where the earthquake occurred is an important issue at the national level and points to a serious crisis communication and crisis management process. Based on this information, the aim of the study is to examine the crisis communication process carried out by the Ministry of Health after the Kahramanmaraş-based earthquakes in Turkey on 6 February 2023. Content analysis technique was used as a method in the study. In this direction, the communication process carried out by the Ministry of Health on the Twitter platform for 60 days was analysed by subjecting it to content analysis through the tweets. It was observed that there were 341 earthquake-related posts made by the Ministry of Health within 60 days; these posts were categorised, and a concretisation was made based on their number, content, frequency of distribution, structure and examples. As a result, it was observed that the Ministry of Health used the Twitter platform intensively in post-earthquake health measures, health services/hospitals, disinformation, general information and motivation.

Resumen (Abstract in English follows)
El riesgo se materializa periódicamente mediante impactos sociales y económicos que obstaculizan el desarrollo de Costa Rica, ubicada en una región tectónica, activa y compleja. La sismicidad, frecuente e intensa, ha sucedido durante decenas de millones de años y no se detendrá en el futuro. En el caso de la sismicidad, el riesgo depende de las características de la amenaza (magnitud, hipocentro, mecanismo de ruptura, características y espectro de los movimientos fuertes del terreno y sus condiciones geomecánicas y topográficas) y la vulnerabilidad de los elementos expuestos (población, áreas urbanas, economía). La prioridad es cumplir con los códigos de diseño sismorresistente y planificación territorial. Estas medidas han sido exitosas, como cuando la prohibición del adobe como material de construcción redujo la vulnerabilidad de las viviendas. La pregunta "¿Sucederá un evento importante?" es innecesaria, pues sin duda lo habrá. Hacer pronósticos inciertos y abusar de la frecuencia informativa incompleta al público induce estrés, incertidumbre y afecta la actividad socioeconómica. En Costa Rica una alarma sísmica no ofrecerá más de 10 segundos para reaccionar ante terremotos locales y superficiales, y un máximo de 30 segundos, para eventos de subducción. Las alarmas pueden generar sensaciones de seguridad sin sustento real, al hacer creer que así se resuelve el riesgo. El exceso de alarmas de temblores de intensidad no destructiva y las "falsas alarmas", hacen perder credibilidad y deterioran la respuesta ante eventos destructivos. Estos dispositivos, bajo tales circunstancias, son lujos cuya base tecnológica, científica y financiera no deben competir con prioridades más urgentes para la gestión del riesgo.

Abstract
Risk materializes periodically, near cities and infrastructure through destructive socioeconomic impacts hindering development in Costa Rica, located at a very active and complex tectonic region. Frequent and intense seismic activity has occurred for tens of millions of years and will not stop in the future. Risk, derived from seismicity depends on both earthquake hazard features (magnitude, hypocentral depth, rupture mechanism, strong motion, wave propagation during the events, geomechanical site conditions, local effects, topography), and the vulnerability of exposed elements (population, urban areas, economy). For this reason, compliance with earthquake-resistant design codes and territorial planning must be enforced. These measures have been successful, such as when adobe was banned as building material thus radically reducing vulnerability of houses. The question "Will a major event happen?" is futile because there is no doubt that it will. Engaging in uncertain forecasts and abusing on the frequency of delivering incomplete information to the public induce stress, uncertainty, and affect socioeconomic activity. In Costa Rica, seismic alarms will not give reaction time more than 10 seconds for shallow focus local earthquakes, and 10 to a maximum of 30 seconds for major subduction events. Alarms might create feelings of security without robust basis by making believe that risk has been solved and paradoxically increasing vulnerability. An excess of alarms of non-destructive tremors, and "false alarms", will cause a loss of credibility and deteriorate response to actual destructive events. Seismic forecasts and alarms, under such circumstances, are luxuries whose technological, scientific, and financial basis should not compete against more urgent priorities for risk management.

The Magna Carta for Persons with Disability was signed into law in the Philippines in 1992. Despite its 30 years of implementation and several amendments made, the rights of Persons with Disability have not been fully realized. According to a 2021 study, Persons with Disabilities still face barriers in accessing public and social services, education, employment, and political participation. However, the civic engagement of Persons with Disability is not only a realization of their rights but also a recognition of their capabilities to contribute to society. Their representation in different policy advocacy processes and program implementation for their own rights continues to be overlooked.

Ultimately, there is a need for Organizations of Persons with Disabilities (OPDs) to be more involved in these kinds of processes that are for their own benefit and welfare. As a group composed of representatives of the disability sector, OPDs are the best people to engage with for full representation. Under representation remains to be a challenge in the grassroot for OPDs in the field of local government processes.

For the past 8 years, the Project Inclusion Network (PIN), a non-profit organization, has been contributing towards building a society where Persons with Disability are able to realize their potential to actively participate in, and productively contribute to their communities. Acknowledging the need for Persons with Disability to participate in local governance processes, the organization envisioned the Bahagi Kami Project, a program that aimed to build the capacities of OPDs and empower them in representing themselves in processes, conversations, and collective movements on concerns and issues that affect the lives of Persons with Disability, and Filipinos in general.

This toolkit serves as a follow-through of the In-Person Training Program held last September 2023, which hopes to codify all the lessons left and learned throughout the training so that it may be easily shared and cascaded to other OPDs across the country.

The COVID-19 pandemic has exceeded over ten million cases globallywith no vaccine available yet. Different approaches are followed to mitigate its impact and reduce its spreading in different countries, but limiting mobility and exposure have been de-facto precaution to reduce transmission. However, a full lockdown cannot be sustained for a prolonged period. Evidence-based, multidisciplinary approach on risk zoning, personal and transmission risk assessment on a near real-time, and risk communication would support the optimized decisions to minimize the impact of coronavirus on our lives. This paper presents a framework to assess the individual and regional risk of COVID-19 along with risk communication tools and mechanisms. Relative risk scores on a scale of 100 represent the integrated risk of influential factors. The personal risk model incorporates: age, exposure history, symptoms, local risk and existing health condition, whereas regional risk is computed through the actual cas...

This paper is an attempt to show how may be linked an interdisciplinary assessment of the impact of Tsunami between geophysical approaches and economics. It aims at showing how should be avoided preconceived ideas of what should be a tsunami from an economic viewpoint. Consequently, this paper is a cautious attempt to bring together physical data and scientific laws and economic approach is so as to build an economic assessment of coastal infrastructure under the threat of catastrophic events as Tsunami. This step is essential to assess how much financial means should be devoted to prevention. We have focused the analysis to the probabilistic part of the analysis, however, this study has to be extended to the Geographical Information System of the considered coastal area to take fully into account the potential impact of a Tsunami. However, once the methodology is clearly expressed it may be extended to other natural hazards as floods, storms, etc. In spite of its apparently applied concerns, the whole approach is quite theoretical because it needs a reappraisal of the real option theory to the case of extreme events.

Affiliations: (1) Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei (FEEM), Italy; (2) Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM), VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands, (3) HKV Consultants, The Netherlands; (4) The Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment, London School of Economics (LSE), UK; (5) International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Austria 7.1. Introduction p. Better understanding of factors and policies driving risk p. Managing risk through partnerships p. High policy level targeted dissemination and outreach p. Future research p. First, the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 adopted during the Third UN World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction laid down priority actions and policy targets to substantially reduce disaster risk and losses in lives, livelihoods and health, and in the economic, physical, social, cultural and environmental assets of persons, businesses, communities and countries (UN, 2015, p.5). Understanding the hazard and risk, and measuring the progress towards accomplishing the DRR targets will only be possible if substantial efforts are put in improving risk assessments and disaster impacts' records. The Sendai Framework advocated for multi-hazard, inclusive, science-based and risk-informed decision-making for which it is necessary to collect and share (non-sensitive) disaggregated risk information, including detailed records of the past events' impacts. The Sendai Framework singled out climate change and variability as drivers of disaster risk, in conjunction with poverty and inequalities, uncontrolled urbanisation, and poor land management. Consequently, the Sendai Framework pleaded for improved coherence between policy instruments fostered for the sake of addressing climate change, biodiversity, sustainable development, poverty eradication,

In the wake of the COVID-19 outbreak, governments and other key agencies have the responsibility of mainstreaming disability inclusion into pandemic responses to ensure that the rights and wellbeing of persons living with disabilities are safeguarded. While engaging with communities and larger populations in the response to COVID-19, it is important to understand the needs of specific groups that might experience barriers to accessing information, care and support or be at higher risk of exposure and secondary impact, such as children and adults with disabilities, who make up an estimated 15% of the population and are often invisible and excluded. We searched MEDLINE, PubMed, Google, Google scholar and LILACS and reference lists of eligible studies published January 2000-July 2020, reporting on disability challenges and COVID-19 communications to people living with disability. Persons Living with Disabilities are most likely to experience high negative impact on their day-to-day life needs due to the economic downturn brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic. There has to be deliberate undertaking to make COVID-19 related medical and quarantine policies and processes accessible and disability-inclusive. Apart from communicators of COVID-19 being inclusive in communicating the profile of the disease and interventions, there is a need to ensure that all pandemic responses are disabilityinclusive, including through close consultation, meaningful participation and partnerships with persons with diverse disabilities.

Afet farkındalığı, bireylerin ve toplumların afetlere  karşı  hazırlıklı  olmalarını  ve  afet  öncesinde,  anında ve sonrasında doğru davranışları sergilemelerini sağlayan önemli bir kavramdır. Sık sık maruz kaldığımız  afetler  ve  bu  afetlerde  yaşanan  büyük  kayıplar afet farkındalığının ne kadar önemli olduğunu insanlığa her defasında yeniden hatırlatmaktadır.  Depremler,  seller,  yangınlar  ve  diğer  sebeplerle ortaya çıkan afetler, can ve mal kayıplarına yol açarken,  toplumların  yalnızca  ekonomisine  değil  aynı zamanda psikolojik anlamda iyi oluş hâllerine de ciddi zararlar vermektedir (UNESCO, 2014). Bu  kapsamda  verilecek  doğru  bir  eğitim,  afet  farkındalığının artırılmasında kilit rol oynamaktadır. Genel tanımıyla afet eğitimi, bireylere ve topluluklara afetlerin doğası, riskleri ve bu risklere karşı alınabilecek  önlemler  hakkında  bilgi  ve  beceriler  kazandırmayı  hedefler  (Paton  ve  Jackson,  2002;  Shaw,  2012).  Bu  eğitimler  sayesinde  insanlar,  afet  risklerini  azaltacak  önlemleri  almayı  öğrenirken;  afet  anında  panik  yapmadan  doğru  davranışları  sergileyebilir,  yaralanma  ve  zarar  görmeyi  en  aza  indirirken hayatta kalma şanslarını da artırabilirler. Okullarda,  iş  yerlerinde  ve  toplum  genelinde  verilen  eğitimler,  afet  bilincinin  yaygınlaşmasına  ve  afetlere karşı daha dirençli toplumların oluşmasına katkı sağlar (Johnson ve diğerleri, 2016).
Afet farkındalığı eğitimi bireylerin ve toplumun dirençliliğini  yükseltirken  aynı  zamanda  afetlerin  etkilerinin azaltılması sürecine de katkıda bulunur. Afet farkındalığına sahip bireyler afetlere hazırlıklı olarak, afetlerin getireceği maddi ve manevi zararlara karşı hazırlıklı olacaktır. Bu aynı zamanda bireylerin ve toplumun afetler sonucu yaşayabileceği maddi  ve  manevi  zararların  en  aza  indirilmesinde  önemli  bir  destek  noktası  olacaktır.  Bu  çerçevede,  afet farkındalığı eğitimi için ayrılacak küçük bütçeler, afetlerin yol açabileceği büyük zararların önüne geçilmesi noktasında ciddi bir öneme sahiptir.
Afet  farkındalığı  eğitiminin  bir  diğer  önemli  boyutu  da  afet  sonrası  iyileşme  sürecine  yönelik  bileşenleri  içermesidir  (Semien  ve  Nance,  2019).  Bu bileşenler olası bir afet sonrasında yapılması gereken doğru davranışlar ile toplumda ihtiyacı olan diğer  bireylere  destek  olma  gibi  boyutları  kapsamaktadır (Bartolucci ve Magni, 2016). Afet sonrası doğru davranışların sergilenmesi, hem bireysel hem de toplumsal iyileşme sürecini hızlandırarak toplumun  gündelik  hayatına  geri  dönmesine  yardımcı  olur.  Bu  bağlamda,  afet  farkındalığını  artırmaya  yönelik  geliştirilen  eğitim  programları,  toplumsal  güç  birliği  olarak  da  tanımladığımız  afet  sonrası  yardımlaşma ve dayanışma kültürünün de güçlenmesinde ciddi oranda etkilidir.
Sonuç olarak afet farkındalığı eğitimi; sadece bireylerin  değil,  tüm  toplumun  güvenliği  ve  afetlere  dayanıklılığı  için  taviz  verilmemesi  gereken  önemli  bir  hazırlık  stratejisidir.  Eğitim  yoluyla  edinilen  bilgi  ve  beceriler,  riskleri  ve  afetlerin  yıkıcı  etkilerini azaltmada ve toplumun hızla toparlanmasında hayati bir rol oynamakta; aynı zamanda toplumun afetlere karşı dirençliliğini artırmaktadır. Bu sebeple, afet farkındalığını geliştirmeye yönelik tasarlanan eğitim  programlarının  yaygınlaştırılması  ve  etkin  bir şekilde uygulanması büyük önem taşımaktadır. Bu bölümde dünyada ve Türkiye’de afet farkındalığına yönelik geliştirilen eğitim programlarının modelleri ve yaklaşımları üzerinde durulacaktır.

Afetler tarih boyunca canlı yaşamını tehdit eden, toplumda fiziksel ekonomik ve sosyal kayıplara neden olan doğa, teknoloji ve insan kaynaklı olayların doğurduğu sonuçlar olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Afetin sebep olduğu zarar ve kayıpları azaltmak için çeşitli çalışmalar yapılmaktadır. Afet bilinci ise zarar azaltma safhasında kayda değer etkisi olan çalışmalardandır. Afet bilinci oluşturmada yapılacak olan doğru, etkili ve sürdürülebilir afet eğitimi afet zararlarının azaltılmasının yanı sıra bu bilincin nesiller boyu aktarılmasını sağlamaya sebep olabilecek bir unsurdur. Afet eğitimi iki başlık olarak incelenmektedir; afetle mücadelede görev alan profesyonel personel ve yöneticiler için verilen afet eğitimi “Afet yönetimi eğitimi”, toplumsal afet eğitimi amacıyla verilen eğitim ise, “afet bilinci eğitimi” olarak adlandırılmaktadır. Bu çalışma ile afet bilinci eğitiminin; afetlerin zararlarını azaltma ve/veya önlemedeki etkisi, afet bilinci eğitiminin bireylerde ve toplumda hazırlıklı olma, risk algısı, tehlike kaygısı, kritik farkındalık, öz-yeterlilik ile ilişkisi ve afet eğitimlerinin aşamaları ve öğrenme süreci incelenecektir.  Japonya “afet önleme eğitimi” projesinin başarısı göz önüne alınarak, ülkemizde verilen afet bilinci eğitimleri değerlendirilecek olup afet bilinci eğitiminin planlanması, toplumun afete hazırlanması ve afet bilinci eğitiminin önemine yönelik bilgiler verilip, öneriler sunulmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Afet, Zarar Azaltma, Afet Eğitimi, Afet Bilinci

The purpose of the research is to better understand whether current efforts at creation of pre-scripted messages for use in emergencies and disasters are practically applying lessons and recommendations from appropriate academic theory regarding public behavior and compliance to mass alerting and disaster warning messages.  This is a qualitative, exploratory, correlational study of existing regulations, standards, and theory. Emergency management theories concerning the process and content of various warning messages were also included.  An assessment tool was specifically for this research to organize, compare and analyze warning and informational  messages from various sources as to their compliance with current regulations, standards, promising practices and theory.  Analysis was applied to a study of 70 emergency, informational alert messages from various randomized sources in seven categories. The research indicates that there is a lack of training, direction, guidance and resources for those emergency managers and community warning system operators in the specifics of crafting effective warning messages. The propagation of emergency mass notification systems (EMNS) makes this fact a problem that has significant consequences.

Introduction: Resilient schools can warranty students' health and survival at disasters. It is obligatory that schools be prepared for natural challenges through local programs. Considering the great population of students, disaster-resilient schools can be a safe and suitable environment for students at the time of disaster. Objective: This study aims to identify certain operational strategies for establishing schools resilient to natural disasters. Method: This qualitative study was based on conventional content analysis. Using purposive sampling method, 24 experts in the fields of health in disasters, construction engineering, psychology, teaching, and administrative management participated in the study. Maximum variation sampling continued until data saturation was achieved. The data collected via unstructured interviews were analyzed with Graneheim and Lundmen's conventional content analysis. Results: Content analysis resulted in four main categories as operational strategies for establishing disasterresilient schools including: 1) "construction and non-construction optimization", with four subcategories of construct risk management, optimization of construct architecture and physical structure, correct construct localization, and promotion of non-construct safety, 2) "promotion of organizational coordination and interactions" with two subcategories, namely improvement in intra-organizational communication and improvement in extra-organizational communication, 3) "improvement in education" with three subcategories of holding educational courses for families and students, holding educational courses for managers and personnel, and holding simulated exercises, and 4) "process promotion" with four subcategories of increased preparedness, correct planning, creation of organizational structure, and rehabilitation facilitation. Conclusion: Various factors affecting schools' response to disasters form operational strategies to establish disaster-resilient schools. These strategies influence pre-and post-disaster preparedness. Awareness of these components followed by preparedness prior to disasters can save students' lives, improve school performance after disasters, and aid in establishing disaster-resilient schools as safe lodgings.

This study was carried out to examine the duties and responsibilities of metropolitan municipalities regarding disaster management through their Fire Departments within the scope of disaster management legislation in Turkey. The population of the study consists of Kahramanmaraş Metropolitan Municipality. As a sample, those who worked in at least one disaster incident among the Fire Department personnel within Kahramanmaraş Metropolitan Municipality and citizens residing in Dulkadiroğlu, one of the central districts of the province, were selected. The fact that Kahramanmaraş was the center of two major earthquakes in February 2023 was decisive in the selection of the population and sample of the study. As a method in the study, a literature review was conducted to create the theoretical part and the interview technique, one of the qualitative research methods, was used. Two different interview forms were prepared for two different samples. The necessary ethics committee permission was obtained from the Aksaray University Human Research Ethics Committee for the field research of the study, and the field research was carried out in July and August 2023. In line with the findings, it was concluded that both the earthquake-affected personnel and the earthquakeaffected citizens focused more on the deficiencies in being prepared for this major disaster. In line with this result, it is thought that it is necessary to provide more resources and planning support to metropolitan municipalities in Turkey and to all actors who may be effective in disaster management in general, and to raise awareness of citizens on this issue.

The Foreword, prepared by Randolph Kent, director of the Humanitarian Futures Programme of King's College of London, offers an independent and bold perspective on the disaster future awaiting contemporary societies, proposing crisis drivers and possible scenarios, as well as an anticipatory methodology where CoPs have a potential role to play.

The Routledge Handbook of Disaster Risk Reduction Including Climate Change Adaptation aims to provide an overview and critique of the current state of knowledge, policy, and practice, encouraging engagement, and reflection on bringing the two sectors together. This long-awaited and welcomed volume makes a compelling case that a common research agenda and a series of practical policies and policy recommendations can and should be put in place. Over 40 contributions explore DRR including CCA in five parts. The first part presents and interrogates much of the typical vocabulary seen in DRR including CCA, not only pointing out the useful and not-so-useful dimensions, but also providing alternatives and positive examples. The second part explains how to move forward creating and supporting positive cross-overs and connections, while the third one explores some aspects of multi-dimensional approaches to knowing and understanding. The fourth part argues for a balanced approach to governance, taking both governmental and non-governmental governance, as well as different scales of governance, into consideration. The final part of the Handbook emphasises DRR including CCA as an investment, rather than a cost, and connects its further implementation with livelihoods of people around the world. This handbook highlights the connections amongst the processes of dealing with disasters and dealing with climate change. It demonstrates how little climate change brings which is new and emphasises the strengths of placing climate change within wider contexts in order to draw on all our strengths while overcoming limitations with specialities. It will prove to be a valuable guide for graduate and advanced undergraduate students, academics, policy makers, and practitioners with an interest in disaster risk reduction and climate change.

Every state's priority is public safety. In the modern world, that often needs them to work with other States. This study assesses the role of civil protection mechanisms in effective emergency management operations in public organizations based on the European perspective. Data was collected from 392 different technocrats from government civil protection agencies in Greece using an online questionnaire. The study revealed that civil protection experts positively influence effective emergency management operations in public organizations. The results revealed that early warning systems have an influence on effective emergency management operations in public organizations. Disaster risk forecasting has a positive influence on effective emergency management operations in public organizations. According to the study, crises and catastrophes have compelled the EU to improve civil protection coordination throughout the continent and its ability to conduct operations both inside and outside of Europe. It's not clear whether these cooperative EU agreements are going to succeed because national civil defense organizations aren't always similar and there isn't always enough trust between the organizations involved. This is especially true in light of recent global crises in the EU, such as the refugee crisis, terrorist attacks, and natural. It is important for public organizations across Europe to focus on enhancing early disaster warning systems, the enhancing of civil protection experts and improving disaster planning to promote effective management of emergencies.

This report presents findings from a Cooperative Inquiry into the state of disability inclusion in gender-based violence (GBV) prevention interventions in South Africa. The inquiry identifies significant service gaps for persons with disabilities and capacity gaps among GBV prevention stakeholders. The findings underscore the urgent need for disability-inclusive strategies, particularly to address the needs of women and girls with disabilities. The report highlights the complex relationship between Disability and GBV, revealing a vicious cycle that threatens the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for persons with disabilities. It also demonstrates how current interventions have primarily benefited non-disabled individuals, leaving persons with disabilities, especially women, at a disadvantage. Addressing these challenges requires a coordinated effort between stakeholders in both Disability Services and GBV Prevention to jointly deliver inclusive services and information.

This presentation in Symbol ’24 Symposium introduces Guemil Icons for Emergencies, and an experimental application of sequential narratives called Information Activators. This is an experimental set of graphic pieces that displays an emergency scenario where symbols and texts are combined sequentially in steps, to visualize critical information and activate how to proceed. Elements from storytelling and instructional design allow the integration of different messages and levels of information to be distributed in both printed and digital media.

Dünyada doğa, insan ve teknoloji kaynaklı birçok afet meydana gelmektedir. Afetler ve krizler her zaman kamu yönetiminin çözüm bulmakla yükümlü olduğu konular olmuştur. Her ülkenin kendine ait kurumsal bir yapısı ve afet yönetimine ilişkin bir bakış açısı vardır. Ülkelerin sistemlerinin karşılaştırmalı olarak değerlendirilmesi en iyi yönetim anlayışını bulmak açısından önemlidir. Bu makalede, Türkiye'deki afet yönetiminden sorumlu kurum olan Afet ve Acil Durum Başkanlığı (AFAD) ile Amerika Birleşik Devletlerindeki afet yönetiminden sorumlu kurum olan Federal Acil Durum Yönetim Kurumu-Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)’nın karşılaştırılması yapılmaktadır. Bu çerçevede her iki ülkedeki afet yönetim sisteminin özellikleri ortaya konularak aralarındaki benzerlik ve farklılıklar ele alınmaktadır. Türkiye ve ABD’nin afet ve acil durum sistemlerinin oluşmasında planlamaların olmadığı, meydana gelen olayların sistemin oluşumunu ve gidişatını belirlediği değerlendirilmektedir. Bilinçsiz ve koordinasyonun sağlanmadığı bir ortamda felaketin boyutu da değişecek ve daha büyük yıkımlara neden olabilecektir. Bu bağlamda bu çalışmada Türkiye’de ve ABD’de afet ve acil durumlarda şu an ki sistematik yapının nasıl oluştuğu, afet yönetimi aşamalarının öncesi ve sonrasında nasıl bir yol izlendiği AFAD ve FEMA üzerinden incelenmektedir. Sonuç olarak iki farklı ülkenin afet yönetim sistemleri karşılaştırılarak olumlu ve olumsuz yönleri belirtilmekte ve başarılı bir afet yönetim sistemine ulaşmanın önemine vurgu yapılmaktadır.

Bu çalışmanın amacı, sosyal bilişsel teori (SBT) çerçevesinde deprem risk algısını içeren genişletilmiş bir model kullanarak İstanbul'da yerleşikler arasında bireysel düzeyde depreme hazırlığı etkileyen sosyal ve bilişsel faktörleri belirlemektir. 411 katılımcıyla bir anket yapılmış ve veri analizi, yapısal eşitlik modellemesi (YEM) kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bulgular, SBT'nin iddialarını güçlü bir şekilde destekleyerek, sosyal (sosyal güven ve öznel normlar gibi) ve bilişsel (sonuç beklentileri ve öz yeterlilik dâhil) çevrenin deprem risk algısının temel belirleyicileri olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Bununla birlikte, depreme hazırlık davranışının bilişsel faktörlerle, özellikle de öz yeterlilik ve risk algısıyla daha yakından ilişkili olduğu, öznel normların ise hazırlık davranışını etkileyen tek sosyal faktör olduğu görülmüştür. Bu sonuçlar, politika yapıcıların ve uygulayıcıların bireysel hazırlığı teşvik etmek ve afet riskini azaltmak için afet eğitimi, farkındalık çalışmaları ve katılımcı programlara odaklanmaları gerektiğini göstermektedir.

The global climate is changing rapidly and disastrous events are increasing in number, intensity and severity. The situation demands for a proactive approach of disaster risk reduction (DRR). There is an inherent linkage between climate change and DRR since the former is expected to increase the frequency and intensity of natural hazards and the later demands for appropriate actions to take to reduce disastrous events. Therefore, there is a surge of interest in developing early warning systems (EWS) to cater to the needs of communities that are at risk of hydro-metrological hazards. However, developing effective EWSs needs a sound scientific and technical basis and a consistent focus on the people exposed to risks is a challenging task.
Pakistan, a natural hazards prone country, is in a great need to have an effective and efficient multi-hazard EWS which uses scientific data to analyze the risk perspective of the hazardous events. For this it is important to develop EWSs that meet the local conditions. Moreover, they are also essential investments that help saving lives, protecting property and livelihoods; contribute to the sustainability of development. They are far more cost-effective in strengthening coping mechanisms than is primary reliance on post-disaster response and recovery. However, lack of a suitable people-centred EWS and failure to warn people at risk in advance is one of the main causes for high levels of human, economic and environmental losses. In the natural hazards risk context, the EWS should be capable of detecting, in accordance with specific thresholds, the areas where adverse hydro-metrological hazardous events are expected within the next few days (for forecasts) and within the next few weeks (for predictions) and subsequently should have the ability to issue relevant timely warnings along with the required actions to be taken and localized information to the specific communities at risk.

http://sciforum.net/presentation/957/abstract

El periodismo puede mejorar la relación cultural que históricamente se ha desarrollado, produciendo condiciones riesgosas y desastres. La sociedad moderna tiene una cultura muy heterogénea y se caracteriza por la inmunidad subjetiva ante las manifestaciones naturales, sin embargo, los indicadores cuantitativos hacen evidentes los frecuentes impactos nocivos y costosos. Por ello es importante insertar en la cultura actual el modelo de la Gestión Integral de Riesgos de Desastres.

COVID-19 pandemic and associated national responses have had ramifications for societies around the world, including South Africa. The marginalisation of people with disabilities is well documented in pre-COVID times, and emerging evidence suggests that the crisis has made this worse, as well as presenting new challenges for people with disabilities. This paper presents a review of published research and grey literature of relevance to the proven or anticipated socio-economic, wellbeing and human right related impacts of COVID-19 on people with disabilities in South Africa and other contexts. Its purpose is to summarise evidence to inform a study on the experiences of South Africans with disabilities during the COVID-19 pandemic and the development of an improved inclusive framework for future management of such crises in South Africa. After a brief introduction, the paper is structured around four main sections. Context is provided by considering COVID-19 and disability both global...