Ebola

Try to remember what it was like during the fall of 2014. Ebola was always in the news, the virus was spreading and people were dying at an increasing rate in West Africa. Although there should have been ways to stop it, more and more people were falling ill. In the United States, there was near panic about the possibility of it coming here. In September 2014, the Centers for Disease Control released a model that estimated that, in the worst-case scenario, the number of Ebola deaths in West Africa could reach 1.4 million. There were more cases than there were beds, and the ill were collapsing outside of Ebola Treatment Centers. Anthropologists who had worked in Guinea, Sierra Leone, and Liberia— the three countries most affected by the Ebola outbreak of 2013–2015— felt sadness, fear, anger. We felt sadness at the losses our friends were suffering and at the risks they were taking. We feared that the illness would spread, and that we were helpless against it. Despite a scholarly predisposition for observation and remove, many of us wanted to help, to do something. When it became clear that elements of the response were at best culturally insensitive and at worst wrong-headedly biomedical or even militaristic, we felt angry that the response was not making better use of the knowledge we had labored to create over the years, angry that we were

The West African Ebola epidemic of 2013 to 2016 resulted in a longterm state of emergency and dramatic changes to everyday life. Despite it being a challenging period, humor was still part of social interactions and exchanges. Periods of crisis can lend themselves well to humor due to the fact that both crisis and humor find their foundations in absurdity. This article seeks to build on existing work by looking at humor as a form of production, focusing on how it functioned in different, simultaneous and contradictory terms in social and political life during the Ebola epidemic in Sierra Leone. Drawing on fieldwork from Sierra Leone between 2014 and 2020, this article traces how humor worked in practice in relation to social cohesion, as a way of negotiating uncertainty, and analyses the symbolic role it played in interactions between survivors and non-survivors. Finally, it analyses how humor has helped re-frame experiences since the epidemic ended. I argue that humor plays multiple and tangible roles, and can shape social relations during and after times of crisis.

This post, on the Arc-Medieval, Global Medieval Studies blog, recounts my experiences teaching my undergraduate course, "The Black Death: Pandemic Disease in the Medieval World." Over the course of the past decade and a half, there has been a radical change in scientific understandings of the evolution and spread of *Yersinia pestis*, the causative organism of plague. This course is based on the idea that that evolutionary history can also serve as the foundation for an epidemiological and cultural history of plague, a disease that has spread in just 2000 years to all the continents of the world (save Antartica). The course focuses on the most awful plague pandemic, the Black Death, but it examines it within the whole global history of plague up to the present day. The blog includes links both to the complete syllabus and to other resources we used throughout the semester.

This review offers an overview of several devastating historical epidemics and pandemics. The first pandemic ravaging the Middle East and Ancient Egypt was an unidentified “plague” in the late Bronze Age. The plague of Athens was apparently “only” a local epidemic but with fatal consequences for that ancient democracy. Great empires with well-developed trade routes seem to be very susceptible to rapid and devastating spreads as the Antonine Plague, the Plague of Cyprian and the Justinian Plague testify. The great Medieval plague wave in Europe was absolutely devastating, but for the first time it brought along with it substantial containment measures that are still being successfully used today (e.g. isolation, quarantine) as well as the seeds of the development of a new form of medical theory and practice. The blame game that can be observed in the current COVID-19 pandemic has also been seen in previous epidemics and pandemics. Particularly in the case of syphilis, its origin was ...

dari Prespektif Human security, kekuatan militer (perang dan konflik) bukanlah ancaman, kini sudah bergeser pandangan bahwa penyakit adalah ancaman yg mngangu berbagai kestabilan ekonomi, sosail, psikis, dan Politik, , dan Ebola kini menjadai pusat perhatian global krna bertanggung jawab atas bberapa kasus kematian d Afrika dan kini sedang mngancam Asia Tenggara, bagaman ASEAN bertindak?

This review offers an overview of several devastating historical epidemics and pandemics. The first pandemic ravaging the Middle East and Ancient Egypt was an unidentified “plague” in the late Bronze Age. The plague of Athens was apparently “only” a local epidemic but with fatal consequences for that ancient democracy. Great empires with well-developed trade routes seem to be very susceptible to rapid and devastating spreads as the Antonine Plague, the Plague of Cyprian and the Justinian Plague testify. The great Medieval plague wave in Europe was absolutely devastating, but for the first time it brought along with it substantial containment measures that are still being successfully used today (e.g. isolation, quarantine) as well as the seeds of the development of a new form of medical theory and practice. The blame game that can be observed in the current COVID-19 pandemic has also been seen in previous epidemics and pandemics. Particularly in the case of syphilis, its origin was ...

This essay appears as the Preface to: *Pandemic Disease in the Medieval World: Rethinking the Black Death*, ed. Monica H. Green (Kalamazoo, MI, and Bradford, UK: Arc-Medieval Press, 2015), pp. ix-xx. This is the HARDBOUND edition of essays that first appeared in 2014 in the journal, *The Medieval Globe*. This preface (as well an accompanying index) are new in the book version, which can be purchased from Arc-Medieval Press (ISBN 978-1-942401-00-1).

The *Medieval Globe* volume went to press in Spring of 2014, before the full import of the 2013-2015 West African Ebola outbreak had become clear. By the Fall of 2014, comparisons were being made between what was still an exponentially growing outbreak in West Africa and the greatest pandemic of human history, the Black Death. Many of those comparisons were specious, but they pointed to the real terror that both diseases created, not simply by the swiftness of the mortality they caused, but by the social disruptions they produced. The present essay was an attempt to bring some greater historical analysis to the question of how we think comparatively across time periods and contexts. I welcome further discussion of these questions.

The world has suffered from many crises and pandemics in the past but it's the creativity and inventiveness of its people and their rigorous efforts with the capacity to think out of the box which has made them combat and overcome those situations. The world is facing a similar situation with the inception of COVID-19. The deadly new coronavirus first detected in Wuhan; the capital of China's Hubei province has sat its foot across the globe by infecting millions of people worldwide. Nevertheless, tough times ask for draconian measures and smart solutions, so the objective of our research work is to analyse the data with the help of visualization using Python to delineate and bring out a result by comparing the COVID-19 outbreak in different continents and countries like the USA, China, India, Italy, and Taiwan. For differentiation, we have used the total number of confirmed cases, the total number of casualties, and the total number of recovered cases of the COVID-19. Additionally, we have also compared the total number of tests conducted by the countries mentioned above. Our research will also concentrate on what makes COVID-19 pandemic different from other epidemics like SARS (2003), MERS (2012), Ebola (2014) by comparing their mortality rate, contagiousness, and symptoms. For all the comparison we have used data visualization. This research provides a comprehensive understanding of COVID-19 and compares its impact on different regions of the world with the help of Data Visualization and it will also help to derive a better solution for future emergencies.

Digitizing disaster response invites the problems of digital systems into the most fragile and vulnerable environments in the world. It is often humanitarian organizations that lead the charge, underestimating the practical and legal implications of digitizing these systems, from data security to operational coordination to the fairness of algorithms. In addition to their own digital transformations, many humanitarian organizations actively encourage governments, charitable foundations, technology companies, and mobile networks to share data in ways that are illegal without user consent or the invocation of governmental emergency powers. There is no more visible or apt example of this than the West African Ebola outbreak, which became a global health scare in 2014. This case study focuses on Liberia to illustrate (1) the challenges of digital humanitarian coordination during the Ebola outbreak; (2) the nascent state of mobile data modeling’s utility during complex emergencies; (3) the marked tension in the debate around experimentation with humanitarian technologies; (4) the laws that govern mobile network data and individual privacy; and (5) the institutions where victims of these data breaches could bring legal action.

This is a REVISED version of the notes I've been collecting on the West African Ebola outbreak, in the context of my undergraduate course, "Global History of Health." The current version is a Word document that has live links to most of the materials cited. This version of the Teaching Notes is co-authored with Nicholas Goettl, at the time a freshman at ASU who volunteered to help with the project. My deepest thanks to him, and to Jacqueline Riggins (who also volunteered her services that semester), for important conversations about how to assist in this crisis in a way that would help other scholars and educators around the world.

NON-PRESCRIPTION DEMENTIA MEDICINE DISCOVERY: The "golden touch" of Midas as far as medicine is concerned is to find a medicine from well-known drugs with little side effects which is also a non-description drug. More so, as this is more than just a faint promise of hope and the article is among those that may well become seminal papers in medical history due to vascular dementia, brain circulatory illnesses like haemorrhage and strokes affecting millions of people.

Universally Multivalent Coronavirus Vaccine (at Phase 1). Immune imprinting to the first exposure to a SARS-CoV-2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus shapes immunological outcomes of subsequent exposures to antigenically related new strains. SARS-CoV-2 Omicron breakthrough infections and bivalent COVID-19 vaccination primarily recall cross-reactive memory B cells induced by old Wuhan-Hu-1 spike mRNA vaccination rather than priming Omicron-specific naive B cells like XBB.1.5 current variant.

IXCHIQ is a single-doze vaccine for the prevention of disease by chikungunya virus (CHIKV) for adults over 18 years of age; CHIKV death rate is about 1/1,000 cases. 2023 has seen over 440,000 chikungunya cases resulting over 350 deaths.

One of the biggest prizes in disease eradication achieved: One of the greatest coups in medicine on infections diseases is happening right now with malaria. Matrix-M Plasmodium falciparum malaria vaccine costs between US$2-4 US a dose. WHO announced 2nd October 2023 the vaccine WHO stamp of approval, "prequalification," that allows i.e. UNICEF and the global vaccine alliance Gavi to buy the vaccines for distribution. RTS,S vaccine 15 million therapies is rolled out in some African countries early 2024, and the R21/Matrix-M vaccine 200 million therapies becomes available by the middle of 2024.

Other recent highlights. Immunization Schedule. Influenza A (H5N1) update: "Bird flu spillover to mammals needs to be monitored closely, risk to humans currently low but we must prepare". (WHO). Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Bivalent Subgroups A and B Vaccine for Infants and Adults ABRYSVO™ (Pfizer) and RSVpreF3 for adults AREXVY (GlaxoSmithKline). False Listing of RB51 as Approved Medicine for Brucellosis or Malta Fever.  Streptococcus pneumoniae PCV20. R21/Matrix-M™ Malaria (Plasmodium falciparum) vaccine 77% efficacy (approved and in mass production). Bivalent SARS-Cov-2.

[I am very thankful to receive links, additions and corrections to update, and to remove any obsolete material herein if spotted. Anti-Covid-19, anti-MMR, anti-Gardasil, anti-poliovirus anti-vaxxer depopulating messages are both unwelcome and repulsive to me.]

BREAKING NEWS: Vaccine Catastrophe - Veterinary Vaccine (Live-Attenuated Brucella abortus strain RB51) has incorrectly been indicated as an 'approved' prophylactic therapy for human vaccination against Brucellosis or Malta Fever (also variously known as ‘Mediterranean Fever’ and ‘Undulant Fever’). This error is totally inexcusable as this strain is extremely harmful when given to humans. Immunisation Schedule for Zaire Ebola virus for work where large bull (bovine) and buffalo herds are present (put together for the rescue and care insurers). Zaire Ebola contamination management in large herds of aforesaid large ruminants proves problematic with the biohazard suit that protect from the disease vectors as the animals respond aggressively to the human protective gear leading to panicking animals attacks, attempts of human butchery and animal rummage where people and properties can suddenly become threatened, as a health protection gives rise to animal threat by the rummaging animals trampling and horn attacking people in biohazard gear. The ring fencing experimental Zaire Ebola vaccines were not available at the time of this original plan instigated where the China-based organisation prepared an emergency quantitative easing (QE) cash programme, ‘helicopter drops of money’ as a mitigation strategy to persuade the food producers and food vendors to continue serving the general public against an infection risk during a major ebola epidemic - to prevent food industry's distribution and production collapses as the personnel might otherwise decide to stop working and to stay home so as to avoid infecting themselves by the dangerous pathogen (in this case a Zaire Ebola Virus). The above can lead to severe food shortages and ultimately potential starvation occurrence unless that epidemic had not subsided soon enough to prevent this secondary consequence from emerging. Because of similarity of early Zaire Ebola symptoms to other infectious illnesses at the early stages, the work undertaken in remote areas, the lead time in medical evacuations in case of illnesses, and the immense cost of privately-funded flying hospital dispatch to carry out a rescue operation, an exhaustive mutual exclusion prophylactic scheme was initiated to minimise unnecessary calls for such a flying hospital facility (remote medical service) from overseas.

Reported BEXSERO to GlaxoSmithKline on an unlisted side effect of stealthy temperature rise (see 19/03/2020 version, page 7) to +42.3C / +108.1F with weakening of normal body temperature control like sweating and relative lack of sense of highly elevated body temperature able to cause heat stroke and other related damage to body.

The immunisation schedule incorporates emergency authorisation Covid-19 immunisations and coronavirus vaccines that shortly complete their approval. Some of the Covid-19 immunisations likely vanish from marketplace as soon as the pandemic is over whereas some other vaccine designs may seek themselves second life as generic coronavirus immunisations. (The research field of coronaviruses is rapidly changing with these overlooked viruses also causing many common colds is brought into spotlight.) Almost all Covid-19 products have not been tested for concomitant use with many other immunisation products and therefore a reasonable space should be allowed between immunisations to avoid adverse effect risks. Because of this one ought to consider whether at current pandemic situation some immunisation products of lesser importance should be taken and whether it is better to defer them until situation clears (considering the ongoing infections with Covid-19 variants and especially in some remote regions where sequencing of the variants is very sparse as the protection to Covid-19 is very important).  Because of above reason, this schedule is not currently geared for rapid deployment in tropics as too many uncertainties lie within which good protection against Covid-19 must prevail. Section on Covid-19 products is continually expiring due to evolving situation.

Updates on Streptococcus pneumoniae PCV20.

The latest version of the document supersedes all earlier versions that ought to be discarded and not used.

The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recently declared: "Diagnosing Ebola in a person who has been infected for only a few days is difficult, because the early
symptoms, such as fever, are nonspecific to Ebola infection and are seen often in patients with more commonly occurring diseases, such as malaria and typhoid fever."

Only a sin of omission, then, would explain why anyone or any group would not want to mention specifically the most commonly occurring cause of infectious death in Africa—tuberculosis (TB)—whose sky-high rates in West Africa make Ebola look like a dropperful of water squeezed into the Mississippi.
If by October 2014 Ebola had laid claim to what the World Health Organization (WHO) claimed was well over 3,338 deaths since its March outbreak, certainly this ought to be weighed in the light of the approximately 600,000 Africans slain by TB during the same time window. Furthermore, by 20 October 2014, worldwide Ebola mortality stood at 4,868, with just over 81 per cent of these deaths recorded in Liberia and Sierra Leone. While Liberian health officials warned as early as 2009 that TB was skyrocketing out of control, a mixed scientific coalition from Sierra Leone and Germany cautioned that Sierra Leone's own tuberculosis level was not only the highest
in West Africa but was filled with resistant strains of TB and tuberculous Mycobacterium africanum which had "reached an alarming level…raising the question of possible consequences" for a future new TB epidemic.

With increased focus on results in the humanitarian sector
over the last 20 years, effectiveness has been understood
as ‘doing what works’ as efficiently as possible. Significant
energy and resources have been invested in technocratic
measures to improve effectiveness of humanitarian action
through strengthening accountability, developing technical
proficiency, building an objective evidence base, and
achieving greater value for money. But whose understanding
of effectiveness has this been built on and how closely does it
reflect the understandings of people for whom humanitarian
action is enacted?

Essays on Humanitarian Effectiveness analyses the impact
of context on understandings of and approaches to
effectiveness. The five essays in the collection present
stories of how effectiveness has been constructed,
discussed, operationalised, or even imposed in different
contexts (in Liberia, Niger, the Philippines, South Asia and the
Syria region), based on research across nine countries.

Despite the increase in popularity of hand sanitizers (HS) in Nigeria, there is a dearth of literature on the efficacies of these products. This study assessed the efficacies of four popular brands of HS in Nigeria against some clinically important bacterial pathogens. Using the well variant of the agar dilution
method to determine antimicrobial susceptibility and the broth dilution method to determine minimum inhibitory concentration, the activities of the HS (HSF, HSM, HDT, and HSK) were evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumonia. Each of the products displayed varying activities against the test organisms. HSM had the highest inhibitory effect against all the test organisms, while HSF was the least effective. S. aureus was the most susceptible organism, with the highest susceptibility to HSM (12.0 mm). P. aeruginosa was the most resistant organism, with the highest resistance to HSM (9.0 mm). Each of the HS was bacteriostatic against all of the test bacteria and none displayed bactericidal activity. HSM and HDT reduced the mean colonyforming unit (cfu) counts of bacteria on the hands of subjects by 72% and 62%, respectively. A onetailed t-test showed that HSM was more effective than HDT in this regard. None of the products could reduce bacterial counts by 99.9%, as the manufacturers claim. Such claims need to be verified to ensure that these products contain the correct quantities of active ingredients, and sellers need to store such products according to the manufacturers’ instructions.

An increasingly asked question is ‘can we confidently link bats with emerging viruses?’. No, or not yet, is the qualified answer based on the evidence available. Although more than 200 viruses – some of them deadly zoonotic viruses – have been isolated from or otherwise detected in bats, the supposed connections between bats, bat viruses and human diseases have been raised more on speculation than on evidence supporting their direct or indirect roles in the epidemiology of diseases (except for rabies). However, we are convinced that the evidence points in that direction and that at some point it will be proved that bats are competent hosts for at least a few zoonotic viruses. In this review, we cover aspects of bat biology, ecology and evolution that might be relevant in medical investigations and we provide a historical synthesis of some disease outbreaks causally linked to bats. We provide evolutionary-based hypotheses to tentatively explain the viral transmission route through mammalian intermediate hosts and to explain the geographic concentration of most outbreaks, but both are no more than speculations that still require formal assessment.

Il volume esamina il regime internazionale di controllo delle malattie infettive come disciplinato dal Regolamento sanitario internazionale dell'OMS, analizzando lo stretto rapporto intercorrente tra salute pubblica e diritti umani e tra emergenze sanitarie di rilevanza internazionale e sicurezza. Il volume offre un'analisi giuridica approfondita utile a comprendere anche le risposte fornite dall'OMS e dagli Stati alla pandemia di COVID-19.

This paper uses the cases of Ebola and SARS-CoV-2 in the United States, looking for the use of panic discourses in presenting infectious diseases as apocalyptic crises in mediated popular culture (i.e. mass news media and social media). In 2014, the US was dealt its first cases of Ebola, a horrific virus not typically occurring outside of West Africa. Despite a small number of cases, Ebola never materialized as a pandemic despite instances of media hysterics. In 2020, Ebola paled in comparison to the slash and burn global spectacle of SARS-CoV-2. Many approaches in US mass media took a certain doom orientation in different ways as the pandemic unfolded over time. With both Ebola and SARS-CoV-2, there was a politicization of science in tandem with apocalyptic spectacle within media discourses. It is argued, the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic filled a void of apocalyptic longing Ebola left unfulfilled. News coverage of both Ebola and SARS-CoV-2 uses manipulation of the idea public panic is common in approaching disaster situations. The concept of the 'Three acts of Trauma News' is used to explore these issues, especially with respect to the social construct of panic. Such spectacles are used in trauma journalism to heighten excitement and fear and are a fundamental element of security theater. Panic discourses underscore a problem of the human propensity for fantasy that undermines responses to disaster.

This is an early draft of a paper initially written in 2015, reflecting on my experiences as a historian trying to create a basic historical narrative for Ebola as an emerging disease with potential to have global impact. In summer 2014, as the West African Ebola crisis was unfolding, I realized that, aside from journalistic accounts, Ebola had figured hardly at all in developing understandings of emerging diseases in the history of medicine. Finding so little synthetic work available, I thought to compile a working Ebola archive, both for the benefit of my own students and for others who were trying to make sense of such basic questions as "Where did this come from? What do we know about this disease? Has this happened before?" Since my work on other global diseases in human history asked similar questions about origins, dissemination, and globalization, I thought to use that framework to think about Ebola in terms of its potential.

The essay (now rewritten) has just been published in the following collection: “What Places Ebola in the Realm of the ‘Global’? A View from History,” in The Shapes of Epidemics and Global Disease, ed. Andrea Patterson and Ian Read (Newcastle-on-Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2020), pp. 328-362.

Medical geographers specialize in creating visual representations of the spatial‐temporal layout for medical services within a nation and they also identify rates of mortality in different regions of a country due to diseases, e.g., malaria, cholera, and the Ebola virus disease (EVD). Medical geographers recognize that there is not a uniform distribution of health facilities or resources or services throughout the nation of Guinea [14]. This directly contributes to the uneven rates of mortality throughout this country. Medical anthropologists work in collaboration with medical geographers in order to counteract the gaps in medical coverage. Through pragmatic initiatives, medical anthropologists strive to respect cultural practices, while also educating individuals on how to use alternative forms of medicine in order to both improve their wellbeing and increase their life expectancy [03].

Technologies for feeding permanently incapacitated patients enterally or parenterally through various forms of artificial nutrition and hydration (ANH) have generated moral questions and controversies. Particularly for patients in a persistent vegetative state or in advanced Alzheimer disease but also for terminally ill newborns, there are questions about whether ANH should be withheld or withdrawn. Is ANH extraordinary
or even futile care? Do its burdens outweigh its benefits? For patients provided with terminal sedation at the end of life, there are questions about the accompaniment of sedation with withdrawal of ANH. Is that removal a form of euthanasia? Or is it a justified part of the palliative care being provided at the end of life. Two further kinds of cases raise different sets of issues. First, is the forced feeding, by means of ANH, of hunger-striking
prisoners, as, for example, the detainees at Guantanamo Bay, morally
permissible, or is it a violation of bodily integrity and perhaps a form of
torture? And second, is the failure to provide more adequate nutrition and
hydration, including ANH, for Ebola patients in the developing world a
matter of global injustice? This entry looks at each of these issues in turn.

EVD is a disease of humans and other non-human primates caused by Ebola viruses, which was
first discovered in 1976. Between 1976 and 2013 there had been 24 outbreaks of the disease. The
recent outbreak is the 26th and has seen more deaths than all other outbreaks from the disease
combined. This outbreak in West Africa occurred in five countries: Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria, Senegal
and Sierra Leone. In the present research article, the authors reviewed various studies and current
research on EVD. EVD was initially restricted to West Africa when the outbreak was first identified,
but later was reported in several countries around the world, including the USA. Researchers have begun to use mathematical analysis from previous outbreaks to construct the Atangana's Beta
Ebola System of Equations (ABESE), which is being used to predict the spread of future outbreaks.
The pathophysiology and transmission factors, including the basic and effective reproduction
numbers, R0 and Re are discussed in detail. Prevention and control measures, such as proper
hygiene techniques (both preventative and post-exposure), education (including educating
communities on proper burial techniques), reduction in the consumption and exposure to bushmeat,
and controlled prevention of the spread of the disease (proper personal protective equipment and
protocol upon exposure or in high-risk environments), are outlined. The history and current
outbreak are reviewed in detail, which compare the differences in previous outbreaks compared to
the current. Earlier (and less deadly) outbreaks have also been traced to the ZEBOV strain, and
researchers suggest that the evolutionary rate of gene mutations was accelerated in this current
outbreak. Death occurs in approximately 40% of affected individuals within 7-12 days after the
onset of initial symptoms and is most often associated with multi-organ failure. Researchers outline
the WHO’s criteria for screening and diagnosis, including primary, secondary and entry screening.
There is currently no cure for EDV, only supportive treatment. There are current drug trials on the
following vaccinations: ZMapp, TKM-Ebola, Favipiravir, cAd3, and VSVΔ-EBOVGP12. This review
article will attempt to summarize the current state of understanding on EVD and explore the most
recent and accepted information including epidemiology of the disease, etiology and
pathophysiology, transmission, prevention, and control, history, recent outbreaks, clinical
manifestations, screening, and diagnosis, and treatment and clinical trials.

Le sujet de « la santé en tant qu'élément de sécurité collective » n'est rien moins que la passerelle spatio-temporelle entre les deux colloques de la SFDI de Rennes, celui de 1994 sur Le chapitre VII de la Charte des Nations Unies, et celui de 2018 : Droit international et santé. Aucune trace de la santé n'est pourtant détectable dans les actes de la manifestation du siècle dernier. Sans doute, une communication sur ce thème aurait-elle paru saugrenue ; dans tous les cas, son malheureux auteur aurait vraisemblablement eu toutes les peines du monde à lui donner de la chair. Presqu'un quart de siècle plus tard, le sujet s'impose, maintenant que le Conseil de sécurité a « chapitre-sept-isé » la santé. C'est du moins ce que l'on peut déduire de sa résolution 2177 (2014), dans laquelle il a « jug[é] que l'ampleur extraordinaire de l'épidémie d'Ebola en Afrique constitue une menace pour la paix et la sécurité internationales ». En recourant à la qualification de l'article 39 de la Charte des Nations Unies, celui qui ouvre le chapitre VII, le Conseil a en effet fait rentrer de plain-pied une question sanitaire (la lutte contre une épidémie meurtrière) dans le champ de la sécurité collective.
La place de la santé dans la sécurité collective renseigne davantage sur les évolutions de la sécurité collective que sur la santé elle-même dont le « statut » reste imprécis. C’est ce que la présente contribution montrera en tentant d’abord de découvrir ce que la santé dit de la sécurité collective (I) puis en essayant d’identifier ce que la sécurité collective dit de la santé (II).

objective A myriad of physical and psychosocial sequelae have been reported among Ebola survivors from previous Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreaks, including the most recent in West Africa. This review examines the various forms of psychological distress experienced by EVD survivors, family and community reactions to EVD survivors and EVD survivors' coping mechanisms. methods We conducted a literature search of original articles employing Medline (Ovid), PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, CINAHL, EBSCO host academic search complete, PsycINFO (EBSCO) and Embase databases. results Our search identified 1890 articles of which 24 met our inclusion criteria. Various forms of psychological distress were prevalent among EVD survivors including depression, anxiety, anger, grief, guilt, flashbacks, sadness, worthlessness, substance addiction, suicidal tendencies and self-stigmatisation. Family and community responses to EVD survivors ranged from acceptance to rejection, isolation, stigmatisation and discrimination. EVD survivors' coping strategies included engagement with religious faith, EVD survivors associations and involvement in EVD prevention and control interventions. conclusion Psychological distress, including that resulting from family and community stigma and discrimination, appears common among EVD survivors. Community-based mental health and psychosocial interventions integrated within a broader package of care for EVD survivors that also recognises the physical health challenges are required. Well-designed longitudinal studies can provide clear insights on the nature and trajectory of the psychosocial issues currently experienced by EVD survivors.

Anthropology's response to the West African Ebola epidemic was one of the most rapid and expansive anthropological interventions to a global health emergency in the discipline's history. This article sets forth the size and scale of the anthropological response and describes the protagonists, interventions , and priorities for anthropological engagement. It takes an inclusive approach to anthropological praxis by engaging with the work of nonanthro-pologist " allies, " including qualitative researchers, social workers, and allied experts. The article narrates how the concept of " anthropology " came to serve as a semantic marker of solidarity with local populations, respect for customary practices and local sociopolitical realities, and an avowed belief in the capacities of local populations to lead localized epidemic prevention and response efforts. Of particular consideration is the range of complementary and conflicting epistemological, professional, and critical engagements held by anthropologists. The article also discusses how to assess anthropological " impact " in epidemics. 421