Computer Communications

Over the last few years, IEEE 802.16 has been established as one of the most promising solutions for broadband wireless metropolitan area networks. In 2007, the standard was included as one of the radio access technologies for IMT-2000. The forthcoming version of the standard, IEEE 802.16m, is currently under evaluation by ITU as a radio technology for IMT-Advanced. In this paper we present a historical overview of the standard and provide a detailed technical discussion of the most relevant features introduced in the 2009 release and in the upcoming IEEE 802.16m. In particular, the downlink control signaling of these two versions is investigated in detail, and the results of a numerical analysis are illustrated for comparison purposes.

X-ray image might be corrupted by noise or blurring because of signal transmission or the bad Xray lens. This paper presents a two-stage shock filter based on Partial Differential Equations (PDE) to restore noisy blurred X-ray image. Shock filters are popular morphological methods. They are used for noise removal, edge enhancement and image segmentation. Our experimental results show that the performances of shock filter are excellent in X-ray image. The peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) values are 38 dB at least in restoring the noisy X-ray image. The sharpness of image's edges increase in enhancing the blurred X-ray image. Furthermore, this paper proposes a VLSI architecture for accelerating the high-definition (HD) X-ray image (944 p) process. This paper implements the architecture in FPGA. The hardware cost is low because the computation of shock filter is low complex. To achieve the real-time processing specification, this paper uses a 5-series shock filter architecture to implement computation of HD X-ray image. This paper demonstrates a 944 p, 43.1-fps solution on 100 MHz with 133 k gate counts in Design Compiler, and with 2904 logic elements in FPGA.

Electronic banking has provision networks that replaces and replicated various activities currently executing by the bank. Hence e-banking now plays a vital role to carry out the individual as well as corporate financial activities execution. Even e-banking activities based on the internet or virtual private networks own by the bank, therefore communication channel, distribution channel and transactions channel must be secure. The research article explores the current trends in the e-banking uprising that has set a goal in the Pakistani banking sector to provide any easy interface to their customers which avail the e-banking services without any physical presence in the bank vicinity. This empirical study was carried out in Pakistan which indicating the current issues encounter by the e-banking application in various banking industries. The analysis in this paper further reveals that approachability of internet in banking sector makes customer reluctant to access their bank accounts electronically. The usage of e-banking significantly affects the customer trust due to unavailability of cyber security.

In a today's internet end system, the congestion and flow control of every TCP connection is done separately. This means that every TCP sender of the TCP connections of an end system has to determine current information about the network for itself and independently from other TCP senders. Due to TCP's congestion control and timer management, i.e., the slow start algorithm and timeout timer calculation, this can lead to suboptimal network utilization. In addition, separate control reduces fairness between simultaneous TCP connections. Both effects are caused by several TCP senders' different perception of current network conditions. Therefore, it might be an interesting idea to reuse network information in an end system: information collected by existing TCP connections could be used to initialize control variables of new TCP connections with more up-to-date values. This can improve the overall network utilization of and the fairness between the TCP connections of an end system.

Monitoring and understanding the changes in mangrove ecosystems and their surroundings are required to determine how mangrove ecosystems are constantly changing while influenced by anthropogenic, and natural drivers. Consistency in high spatial resolution (30 m) satellite and high performance computing facilities are limiting factors to the process, with storage and analysis requirements. With this, we present the Google Earth Engine (GEE) based approach for long term mapping of mangrove forests and their surroundings. In this study, we used a GEE based approach: 1) to create atmospheric contamination free data from 1987-2017 from different Landsat satellite imagery; and 2) evaluating the random forest classifier and post classification change detection method. The obtained overall accuracy for the years 1987 and 2017 was determined to be 0.87 and 0.96, followed by a Kappa coefficient 0.80 and 0.94. The change detection results revealed a significant decrease in the agricultural area, while there was an increase in mangrove forest, shrimp/fish farm, and bareland area. The results suggest that interconversion of land use and land cover is affecting the landscape dynamics within the study area.

This paper provides an overview of cellular networks and wireless Internet. It focuses on the problems of providing multimedia services over these networks, and highlights the latest developments in the area. This is done by providing brief descriptions, and providing a wealth of pointers to where the relevant information can be obtained. The paper consists of four main sections corresponding to protocol layering: wireless data link layer for cellular systems and the supporting of multimedia in these environments; wireless network layer, namely Mobile IP needed to support mobility in a wireless Internet; wireless transport layer, namely the extensions to Internet's TCP; wireless application layer. Regarding cellular systems, we present an overview of multiple access techniques, transmission aspects, and quality of service issues in the data link layer of these systems. The section on wireless network layer provides a brief introduction to the Internet technologies, then it illustrates the deficiencies of the current Internet Protocol (IP) for supporting wireless/mobile applications and shows how the new Mobile IP protocol overcomes these deficiencies, and how mobility is handled in these wireless Internets. The next section tackles the problem of reliable communication in wireless Internet, and the related problems of TCP over Mobile IP. The final section focuses on application layer issues in wireless data, namely handover and developing Web applications for mobile computers.

The emergence of Voice over IP (VoIP) has offered numerous advantages for end users and providers alike, but simultaneously has introduced security threats, vulnerabilities and attacks not previously encountered in networks with a closed architecture like the Public Switch Telephone Network (PSTN). In this paper we propose a two layer architecture to prevent Denial of Service attacks on VoIP systems based on the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP). The architecture is designed to handle different types of attacks, including request flooding, malformed message sending, and attacks on the underlying DNS system. The effectiveness of the prevention mechanisms have been tested both in the laboratory and on a real live VoIP provider network.

The power consumption of wireless access networks will become an important issue in the coming years. In this paper, the power consumption of base stations for mobile WiMAX, fixed WiMAX, UMTS, HSPA, and LTE is modelled and related to the coverage. A new metric, the power consumption per covered area P C area , is introduced, to compare the energy efficiency of the considered technologies for a range of bit rates. Assuming the model parameters are correct, the conclusions are then as follows. For a 5 MHz channel, UMTS is the most energy-efficient technology until a bit rate of 2.8 Mbps, LTE between 2.8 Mbps and 8.2 Mbps, fixed WiMAX between 8.2 Mbps and 13.8 Mbps and finally mobile WiMAX for bit rates higher than 13.8 Mbps. Furthermore, the influence of MIMO is investigated. For a 2x2 MIMO system, P C area decreases by 36 % for mobile WiMAX and by 23 % for HSPA and LTE compared to the SISO system, resulting in a higher energy efficiency. The power consumption model for base stations is used in the deployment tool GRAND (Green Radio Access Network Design) for green wireless access networks. GRAND uses a genetic based algorithm and is applied on an actual case for the Brussels Capital Region, showing the possibilities of energy-efficient planning.

The AS-level topology of the Internet has been quite a hot research topic in the last few years. However, only a small number of studies have been developed that give a structural interpretation of this graph. Such an interpretation is crucially important in order to test protocols and optimal routing algorithms, to design efficient networks, and for failure detection purposes. Moreover, most research does not highlight the role that IXPs have on the AS-level structure of the Internet, although their role is recognized as fundamental. The initial contribution of this study is an analysis of the most important AS-level topologies that are publicly found on the web and an analysis of the topology obtained when they are merged. We compiled structural information from this topology making considerable use of the k-core decomposition technique to delineate various particular classes of nodes. Next, we associated node properties with a reasonable modus operandi of the ASs on the Internet. The second contribution is a study of the impact that ASs connected to IXPs and BGP connections crossing IXPs have on the AS-level topology. To achieve this, we developed a procedure to gather reliable information related to IXPs and their participants. 1 The IPv4 Routed /24 AS Links Dataset, Y.

Communication between institutions, or domains, residing in the Internet requires a route to be created between the routing domains. Each of these domains is controlled by a single administrative authority, and is referred to as an autonomous system (AS). Control of routes that move the data in the Internet between ASes is problematic. If an AS requires certain route characteristics beyond the selection of the first hop, the AS must pay for some type of special service from its Internet service provider (ISP). The ISP can provide integrity of the data using end-to-end encryption, but the customer AS still does not have control over the route. In other words, an organization is unable to prevent its data from passing through certain parts of the Internet. We believe that a service allowing an AS to select from alternate routes, on behalf of an organization, could meet this need for route customization. The alternate routes could be created to meet the requirements of the source AS, such as the avoidance of another AS. The service must minimize the incremental cost (in hops) of the alternate routes and maximize the probability that an alternate route will be found. We measure the effectiveness of several algorithms as they are used to select ASes to deploy a solution, called inter-domain collaborative routing (IDCR), that allows ''friend'' routers to collaboratively determine a route. Key to the performance of IDCR is the placement of ''friend'' routers in the Internet. We explore the trade-off between placing ''friend'' routers in various levels of the hierarchy of routers in the Internet. In order to measure the effectiveness of IDCR as the set of ASes deploying the service is varied, we track the probability of routing success and monitor the incremental cost in hops as the service creates alternate routes in several small but representative network models. We evaluate three algorithms used to determine which routers should support the IDCR service. The first, called the degree algorithm, categorizes the routers into a hierarchy, based only on the nodal degree of the router [1]. The second, called the factor algorithm, calculates an IDCR factor for each router and uses that to rank select routers to provide the service. Finally, the greedy algorithm, serving as the baseline, iterates across all candidate routers, selecting routers one at a time based on the performance of the service.

Providing seamless mobility support is one of the most challenging problems towards the system integration of fourth generation (4G) wireless networks. Because of the transparency to the lower layer characteristics, application-layer mobility management protocol like the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) has been considered as the right candidate for handling mobility in the heterogeneous 4G wireless networks. SIP is capable of providing support for not only terminal mobility but also for session mobility, personal mobility and service mobility. However, the performance of SIP, operating at the highest layer of the protocol stack, is only as good as the performance of the underlying transport layers in such a heterogeneous environment. In this paper we analyze the handoff performance of SIP in a IP-based 4G network with Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) and Wireless LAN (WLAN) access networks. Analytical results show that the handoff to a UMTS access network introduces a minimum delay of 1.4048 s for 128 kbps channel, while for handoff to a WLAN access network the minimum delay is 0.2 ms. In the former case the minimum delay is unacceptable for streaming multimedia traffic and requires the deployment of soft-handoff techniques in order to reduce the handoff delay to a desirable maximum limit of 100 ms.

The bene ts of using caches for reducing tra c in backbone trunk links and for improving web access times are well-known. However, there are some known problems with traditional web caching, namely, maintaining freshness of web objects, balancing load among a number of caches and providing protection against cache failure. This paper investigates in detail the advantages and disadvantages of a distributed architecture of caches which are coordinated through a central controller. In particular, the performance of a set of independent caches is compared against the performance of a set of coordinated distributed caches using extensive simulation. The conclusion is that a distributed architecture of coordinated caches consistently provides a better hit ratio, improves response time, provides better freshness, achieves load balancing, and increases the overall tra c handling capacity of a network while paying a small price in terms of additional control tra c. In particular, we have observed up to 40% improvement in hit ratio, 70% improvement in response time, 60% improvement in freshness and 25% improvement in tra c handling capacity of a network with caches.

The Internet as the whole is a network of multiple computer networks and their massive infrastructure. The web is made up of accessible websites through search engines such as Google, Firefox, etc. and it is known as the Surface Web. The Internet is segmented further in the Deep Web-the content that it is not indexed and cannot access by traditional search engines. Dark Web considers a segment of the Deep Web. It accesses through TOR. Actors within Dark Web websites are anonymous and hidden. Anonymity, privacy and the possibility of non-detection are three factors that are provided by special browser such as TOR and I2P. In this paper, we are going to discuss and provide results about the influence of the Dark Web in different spheres of society. It is given the number of daily anonymous users of the Dark Web (using TOR) in Kosovo as well as in the whole world for a period of time. The influence of hidden services websites is shown and results are gathered from Ahimia and Onion City...

In modern textile industry, Tissue online Automatic Inspection (TAI) is becoming an attractive alternative to Human Vision Inspection (HVI). HVI needs a high level of attention nevertheless leading to low performance in terms of tissue inspection. Based on the co-occurrence matrix and its statistical features, as an approach for defects textile identification in the digital image, TAI can potentially provide an objective and reliable evaluation on the fabric production quality. The goal of most TAI systems is to detect the presence of faults in textiles and accurately locate the position of the defects. The motivation behind the fabric defects identification is to enable an on-line quality control of the weaving process. In this paper, we proposed a method based on texture analysis and neural networks to identify the textile defects. A feature extractor is designed based on Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM). A neural network is used as a classifier to identify the textile defects. The numerical simulation showed that the error recognition rates were 100% for the training and 100%, 91% for the best and worst testing respectively.

The dramatic development of radio solutions for wireless communications tends to blur the wider use that can be made of infrared transmissions in a room, a workshop or even a building. For some local applications for which a wireless part often constitutes the end point of global networks, the infrared medium can be a real alternative to the radio medium. Infrareds offer undeniable advantages, and are a technological niche in the field of in-house wireless LAN. Here the characteristics of this technology are illustrated and compared with better known radio solutions. As the world of communications is constantly readjusting to new standards, the essential characteristics of IrDA, the most significant standard are presented. The IrDA standard keeps changing to include new aspects. It now features a set of layers for a complete infrared local network providing the usual functionality of the different OSI layers. Thus, baud rates of IrDA products have increased from 115200 bps to 4 Mbps, (even 30 Mbps) paving the way for future multimedia applications demanding high baud rates. Many new modelisations and simulations with OPNET have facilitated the study and the analysis of this IR standard. q

This paper proposes the Mobility-Aware Resource Reservation Protocol (MARSVP) in which mobility and QoS signaling are performed as a single functional block. The key concept of MARSVP is to convey mobility-specific information (binding updates and their associated acknowledgments) by using newly defined RSVP objects embedded in existing RSVP messages. An appealing feature of MARSVP is that it adheres to the current RSVP standard (RFC 2205) and thus requires minimal changes to end nodes without affecting any of the conventional RSVP routers in between. The proposed mechanism is evaluated using a simulation model for application-level performance and an analytical model for network-level signaling cost. Simulation results indicate a 27.9% improvement in QoS interruption when using Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6), 12.5% when using Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 (HMIPv6), and no improvement when using Fast Handovers for MIPv6 (FMIPv6). On the network-level, signaling cost savings of 9.4% and 11.9% are achieved for MIPv6 and HMIPv6, respectively, while FMIPv6 achieves savings of 17.9% when using Voice-over-IP traffic and 26.7% for Video-over-IP traffic. The results of the conducted studies indicate MARSVP's superiority to conventional RSVP when deployed over wireless networks.

Mobile Agents (MA) have been proposed as a solution for distributed Network Management (NM). However, most MA-based infrastructures exhibit scalability limitations when data intensive management applications are considered. Therefore, we present three novel applications, tailored to transfers of bulk network monitoring data, in which MAs are used to perform data aggregation, acquire atomic SNMP table views and support selective retrieval of SNMP table objects that meet specific selection criteria. The proposed applications are supported by a lightweight management framework described in previous work. A quantitative evaluation, in terms of bandwidth usage, shows that these applications surpass SNMP-based polling performance.

Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) are different in many aspects as compared to terrestrial sensor networks. Other than long propagation delays and high error probability, continuous node movement makes it hard to manage the location information of sensor nodes. Determining the location of every node is a major issue as nodes can move continuously with the water currents. In order to handle the problem of large propagation delays and unreliable link quality, many algorithms have been proposed and some of them provide good solutions for these issues, but continuous node movements still need attention. In order to handle the problem of node mobility, we proposed a Hop-by-Hop Dynamic Addressing Based (H2-DAB) routing protocol, where every node in the network will be assigned a routable address in a quick and efficient way without requiring an explicit configuration or any dimensional location information. It helps to provide an option where nodes can communicate without any centralized infrastructure, also a mechanism is available where nodes can come and leave the network without having any serious effect on the rest of the network. Simulation results show that H2-DAB can manage easily during the quick routing changes where node movements are very frequent yet require little or no overhead in order to complete its tasks.

In the last few years, we have witnessed an explosion in demand for security measures motivated by the proliferation of mobile/wireless networks, the fixed-mobile network convergence, and the emergence of new services, such as e-commerce. 3G-systems play a key role in this network evolution, and, thus, all stakeholders are interested in the security level supported in the new emerging mobile environment. This paper elaborates on the security framework in 3G mobile networks. The security requirements imposed by the different types of traffic, and by the different players involved (mobile users, serving network and service providers) are investigated. The security architecture, which comprises all the security mechanisms that are projected for the Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) network, is analyzed. The employment of traditional security technologies, originally designed for fixed networking, such as firewalls, and static Virtual Private Network (VPN), in order to safeguard the UMTS core network from external attacks, as well as to protect user data when conveyed over the network are examined. Critical points in the 3G-security architecture that may cause network and service vulnerability are identified and discussed. Furthermore, proposals for the enhancement of the 3G-security architecture, and the provision of advanced security services to end-user data traffic within and outside the UMTS core network are discussed. The proposed enhancements can be easily integrated in the existing network infrastructure, and operate transparently to the UMTS network functionality. q IPsec IP security KAC key administration center MAC message authentication code MAP mobile application part MAPsec MAP security MS mobile station MT mobile terminal MSC mobile switching centre NE network entities NDS network domain security PS packet switched Rel-4 release 4 Rel-5 release 5 R99 release '99 RAND random challenge RES user response to challenge RNC radio network controller

Since its inception almost 40 years ago, the Internet has evolved and changed immensely. New technology solutions are desired to keep up with this unprecedented growth. Besides the traditional computing devices, different types of mobile devices need to be supported by the future Internet architecture. In this work, a survey of identity and handoff management solutions proposed in future Internet architectures is presented. Mobility protocols developed by the Internet Engineering Task Force initiatives are discussed to give the background on the user mobility support challenges with the current architecture. The next generation network architectures supported by global initiatives are presented and analyzed in terms of their support for seamless user and device mobility. Furthermore, this survey is extended to include the architectures proposed for wireless mesh networks, which are envisioned to be a part of the next generation networks with their self organizing and self configuring network characteristics.

Network planning for realtime services in traditional systems is normally performed based on a fixed traffic demand. Realtime services such as voice and video are currently being widely deployed over packet-based IP networks. Due to the lack of resource control mechanisms in IP networks, the actual traffic during network operation may easily deviate from the given mean traffic matrix values. As realtime services impose stringent quality of service (QoS) constraints, any traffic deviation inside the network might lead to severe quality degradation if any of the links provides insufficient service rate for the available traffic at any time. In this work, we highlight the significance of this problem and propose an effective approach to provide a highly robust network against traffic deviation. By means of both analytical and simulation studies, we study the distribution of realtime connections over an enterprise IP network and show how capacity needs of realtime traffic are affected when various resource control mechanisms are employed. In addition, we study the resulting tradeoff between capacity needs and traffic QoS parameters including packet loss and blocking probability.

The paper deals with a model of collaboration between academia and industry in the area of information and communication technology. It shows the collaboration in the field of Telecommunications and Informatics at the University of Zagreb. Joint laboratories, the laboratory network open for experiments and demonstrations, as well as the research programme are described. q

Technology has become inevitable in human life, especially the growth of Internet of Things (IoT), which enables communication and interaction with various devices. However, IoT has been proven to be vulnerable to security breaches. Therefore, it is necessary to develop fool proof solutions by creating new technologies or combining existing technologies to address the security issues. Deep learning, a branch of machine learning has shown promising results in previous studies for detection of security breaches. Additionally, IoT devices generate large volumes, variety, and veracity of data. Thus, when big data technologies are incorporated, higher performance and better data handling can be achieved. Hence, we have conducted a comprehensive survey on state-of-the-art deep learning, IoT security, and big data technologies. Further, a comparative analysis and the relationship among deep learning, IoT security, and big data technologies have also been discussed. Further, we have derived a thematic taxonomy from the comparative analysis of technical studies of the three aforementioned domains. Finally, we have identified and discussed the challenges in incorporating deep learning for IoT security using big data technologies and have provided directions to future researchers on the IoT security aspects. Contents * Corresponding author.

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in wireless sensor networks. One of the major issues in wireless sensor network is developing an energy-efficient clustering protocol. Hierarchical clustering algorithms are very important in increasing the network's life time. Each clustering algorithm is composed of two phases, the setup phase and steady state phase. The hot point in these algorithms is the cluster head selection. In this paper, we study the impact of heterogeneity of nodes in terms of their energy in wireless sensor networks that are hierarchically clustered. We assume that a percentage of the population of sensor nodes is equipped with the additional energy resources. We also assume that the sensor nodes are randomly distributed and are not mobile, the coordinates of the sink and the dimensions of the sensor field are known. Homogeneous clustering protocols assume that all the sensor nodes are equipped with the same amount of energy and as a result, they cannot take the advantage of the presence of node heterogeneity. Adapting this approach, we introduce an energy efficient heterogeneous clustered scheme for wireless sensor networks based on weighted election probabilities of each node to become a cluster head according to the residual energy in each node. Finally, the simulation results demonstrate that our proposed heterogeneous clustering approach is more effective in prolonging the network lifetime compared with LEACH.

The exploding Internet has brought many novel network applications. These include teleconferencing, interactive games, the voice/video phone, real-time multimedia playing, distributed computing, web casting, and so on. One of the specific characteristics of these applications is that all involve interactions among multiple members in a single session. Unlike the traditional one-to-one message transmission (unicasting), if the underlying networks provide no suitable protocol supports, these applications may be costly and infeasible to implement.

To overcome vendor lock-in obstacles in public cloud computing, the capability to define transferable cloud-based services is crucial but has not yet been solved satisfactorily. This is especially true for small and medium sized enterprises being typically not able to operate a vast staff of cloud service and IT experts. Actual state of the art cloud service design does not systematically deal with how to define, deploy and operate cross-platform capable cloud services. This is mainly due to inherent complexity of the field and differences in details between a plenty of existing public and private cloud infrastructures. One way to handle this complexity is to restrict cloud service design to a common subset of commodity features provided by existing public and private cloud infrastructures. Nevertheless these restrictions raise new service design questions and have to be answered in ongoing research in a pragmatic manner regarding the limited IT-operation capabilities of small and medium sized enterprises. By simplifying and harmonizing the use of cloud infrastructures using lightweight virtualization approaches, the transfer of cloud deployments between a variety of cloud service providers will become possible. This article will discuss several aspects like high availability, secure communication, elastic service design, transferability of services and formal descriptions of service deployments which have to be addressed and are investigated by our ongoing research.

Advances in low power VLSI design, along with the potentially low duty cycle of wireless sensor nodes open up the possibility of powering small wireless computing devices from scavenged ambient power. A broad review of potential power scavenging technologies and conventional energy sources is first presented. Low-level vibrations occurring in common household and office environments as a potential power source are studied in depth. The goal of this paper is not to suggest that the conversion of vibrations is the best or most versatile method to scavenge ambient power, but to study its potential as a viable power source for applications where vibrations are present. Different conversion mechanisms are investigated and evaluated leading to specific optimized designs for both capacitive MicroElectroMechancial Systems (MEMS) and piezoelectric converters. Simulations show that the potential power density from piezoelectric conversion is significantly higher. Experiments using an off-the-shelf PZT piezoelectric bimorph verify the accuracy of the models for piezoelectric converters. A power density of 70 mW/cm 3 has been demonstrated with the PZT bimorph. Simulations show that an optimized design would be capable of 250 mW/cm 3 from a vibration source with an acceleration amplitude of 2.5 m/s 2 at 120 Hz. q

In the last few years, cloud computing (CC) has grown from being a promising business concept to one of the fastest growing segments of the IT industry. Many businesses including small, medium (SMEs) and large enterprises are migrating to this technology. The objective of this paper was to describe the opinions of enterprises about the benefits and challenges of cloud computing services in the private and public companies in South Lebanon. During 2019, a cross-sectional study which enrolled 29 enterprises used CC was conducted. The survey included questions on socio-demographic characteristics of representative of companies, and companies' factors in reference to the technology, organization, and environment (TOE) framework. Most (58.6%) of companies were private and micro and SMEs sized (86.8%). The cost saving (75.0%), scalability and flexibility (75.9%), security (44.8%), and improved service delivery were the main benefits that cloud offer to the business. The security aspect, the cost, and the limited provision of infrastructure remain a challenge for the adoption of CC. In conclusion, the research reveals the potential for the development of CC and obstacles for successful implementation of this new technology.

This paper presents Java Fast Sockets (JFS), an optimized Java socket implementation on clusters for high performance computing. Current socket libraries do not efficiently support high-speed cluster interconnects and impose substantial communication overhead. JFS overcomes these performance constraints by:

Packet buffers in a smart network interface card are managed in a way to reduce any packet losses from high-speed burst incoming data. Currently, two types of packet buffer management techniques are used. They are static buffer management and dynamic buffer management techniques. Dynamic buffer management techniques are more efficient than the static ones because they change the threshold value according to network traffic conditions. However, current dynamic techniques cannot adjust threshold instantaneously. Thus, packet losses with dynamic techniques are still high. We, therefore, propose a history-based buffer management scheme to address the issue. Our experiment results show that the history-based scheme reduces packet loss by 11% to 15.9% as compared to other conventional dynamic algorithms. Keywords -packet buffer; network interface card; layer 3 and 4 protocols; VHDL; static and dynamic buffer management.

Networking research funding agencies in the USA, Europe, Japan, and other countries are encouraging research on revolutionary networking architectures that may or may not be bound by the restrictions of the current TCP/IP based Internet. We present a comprehensive survey of such research projects and activities. The topics covered include various testbeds for experimentations for new architectures, new security mechanisms, content delivery mechanisms, management and control frameworks, service architectures, and routing mechanisms. Delay/Disruption tolerant networks, which allow communications even when complete end-to-end path is not available, are also discussed.

The rapid evolution in mobile devices and communication technology has increased the number of mobile device users dramatically. The mobile device has replaced many other devices and is used to perform many tasks ranging from establishing a phone call to performing critical and sensitive tasks like money payments. Since the mobile device is accompanying a person most of his time, it is highly probably that it includes personal and sensitive data for that person. The increased use of mobile devices in daily life made mobile systems an excellent target for attacks. One of the most important attacks is phishing attack in which an attacker tries to get the credential of the victim and impersonate him. In this paper, analysis of different types of phishing attacks on mobile devices is provided. Mitigation techniques-anti-phishing techniques-are also analyzed. Assessment of each technique and a summary of its advantages and disadvantages is provided. At the end, important steps to guard against phishing attacks are provided. The aim of the work is to put phishing attacks on mobile systems in light, and to make people aware of these attacks and how to avoid them.

Vulnerabilities are extremely important for network security. IT management must identify and assess vulnerabilities across many disparate hardware and software platforms to prioritize these vulnerabilities and remediate those that pose the greatest risk. The focus of our research is the comparative analysis of existing vulnerability rating systems, so as to discover their respective advantages and propose a compatible rating framework

Internet of Things, which will transform the real world objects into intelligent virtual objects. The IoT aims to unify everything in our world under a common infrastructure, giving us not only control of things around us, but also keeping us informed of the state of the things. In Light of this, present study addresses IoT concepts through systematic review of scholarly research papers, corporate white papers, professional discussions with experts and online databases. Moreover this research article focuses on definitions, geneses, basic requirements, characteristics and aliases of Internet of Things. The main objective of this paper is to provide an overview of Internet of Things, architectures, and vital technologies and their usages in our daily life. However, this manuscript will give good comprehension for the new researchers, who want to do research in this field of Internet of Things (Technological GOD) and facilitate knowledge accumulation in efficiently.

The increasing computing and communication power of new terminals in mobile networks has converted these smart phones into Internet hosts. They can be used for traditional services, such as browsing or e-mailing, but also as platforms for specific new IP multimedia services like Push to Talk, streaming or IPTV. However, developing new services or porting existing popular ones should be done considering the target network in which the services will be deployed.

The use of personal protective equipment (PPEs) in the construction industry is necessary to guarantee the safety of the workers. However, this equipment is not usually worn properly. Nowadays, the only control performed over the use of PPEs consists of a visual inspection. This paper introduces a novel cyberphysical system (CPS) to check in real time how the PPEs are worn by the workers. In order to perform such a control, an architecture composed of a wireless local area network and a body area network is considered. A system prototype was developed by using Zigbee and RFID technologies that support the deployment of both kinds of networks. The worker carries a microcontroller-based device that detects the presence of the PPEs and sends a report to a central unit where alerts and historical data are generated. This paper is basically aimed at introducing the monitoring system, describing its hardware and software components, and analyzing the coverage and consumption of the worker's device.

Location and environment awareness are two prominent features of cognitive radios and networks enabling them to interact with and learn the operating environment. A cognitive radio architecture with location and environment awareness engines is introduced in this paper. Architectural framework of both engines along with their components are presented. The proposed architecture is a promising model to support advanced and autonomous location and environment-aware applications (e.g. advanced location-based services (LBS)). Implementation options, design challenges, issues, and potential solutions for the realization of both engines are discussed. An underlying method for both engines, which is range accuracy adaptation, is presented. Finally, concluding remarks with future research directions are provided.

The Internet as the whole is a network of multiple computer networks and their massive infrastructure. The web is made up of accessible websites through search engines such as Google, Firefox, etc. and it is known as the Surface Web. The Internet is segmented further in the Deep Web-the content that it is not indexed and cannot access by traditional search engines. Dark Web considers a segment of the Deep Web. It accesses through TOR. Actors within Dark Web websites are anonymous and hidden. Anonymity, privacy and the possibility of non-detection are three factors that are provided by special browser such as TOR and I2P. In this paper, we are going to discuss and provide results about the influence of the Dark Web in different spheres of society. It is given the number of daily anonymous users of the Dark Web (using TOR) in Kosovo as well as in the whole world for a period of time. The influence of hidden services websites is shown and results are gathered from Ahimia and Onion City Dark Web's search engines. The anonymity is not completely verified on the Dark Web. TOR dedicates to it and has intended to provide anonymous activities. Here are given results about reporting the number of users and in which place(s) they are. The calculation is based on IP addresses according to country codes from where comes the access to them and report numbers in aggregate form. In this way, indirect are represented the Dark Web users. The number of users in anonymous networks on the Dark Web is another key element that is resulted. In such networks, users are calculated through the client requests of directories (by TOR metrics) and the relay list is updated. Indirectly, the number of users is calculated for the anonymous networks.

Distributed multimedia applications will be an important part of tomorrow's application mix and require appropriate operating system (OS) support. Neither hard real-time solutions nor best-effort solutions are directly well suited for this support. One reason is the co-existence of real-time and best effort requirements in future systems. Another reason is that the requirements of multimedia applications are not easily predictable, like variable bit rate coded video data and user interactivity. In this article, we present a survey of new developments in OS support for (distributed) multimedia systems, which include: (1) development of new CPU and disk scheduling mechanisms that combine real-time and best effort in integrated solutions; (2) provision of mechanisms to dynamically adapt resource reservations to current needs; (3) establishment of new system abstractions for resource ownership to account more accurate resource consumption; (4) development of new file system structures; (5) introduction of memory management mechanisms that utilize knowledge about application behavior; (6) reduction of major performance bottlenecks, like copy operations in I/O subsystems; and user-level control of resources including communication. ᭧

Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (EUTRA), known as the Long Term Evolution (LTE) technology, brings cellular communication to the fourth generation (4G) era. In this article, we discuss the most important characteristics of LTE; its simplified network architecture which allows ultimate means for adaptation of the radio transmission to the Internet packet traffic flows and to the varying channel states. LTE radio resource management is based on time-frequency scheduling, fast feedback between the transmitter and receiver, and nearly optimal adaptation of transport formats. Yet, the radio system is simple and cost efficient to manage from the evolved packet core network, having a server architecture with IP tunnels. The mobility states and resource allocation allow power save operation of the User Equipment when not actively communicating. In addition, we brief the key results on the LTE baseline performance for paired and unpaired frequency bands, i.e. the two duplex modes.

In recent years, web security has been viewed in the context of securing the web application layer from attacks by unauthorized users. The vulnerabilities existing in the web application layer have been attributed either to using an inappropriate software development model to guide the development process, or the use of a software development model that does not consider security as a key factor. Therefore, this systematic literature review is conducted to investigate the various security vulnerabilities used to secure the web application layer, the security approaches or techniques used in the process, the stages in the software development in which the approaches or techniques are emphasized, and the tools and mechanisms used to detect vulnerabilities. The study extracted 519 publications from respectable scientific sources, i.e. the IEEE Computer Society, ACM Digital Library, Science Direct, Springer Link. After detailed review process, only 56 key primary studies were considered for this review based on defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. From the review, it appears that no one software is referred to as a standard or preferred software product for web application development. In our SLR, we have performed a deep analysis on web application security vulnerabilities detection methods which help us to identify the scope of SLR for comprehensively investigation in the future research. Further in this SLR considering OWASP Top 10 web application vulnerabilities discovered in 2012, we will attempt to categories the accessible vulnerabilities. OWASP is major source to construct and validate web security processes and standards.

Last decade observed a significant research effort directed towards indoor localization utilizing location fingerprinting techniques. Fingerprinting solutions generally require a pre-deployment site survey proce-27 dure during which a radio-map is constructed by laboriously collecting signal strength samples (e.g., Wi-28 Fi) over the whole localization area. However, such localization efforts have certain shortcomings. For 29 example, it is time consuming, labor intensive, vulnerable to environmental changes, and the process 30 requires certain pedigree on the surveyor that may deem the fingerprinting techniques impractical to 31 be deployed over large areas (e.g., shopping malls, multi-storey offices/residences, etc.). Newer emerging 32 techniques try to bypass this expensive pre-deployment effort of fingerprinting solutions altogether. They 33 may build the radio-map through the implicit participation of the building occupants, office employee, 34 shoppers, visitors, etc. Apart from the traditional performance comparison criteria like accuracy, preci-35 sion, robustness, scalability, algorithmic complexity based on which the localization techniques were 36 evaluated, these newer approaches warrant some additional ones. For example, whether they require 37 an actual geographical map of the localization area, the percentage of occasional location fix to ensure 38 reasonable accuracy, the usage of explicit/implicit user participation to construct the radio map, the 39 usage of building landmarks (e.g., entrance, conference room, elevator, escalator, etc.) or additional sen-40 sors (e.g., accelerometer, gyroscope, compass, etc.), whether they address device heterogeneity, etc. In 41 this article, we survey the newer emerging fingerprinting solutions that try to relieve the pre-deployment 42 woes. We also identify some newer performance comparison criteria based on these solutions' inherent 43 characteristics, and apply them together with the traditional ones in order to evaluate a number of such 44 proposed systems. 45 Ó 2015 Published by Elsevier B.V. 46 47 48 49