Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation

An upstream access scheme for Ethernet passive optical networks, called the intelligent fuzzy-logic-based dynamic bandwidth allocation algorithm (IFLDBA) has been proposed. The algorithm provides the allotment of bandwidth between optical network units (ONUs) and within ONUs. Fuzzy logic is used to improve the bandwidth allocation within each ONU. We compare the IFLDBA algorithm with the existing broadcast polling algorithm. The results show that IFLDBA has bandwidth utilization of up to 21% better and lower delay than the broadcast polling algorithm.

Using orthogonal-frequency-division-multiplexing (OFDM) format for passive optical network (PON) is a subject of great interest for recent research works. OFDM signal has high spectral efficiency, high tolerance to the fiber chromatic dispersion and the high flexibility on both multiple services provisioning and dynamic bandwidth allocation. In this paper we study the use of OFDM signals for optical access networks, including carrier distributed PON, heterogeneous optical wired/wireless network and a 100 Gb/s OFDM-PON. We first quantify the performance of the OFDM signal when subjected to the noise produced by two different Rayleigh backscattering (RB) components that are present in the carrier-distributed PON. Then, based on these results, we also study the possibility of using OFDM for signal remodulation in a long-reach (LR)-PON. We propose carrier-distributed OFDM PONs using a dual-feeder fiber architecture and wavelength-shifting to mitigate the RB noise. Afterwards, we propose heterogeneous optical wired/wireless access networks, combining 10 Gb/s PON and 10 Gb/s OFDM radio-over-fiber (ROF) network. Finally, we propose a 100 Gb/s OFDM-PON using subcarrier multiplexing (SCM).

This chapter reviews the current developments in access network architectures and protocols to communicate dynamically the emerging broadband services to end-users at low cost. Following a summary of Gigabit Ethernet and Passive Optical Network (PON) standards and deployment issues with reference to Ethernet (EPON) and Gigabit-capable PON (GPON) infrastructures, an original transparent network architecture is presented to allow interoperability of time division multiplexing (TDM) and wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) PONs, by means of coarse routing. To provide flexible connectivity at extended service reach hybrid wireless and free space optic technologies have been investigated to terminate mobile end users to high bandwidth PON terminals. To demonstrate independent bandwidth management of the constituent sectors of such architectures developed dynamic bandwidth allocation (DBA) algorithms are summarised followed by an original control plane to coordinate the various mandatory access control (MAC) protocols. Finally, to provide reliable service delivery several protection schemes have been analysed.

Passive Optical Networks are thought to be the next step in the development of Access Networks and providing broadband access in the "last mile" area. Ethernet PONs (EPON) gain the most attention from the industry as they offer highly flexible, cost effective solution. In this paper we propose algorithms that provide Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation and shift the burden of queue

In this paper, a low power bulk-driven quasi-floating gate MOSFET based Miller compensated Operational Transconductance Amplifier (OTA) is proposed required particularly in design of Gm-C filter. The analysis of amplifier is compared with low power bulk-driven technique. The performance comparison indicates that bulk-driven quasi floating gate configuration offers better performance. In this configuration the combination of bulk-driven input with quasi-floating gate results in improved transconductance and
hence results in high gain and UGB of the OTA. Moreover, simulation of the bulk-driven quasi-floating gate OTA does not suffer from DC convergence problem. A voltage mode multifunction 2nd order filter design based on proposed BDQFG OTA is also presented. The analysis of all the circuits have been carried out in industry specific node UMC 0.18 micron technology with the help of HSpice simulator.

The Internet of things (IoT), 5G networks, edge/fog computing, vehicular networks, and cloud computing are current examples of systems with challenging requirements for modeling, orchestrating, and allocating resources in networks.

In this context, there is a need for dynamic network infrastructures that adapt to the demands and requirements of users. This adaptive capacity of the network commonly uses machine learning algorithms to deal with the inherent complexity of the problem and support the operational dynamism of the network. These new network structures are called intelligent networks, as a reference to their operational intelligence, or self-driving networks, as a reference to their ability to adapt to the operation.

The virtualization of network resources is another aspect of research with significant impact and relevance. In this case, the network resources are sliced and grouped to create virtual networks using shared physical resources with high cost, efficiency, and scale gains for companies and institutions.

The NSRAlloc-ML (Network Slicing Resource Allocation ML-Enhanced) project proposes the modeling and deployment of network slicing strategies to allocate communication resources capable of supporting the dynamism and elasticity of end-to-end communication users. NSRAlloc-ML uses new resource allocation models with bandwidth allocation models (BAM) aided by Q-Learning and SARSA algorithms for resource slicing and bandwidth allocation in networks.

The DyRA framework (Framework for Dynamic Resource Allocation) integrates the components of NSRAlloc-ML to provide a virtual, dynamic, and intelligent resource allocation over a physical network infrastructure. Intelligent bandwidth allocation in NSRAlloc-ML uses, in addition to machine learning algorithms, two other innovative elements: the SDN/OpenFlow paradigm for programming the network infrastructure and the Publish/Subscribe (Pub/Sub) strategy for a distributed data access scenario.

A dynamic, intelligent, and self-regulating resource allocation for network slicing is the target of the NSRAlloc-ML and is an innovative solution to the NP-hard class of network slicing problems with communication resource allocation for Edge/Fog/Cloud. NSRAlloc-ML addresses complex problems subject to multiple requirements and objectives that are difficult to solve via heuristics and other approaches to obtain an optimal solution.

An approach to integrate dynamic bandwidth allocation and multi-operability for WDM-PONs is demonstrated with a symmetrical SOA/REAM-based ONU design and C/L waveband 10Gb/s burstmode operation, allowing electrical reconfigurability of the ONU's detection and remodulation branch.

In this paper we address different downlink dynamic bandwidth allocation (DBA) techniques in a GEO stationary (GEO) satellite communication network. The goal is designing a low complexity system which can adapt to the terminal traffic requests. We investigate a possible way to increase the performance of the system by means of an interaction between on-board switching fabric (SF) and beam hopping (BH). We consider a system where an adaptive process provides uplink DBA, whereas a BH module works as downlink bandwidth allocator. Specifically, the BH module determines the number of carriers to be allocated to each downlink spot-beam on the basis of the traffic queues at the input of the SF. Simulation results show that the interaction between SF and BH is a good candidate to increase the performance of the system, since it allows reducing queue sizes in the satellite.

Abstract—Dynamic Bandwidth allocation in Ethernet Passive Optical Networks (EPONs) has been an area of intense research in recent years. Most of the proposed solutions offer clever methods for fair grant sizing, traffic prediction, and prioritized, differentiated services. ...

In order to address the challenges that have come with the exploding demand for higher speed, traffic growth and mobile wireless devices, Mobile network operators have decided to move to the notion of small cells based on cloud radio access network. The merits of cloud based RAN includes the ease of infrastructure deployment and network management as well as the fact that its performance are optimized and it is cost effective the merits of cloud based RAN includes the ease of infrastructure deployment and network management as well as the fact that its performance are optimized and it is cost effective. Notwithstanding, cloud radio access network comes with so many strict requirements to be fulfilled for its fronthaul network. In this paper, we have presented these requirements for a 5G fronthaul network. Particular interest on the time division multiplex passive optical network's challenge of latency was treated by proposing an optimized version of the round robin dynamic bandwidth allocation algorithm. Results obtained show an improvement in the latency of the original algorithm which meets the fronthaul requirement. Other test parameters like jitter and BER were also improved by our proposed optimized algorithm. Keywords: Cloud radio access network Dynamic bandwidth allocation Passive optical network Time division multiplex This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

To reduce costs and cumbersome laser provisioning at the Optical Network Unit (ONU) user level in an access Passive Optical Network (PON), the use of a Reflective-ONU (R-ONU) is a good choice for up-data transmission. An optical carrier is sent by the Optical Line Terminal (OLT) at the Central Office, and a device at the ONU modulates the carrier with the upstream data. This allows all ONUs to be equal and colorless, without a light source in a Hybrid WDM/TDM architecture. A Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation is placed at the OLT, managing the lasers and photodetectors shared by all R-ONUs. The OLT laser and photodetector employed in an up-data transmission must be tuned for each ONU and a particular Round Trip Time (RTT), which is twice the propagation time from OLT to ONU. When an R-ONU is served by a laser, the photodetector must also be available after the RTT to demodulate the up-data. We propose a novel nesting ranging algorithm to deal with large different distances OLT–ONUs avoiding collisions and minimizing the delay under Priority Queuing with Quality of Service (QoS).

The use of passive optical networks (PONs) enables access rates of multi-Gbit/sec bandwidth and provision of quality of service for high definition multimedia services. In this paper, we consider and analyse a generic multi-priority dynamic bandwidth allocation (DBA) algorithm for TDM PONs serving multimedia traffic in an upstream link. PON traffic is served strictly according to its priority. We consider this DBA algorithm using two approaches: (i) the algorithm assigns a fixed service quantum to each priority service and (ii) different service quanta are assigned to different priority services. The mean message delay is evaluated using a multiqueue processor sharing (MPS) model and an MPS with Heterogeneous Traffic (MPS-HT) model for the two approaches respectively. The MPS model is a classical processor sharing model limited by the critical assumption that there is egalitarian service sharing among all users, which is inefficient for multimedia applications in PONs. We extend the MPS model to a general MPS-HT model that enables the analysis of message delay performance in the case where the service quanta may be different for different services.

Ethernet-based passive optical network (EPON) technology is being considered as a promising solution for next-generation broadband access network due to the convergence of low-cost Ethernet equipment and low-cost fiber infrastructure. A major feature for this new architecture is the use of a shared transmission media between all users; hence, medium access control arbitration mechanisms are essential for the successful implementation of EPON: i.e., ensure a contention-free transmission and provide end users with an equal access to the shared media. In this paper, we propose to use the multipoint control protocol defined within the IEEE 802.3ah Task Force to arbitrate the transmission of different users, and we present different dynamic bandwidth allocation (DBA) algorithms to effectively and fairly allocate bandwidths between end users. These DBA algorithms are also augmented to support differentiated services: a crucial requirement for a converged broadband access network with heterogeneous traffic. We show that queueing delays under strict bandwidth allocation algorithms results in an unexpected behavior for certain traffic classes, and we suggest the use of DBA with appropriate local queue management to alleviate this inappropriate behavior. We conduct detailed simulation experiments to study the performance and validate the effectiveness of the proposed protocols.

We discuss a wavelength-division-multiplexed-based passive-optical-network (PON) architecture that allows for incremental upgrade from single-channel time-division multipleaccess PONs in order to provide higher bandwidth in the access network. Various dynamic-wavelength and bandwidth-allocation algorithms (DWBAs) for wave-division multiplexed PON are presented; they exploit both interchannel and intrachannel statistical multiplexing in order to achieve better performance, especially when the load on various channels is not symmetric. Three variants of the DWBA are presented, and their performance is compared. While the first variant incurs larger idle times (and, hence, poor performance), the other two algorithms achieve better but different performance with critical dissimilarities. Our analysis also focuses on the fair assignment of excessive bandwidth in the upstream direction to highly loaded optical network units. We compare the performance of DWBA to another algorithm that relies on static-channel allocation. Furthermore, a study is presented wherein the number of wavelengths increases, and a comparison with interleaved polling with adaptive cycle time is shown. We use extensive simulations throughout this paper.

In this paper, the IEEE 802.16 protocol is investigated with respect to the bandwidth provision problem arising at the Medium Access Control (MAC) layer. The aim is to optimally tune the resource allocation to match QoS requirements. Traffic flows are originated at network layers overlying the 802.16 protocol stack. This leads to the investigation of a novel control algorithm, suited to optimal bandwidth allocation and Call Admission Control in the presence of statistically heterogeneous flows. Specific implementation details are provided to match the application of the control algorithm using the regular 802.16 request-grant protocol. Simulation results validate the proposed approach.

The vision for the future space network involves a scenario where all scientific spacecraft form a distributed network to provide real-time information transfer to users on the ground. This scenario will require sensors and instruments on spacecraft to become addressable nodes in a communication network. To enable this vision, there is critical need for advanced communications and dynamic network connectivity to provide broad coverage and intelligent-based real-time data delivery to scientists. These new missions will introduce a number of complex routing, network control, scheduling, data management and communication problems that need to be studied in detail. We describe the potential advantages of a dynamic missionÕs operations concept and the need to develop a dynamic bandwidth allocation enabling more efficient use of the space resources. In this scenario, a number of spacecraft, each with several instruments onboard, are sending data to ground stations through the NASA relay system. Our objective is to provide an optimal or near-optimal t utilization and fair allocation of bandwidth of the downlink channel while guaranteeing specific QoS requirements for different service classes. We try to understand the traffic profiles that need to be supported and propose a suitable hybrid Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)-based protocol. We formulate and study an assignment problem for optimal timeslot scheduling. By using simulation, the protocol performance is analyzed and compared with that of the existing static fixed-assignment scheme. We also address the benefits of increasing spacecraft availability using a Direct-to-Ground communications option that can be enabled in an IP-based network. By addressing these issues we try to contribute in the development of the next generation space network infrastructure that will serve as an enabler for better space exploration.

This paper compares several approaches for dynamic allocation in geo-stationary networks based on DVB-RCS system. Each Satellite Terminal (ST) regularly sends requests to the Network Control Center (NCC) which in turn allocates resource to the users. Unfortunately, this delayed request-assignment makes the dynamic bandwidth allocation very difficult. Simple mechanisms such as a fixed allocation or requests based on the current size of the terminals’ queue are compared to predictive methods based on control theory techniques which have been previously proposed. A lower bound is also derived by considering that the actual size of the buffer can be instantaneously known. It is shown that if the traffic is not really bursty, a fixed allocation which implies lighter signalling mechanisms leads to good results. In bursty traffic conditions, simple mechanisms for which the requests correspond to the actual size of the buffer may lead to the best performance results.

In this paper, we deal with the packet delay of a dynamic bandwidth allocation(DBA) scheme in an Ethernet passive optical network(EPON). We focus on the interleaved polling system with a gated service discipline. On the access side, input traffic may be aggregated from a number of users. So we assume that input packets arrive at an optical network unit(ONU) according to Poisson process. We use a continuous time queueing model in order to find the mean waiting time of an arbitrary packet. We give some numerical results to investigate the delay performances for the symmetric polling system with statistically identical stations.

In this paper we present a dynamic bandwidth allocation algorithm for EPON, which makes use of the Multipoint
Control Protocol (MPCP) with threshold reporting and with inter- and intra-ONU priority scheduling. Three
varieties of this algorithm are compared, by means of a detailed simulation program, regarding average packet
delay for several priorities, delay variation for constant bit rate (CBR) traffic and bandwidth utilization. We
show that by introducing a specific intra-ONU priority scheduling algorithm, which takes the reported values
into account, the bandwidth can be fully utilized. However, this scheduling algorithm causes an increased packet
delay and delay variation for CBR traffic. In order to eliminate this drawback, we combine this scheduling
algorithm with a rate-based scheme for the highest priority (CBR) traffic. This combined algorithm provides
an interesting tradeoff between the efficiency, which is still near to the optimal, and the delay characteristics of
time critical applications. Finally, we also include a comparision with a standard intra-ONU priority scheme.

Abstract-DOCSIS (Data Over Cable Service Interface Specifications) is the new specification for data transmission over the HFC (Hybrid FiberKOax) networks. In the DOCSIS media access control (MAC) layer, the headend or CMTS (Cable Modem Termination System) controls ...

In the last years, DVB-RCS has emerged as a flexible technology offering broadband Internet access to a large community of users at a relatively low cost. At the same time, the spreading of networked multimedia applications has highlighted the need to investigate mechanisms that guarantee a certain level of Quality of Service (QoS) to the end users. In particular, the DVB-RCS standard specifies different capacity request categories to support QoS at the link layer. We describe Tdma-bod, an ns-2 improvement that implements generic bandwidth-on-demand allocation in TDMA satellite systems; the patch is available as free software. This simulator has been validated through experimental tests performed on the Skyplex satellite system. Specifically, we run CBR UDP flows to measure the characteristics of the satellite link in terms of throughput and delay and to verify that the simulative model output matches the experimental dynamic throughput and one-way delay behaviour. The simulations and experiments show that bandwidth-on-demand allocation mechanisms may cause large delays when sudden variations in the incoming traffic rate occur, a behaviour typical of multimedia flows.

The rapid growth of multimedia group-based applications motivates research into QoS guaranteed multicast network. In the multicast network carrying traffics of different QoS requirements, bandwidth fragmentation is considered as a bottleneck for traffic admission fairness and efficient usage of bandwidth resource. When the bandwidth fragmentation happens, the chance of accepting high-bandwidth flows is greatly decreased. To prevent bandwidth fragmentation in multicast network, we propose a new approach of bandwidth fragmentation avoided QoS multicast routing in this paper. In our new approach, we integrate active admission control into traditional QoS multicast routing algorithms to gain bandwidth fragmentation immunity. Moreover, an algorithm named dynamic bandwidth allocation with adaptive constraint is proposed and investigated as an example of active admission control algorithm in this paper. Because this algorithm is nonlinear and unsolvable by analytical approach, we employ OPNET simulation to study its performance.

Multi-layer ad hoc wireless networks with UAVs is an ideal infrastructure to establish a rapidly deployable wireless communication system any time any where in the world for military applications. In this tactical environment, information traffic is quite asymmetric. Ground fighting units are information consumers and receive far more data than they transmit. The up-link is used for sending requests for information and some networking configuration overhead with a few kilobits, while the down-link is used to return the data requested with megabits size (e.g.

The eXplicit Control Protocol (XCP) was developed to overcome some of the limitations of TCP, such as low utilization in high bandwidth delay product networks, unstable throughput, large queue build-up, and limited fairness. XCP, however, requires that each queue controller in a path knows the exact capacity of its link. In shared access media, e.g. IEEE 802.11, knowing the actual capacity of the channel is a difficult task.

Ethernet passive optical network (EPON) preserves the merits of traditional Ethernet network while reducing complexities and improving quality of service (QoS). In this paper, a traffic-class burst-polling based delta dynamic bandwidth allocation (TCBP-DDBA) scheme is presented to provide better QoS to expedited forwarding packet and maximize channel utilization service to assure forwarding and best effort packets. The network resources are efficiently utilized and adaptively allocated to the three traffic classes by guaranteeing the requested QoS. Simulation results using OPNET show that the TCBP-DDBA scheme performs well in comparison to the conventional allocation scheme for a set of given parameters such as: packet delay, queue size, packet delay variation and channel utilization. This work considers system-wide DBA development in contrast to unit-based approach. It is concluded that the algorithm can be used for many types of EPON-based practical distributed networks. D

Bandwidth Allocation Models (BAMs) configure and handle resource allocation (bandwidth, LSPs, fibre) in networks in general (IP/MPLS/DS-TE, optical domain, other). BAMs currently available for IP/MPLS/DS-TE networks (MAM, RDM, G-RDM and AllocTC-Sharing) basically define resource restrictions (bandwidth) by “class” (traffic class, application´s class, user´s class or other grouping criteria) and allocate on demand this resource. There is a BAM allocation policy inherent for each existing model which behaves differently under distinct network state, such as heavy traffic loads and dynamic traffic and/or application scenarios. A generalized Bandwidth Allocation Model (G-BAM) is proposed in this paper. G-BAM, firstly, incorporates the inherent behavior of currently used BAMs such as MAM, RDM, G-RDM and AllocTC-Sharing in IP/MPLS/DS-TE context. G-BAM, secondly, proposes a new policy/ behavior allocation in addition to existing ones in which additional private resources are incorporated. G-BAM, thirdly, allows a smoother BAM policy transition among existing policy alternatives resulting from MAM, RDM and AllocTCSharing adoption independently. The paper focuses on the first characteristics of G-BAM which is to reproduce MAM, RDM and AllocTC-Sharing behaviors. As such, the required configuration to achieve MAM, RDM and AllocTC-Sharing behaviors is presented followed by a proof of concept. Authors argue that the G-BAM reproducibility characteristics may improve overall network resource utilization under distinct traffic profiles.

In this project, we proposed a framework to support heterogenous traffic with different QoS demand in WiMAX. This framework dynamically changes the bandwidth allocation (BA) for ongoing and new arrival connections based on network condition and service demand. The objective is to efficiently use the available bandwidth and provide QoS support in a fair manner. Dynamic allocation of spectrum prior to transmission can mitigate the starvation problem of Non Real time application. The WFQ based dynamic bandwidth allocation framework uses architecture that has packet scheduler scheme (PS), call admission policy and a dynamic bandwidth allocation mechanism. By the simulation result we have showed that this architecture could provide QoS support by being fair to all classes of services.

Since OFDMA was proposed to be used in next generation networks several schemes have been investigated for mitigating the ICI. One of the techniques that promises improvement in reducing ICI is Partial Frequency Reuse (PFR). In this paper we investigate a Flexible Bandwidth Allocation (FBA) scheme for PFR depending on the network-load, which allocates bandwidth dynamically in the network. The scheme is based on the assumption that a cell is not loaded homogeneously. We develop a suitable network description to obtain the optimum PFR zone partitioning as a function of the dynamic bandwidth allocation. Thus, our paper presents a general framework for intelligent frequency planning in wireless networks. Compared to simpler PFR schemes, our simulation results show that the cell capacity can be increased by 5 b/s/Hz when our scheme is used by exploiting the inhomogeneities in the load.

Ethernet passive optical networks (EPONs) are designed to deliver services for numerous applications such as voice over Internet protocol, standard and high-definition video, video conferencing (interactive video), and data traffic. Various dynamic bandwidth allocation and intra-optical network unit (ONU) scheduling algorithms have been proposed to enable EPONs to deliver differentiated services for traffic with different quality of service (QoS) requirements. However, none of these protocols and schedulers can guarantee bandwidth for each class of service nor can they protect the QoS level required by admitted real-time traffic streams. In this paper, we propose the first framework for per-stream QoS protection in EPONs using a two-stage admission control (AC) system. The first stage enables the ONU to perform flow admission locally according to the bandwidth availability, and the second stage allows for global AC at the optical line terminal. Appropriate bandwidth allocation algorithms are presented as well. An event-driven simulation model is implemented to study the effectiveness of the proposed schemes in providing and protecting QoS.

Dynamic bandwidth allocation and grant scheduling are among the major issues in the design of passive optical networks. In this paper, we investigate the problem of optimal scheduling and bandwidth allocation in next generation 10G-EPON coexisting with 1G WDM-PONs. We first propose a network architecture for providing this coexistence. Then, we derive an ILP model for offline joint scheduling and bandwidth assignment for 10G-TDM and 1G-WDM ONUs. In order to address the scalability of the ILP model, we introduce a Tabu Search based heuristic for obtaining near optimal solutions while the computation time is remarkably reduced. We further explore the tradeoff which exists in terms of delay, scheduling length, and channel utilization, when separate or the same DBA modules are used for 1G-and 10G-ONUs.

In this paper, we present a scalable pricing model for dynamic bandwidth allocation combined with simulation scenarios that demonstrate different aspects of a scalable service delivery model and at the same time guarantees a good level of resource utilization. The model allows for increasing the revenue while maintaining an acceptable level of quality of service (QoS) for users. Simulation results of our model show that selecting an appropriate bandwidth allocation policy can reduce the number of blocked users, achieve increased revenue, as well as improve resource utilization without compromising user specified QoS levels. * We mean by fair in resource allocation; the charge should be proportional to the bandwidth range requested by the users.