Discrimination

In “Physician Burnout Calls for Legal Intervention” (November-December 2019), Sharona Hoffman calls for a “requirement” in the form of a “mandate that health care employers measure physician wellness using the [Maslach Burnout Inventory] (or another reliable tool) and report outcomes to [the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services]” (p. 9). Such a requirement would be unlawful under the Americans with Disabilities Act’s rules on prohibited medical examinations of employees.

Sharona Hoffman’s response to my letter states “employers may require periodic job-related medical examinations of all employees ‘in positions affecting public safety.’ As I argued in my commentary, doctors, to whom patients entrust their health every day, have safety-critical jobs.”

This comparison is inapt. As Ilene N. Moore, Screening Older Physicians for Cognitive Impairment: Justifiable or Discriminatory, 28 HEALTH MATRIX 95, 140 (2018) recently explained: “any interpretation suggesting that that physicians are in a position affecting public safety is not supported by the statutory language of the ADA, the EEOC Enforcement Guidance, or EEOC correspondence. Only one federal law defines some physicians as public safety officers: physicians who serve as part of a public rescue squad or ambulance as defined by the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968.” (internal citations omitted).

Because research is needed to identify the conditions that facilitate or impede the prevalence of perceived workplace discrimination, the authors examined the effects of demographics and demographic similarity on the prevalence of sex-and race/ethnicity-based perceived workplace discrimination. Results from a national survey of 763 full-time, United States employees show perceived sex-based discrimination at work was more prevalent among female than male employees, and perceived race-based discrimination at work was more prevalent among Black and Hispanic than White employees. Additionally, perceived racial/ethnic discrimination was less prevalent among those with same-race/ethnicity supervisors. The effect of employee-coworker sex similarity on perceived sex discrimination was significant only for women, and the effects of supervisor-subordinate racial similarity on the prevalence of perceived racial discrimination varied between Black and White respondents, depending on employee-residentialcommunity racial similarity.

Prolongeant ses travaux sur la répression, Vanessa Codaccioni analyse et dénonce les ressorts de « la société de vigilance ». Surveillance massive, appel à la délation, légitimation de la répression : une nouvelle servitude volontaire est insidieusement imposée aux citoyens qui deviennent des acteurs incontournables de cette dynamique sécuritaire.

Prolongeant ses travaux sur la répression, Vanessa Codaccioni analyse et dénonce les ressorts de « la société de vigilance ». Surveillance massive, appel à la délation, légitimation de la répression : une nouvelle servitude volontaire est insidieusement imposée aux citoyens qui deviennent des acteurs incontournables de cette dynamique sécuritaire.

Individuals with multiple devalued subordinate group identities can face different challenges related to those identities simultaneously, which may put them in risk psychologically. Despite these challenges, many disadvantaged minorities feel and function well, hence they are resilient. Research explaining the underlying mechanisms of resilience in the context of multiple subordinate identities are limited, especially from collectivist cultural contexts. The aim of this thesis was to investigate how social identifications play a role in the well-being of migrant sexual minorities. Arguments from the theories of social identity, acculturation and resilience were used to formulate hypotheses. This research tests the main hypothesis that while discrimination and acculturative stress are risk factors for the well-being of migrant sexual minorities, identifications with relevant social groups moderate this link. An alternative hypothesis was also tested in that social identifications mediate the link between risk factors and well-being. Self-reported questionnaires were administered to 193 sexual minorities who have migrated to metropolitan cities of Turkey from other towns of the country. The questionnaires which were used included demographic information questions, Perceived Discrimination Scale (Ruggiero & Taylor, 1995), Brief Psychological Adaptation Scale (Demes & Geeraert, 2014), Multicomponent Ingroup Identification Scale (Leach et al., 2008), Flourishing Scale (Diener et al., 2010) and Satisfaction with Life Scale (Diener, Emmons, Larsen, & Griffin, 1985). Moreover, to investigate culture-specific resilience resources Adult Resilience Measure was used (Resilience Research Centre, 2013). Moderated regression analyses revealed that interactions of risk and protective factors had no effect on well-being. The alternative mediation hypotheses revealed that protective factors were significant mediators for the relationship between risk factors of perceived group discrimination and acculturative stress and well-being. The results suggested that multiple group identities may not function as a buffering factor (moderator) but it facilitates dealing with the risks associated with being a sexual minority and migrant to increase well-being (mediator). This research contributes to (1) Resilience Framework on the basis of a strength-based perspective on disadvantaged groups, (2) Social Identity Theory through demonstrating mutual effects between social identities, and (3) applied fields of psychological consultation and social policy making in consideration of these findings.

Objective: Discrimination against nonnative speakers is widespread and largely socially acceptable. Nonnative speakers are evaluated negatively because accent is a sign that they belong to an outgroup and because understanding their speech requires unusual effort from listeners. The present research investigated intergroup bias, based on stronger support for hierarchical relations between groups (social dominance orientation [SDO]), as a predictor of hiring recommendations of nonnative speakers. Method: In an online experiment using an adaptation of the thin-slices methodology, 65 U.S. adults (54% women; 80% White; M age 35.91, range 18 – 67) heard a recording of a job applicant speaking with an Asian (Mandarin Chinese) or a Latino (Spanish) accent. Participants indicated how likely they would be to recommend hiring the speaker, answered questions about the text, and indicated how difficult it was to understand the applicant. Results: Independent of objective comprehension, participants high in SDO reported that it was more difficult to understand a Latino speaker than an Asian speaker. SDO predicted hiring recommendations of the speakers, but this relationship was mediated by the perception that nonnative speakers were difficult to understand. This effect was stronger for speakers from lower status groups (Latinos relative to Asians) and was not related to objective comprehension. Conclusions: These findings suggest a cycle of prejudice toward nonnative speakers: Not only do perceptions of difficulty in understanding cause prejudice toward them, but also prejudice toward low-status groups can lead to perceived difficulty in understanding members of these groups.

This book provides an introduction to political psychology through a focus on European politics and topics. It describes a style of doing political psychology in Europe that has developed out of dialogue with as well as critique of North American approaches. By emphasising the theoretical and methodological diversity of political psychology, the book is intended to contribute to a greater understanding of the strength and utility of the field. • Opens up and extends the study of political psychology to a variety of socio-political contexts and manifestations of political behaviour • Clearly outlines the usefulness and promises of distinctive critical approaches in social and political psychology • Explicitly considers the role of language, communication, identity and social representations in the construction of political meanings. Political Psychology will appeal to upper-level students and scholars who seek to extend their knowledge of the complex relationship between psychology, politics and society.

Chicha (2009) constate un « trou noir » dans la littérature en ce qui a trait au processus qui engendre une plus forte déqualification à l’endroit des immigrantes universitaires. Ce « trou noir » est considéré comme problématique. D’une part, le gouvernement québécois tente de mettre en place des politiques d’immigration qui recrutent des immigrants ayant un capital humain élevé dans l’espoir qu’ils s’insèrent facilement sur marché de l’emploi. D’autre part, la présence plus marquée de déqualification de ce bassin de main d’œuvre démontre un écart entre la volonté politique et la situation réelle en emploi de ces immigrants. Il semble donc exister un problème de discrimination systémique lorsqu’il est question de déqualification des travailleuses immigrantes. Par souci d’équité et dans l’espoir d’avoir une meilleure compréhension du processus menant à la déqualification des immigrantes les objectifs de cette thèse sont de 1- mieux saisir le concept de discrimination en emploi et 2- mettre en place des mesures mieux adaptées pour s’attaquer à cette discrimination.

Pour expliquer ce « trou noir », nous considérons que l’approche systémique est pertinente à cause de sa une vision holistique. Nous avons rencontré 52 immigrantes universitaires qui ont partagé leur parcours professionnel pré et post-migratoire. Les thématiques abordées touchaient à de nombreux sujets telles que leur formation, leur expérience professionnelle, leur stratégie d’unité familiale immigrante, leurs démarches concernant tant le processus de reconnaissance de leurs diplômes étrangers que leur insertion sur le marché de l’emploi, le climat de travail, etc.

Les résultats de cette recherche indiquent que la discrimination en emploi est toujours présente sur le marché de l’emploi au Québec. De plus, l’origine ethnique, tel que la couleur de la peau, affecte les attitudes, comportements et propos des acteurs du milieu du travail à l’endroit des immigrantes universitaires. L’application des typologies de Van Laer et Janssens (2011) et de Bonilla-Silva (2006) contribue à l’identification des attitudes, des comportements et des propos pouvant être considérés comme étant du racisme subtil.

L’un des avancements de cette thèse est l’amélioration du cadre d’analyse systémique afin de mieux comprendre les difficultés à l’emploi des immigrantes universitaires. Les différentes théories empruntées de la psychologie sociale telles que les théories de similarité attraction, de catégorisation sociale et de qualité d’échanges entre subordonné et supérieur (Roberson et Block, 2001) permettent de peaufiner ce cadre d’analyse systémique, puisqu’il permet de mieux saisir les relations, parfois complexes, qui peuvent s’établir entre les différents acteurs et résulter en de la discrimination flagrante ou subtile.

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Intransparente Diskriminierung durch maschinelles Lernen Intransparent discrimination by machine learning heiner Koch, duisburg-essen Zusammenfassung: Maschinelles Lernen kann zu Diskriminierungen anhand von völlig neuen Merkmalen führen. Diese Merkmale können uns außerdem nicht transparent sein. Um dies zu zeigen, werde ich argumentieren, dass Diskriminierung nicht nur anhand von Merkmalen in abschließenden Listen erfolgen kann, sondern grund-sätzlich anhand beliebiger Merkmale, und dass Algorithmen trotz fehlender men-taler Eigenschaften diskriminierend sein können. Zudem werde ich die Probleme beschreiben, die damit einhergehen, dass diese neuen Formen der Diskriminierung nur schwer erkennbar sind, weil die eingesetzten Algorithmen intransparent sind. Hierbei sind drei Arten der Intransparenz zu unterschieden, die jeweils unterschied-liche Auswirkungen auf die Erkennbarkeit von Diskriminierungen haben: (i) Merkmale, anhand derer ungleich behandelt wird, können unbekannt sein (ii) Merkmale, anhand derer ungleich behandelt wird, können unverständlich sein (sie sind zu komplex oder "chaotisch", um von Menschen sinnvoll erfasst werden zu können) (iii) es können Erklärungen dafür fehlen, wie und weshalb bestimmte Merkmale für eine Ungleichbehandlung herangezogen werden Gerade die Kombination aus Intransparenz und Diskriminierung anhand neuer Merkmale stellt eine besondere Herausforderung für die philosophische Debatte um Diskriminierung dar. Bisherige Ansätze beschränken sich darauf, verständliche Merkmale zu identifizieren oder zu erzeugen, die ihre Träger_innen unter expliziten Diskriminierungsschutz stellen. Damit geraten jedoch neue Diskriminierungen aus dem Blick, die in Zukunft erhebliche Auswirkungen haben können. Um intranspa-rente Diskriminierungen aufzudecken, müssen unbekannte Merkmale identifiziert werden, unverständliche Merkmale hinreichend verständlich gemacht werden und Korrelationen und Trainingsverfahren erklärbar sein. Anschließend müssen die dis-kriminierenden Elemente des Algorithmus beseitigt werden können. Insofern keine angemessenen Lösungsstrategien vorliegen, muss darüber nachgedacht werden, für 266 Intransparente Diskriminierung durch maschinelles Lernen bestimmte Kontexte nur Formen des maschinellen Lernens zuzulassen, die sich hin-reichend auf diskriminierende Konsequenzen untersuchen lassen. Abstract: Machine Learning can lead to discrimination based on new features that are intransparent. In order to show this, I will argue that discrimination cannot only occur based on features in exhaustive lists but on any feature and that algorithms can be discriminating in spite of a lack of mental attributes. I will show some problems that come with new forms of discrimination that are not easily detectable because of the intransparency of the algorithms. Three forms of intransparency that have different effects on the possibility to detect discriminations have to be distinguished: (i) features of differential treatment can be unknown (ii) features of differential treatment can be unimaginable (they are too complex or "chaotic" to be grasped by humans) (iii) explanations for the use of certain features for differential treatment could lack Especially the combination of intransparency and new features of discrimination is challenging for the philosophical debate about discrimination. Previous solutions were restricted to identify or create imaginable features that are explicitly protected by anti-discrimination law. New forms of discrimination that could have considerable impact in the future are neglected. In order to identify intransparent discrimina-tions unknown features have to be identified, unimaginable features have to be made sufficiently imaginable and correlations and training methods have to be explainable. Then it has to be possible to remove discriminating elements. Insofar no suitable solutions can be found, it must be considered whether we want to allow for specific contexts only those machine learning methods which can sufficiently be examined for discriminating consequences.

A sequel to the groundbreaking volume Race and Racism in Modern East Asia: Western and Eastern Constructions, the present volume examines in depth interactions between Western racial constructions of East Asians and local constructions of race and their outcomes in modern times. Focusing on China, Japan and the two Koreas, it also analyzes the close ties between race, racism and nationalism, as well as the links race has had with gender and lineage in the region. Written by some of the field's leading authorities, this insightful and engaging 23-chapter volume offers a sweeping overview and analysis of racial constructions and racism in modern and contemporary East Asia that is unsurpassed in previous scholarship.


TABLE OF CONTENTS
List of Illustrations and Tables
Conventions
Preface

1. Introduction: The Synthesis of Foreign and Indigenous Constructions of Race in Modern East Asia and Its Actual Operation, Rotem Kowner and Walter Demel
I. Antecedents: A Detailed Examination of Early Western Racial Constructions of East Asians
II. Interactions: The Fusion of European and Asian Constructions of Race
III. Nationalism: Interactions between Race and Ethnic Nationalism in East Asia
IV. Gender and Lineage: The Impact of Domestic and Foreign Racial Constructions

PART I: ANTECEDENTS
2. East Asians in the Linnaean Taxonomy: Sources and Implications of a Racial Image, Rotem Kowner and Christina Skott
The Linnaean Revolution and View of Humankind
Sources of Linnaeus’ Racial Perspective on East Asians
The Essence of Asia: Swedish Views of China
Swedish Reports and Linnaeus’ Revision of His Human Taxonomy
Linnaeus’ Legacy and the Unfolding Racial View of East Asians
3. Constructing Racial Theories on East Asians as a Transnational “Western” Enterprise, 1750-1850, Walter Demel
The Founding Fathers of Racial Theories: Linnaeus, Buffon, Kant and Camper
The Second Generation: Multiple Directions
4. The ‘Races’ of East Asia in Nineteenth-Century European Encyclopaedias, Georg Lehner
Classifying the Peoples of Asia
The Encyclopedias' Main Sources for Remarks on the “Races” of East Asia
Chinese, Japanese and Koreans: Descriptions of East Asian peoples
Stereotypes of East Asians in General Knowledge
Visual Representations of Race in Works of General Knowledge
Concluding Remarks
5. The Racial Image of the Japanese in the Western Press Published in Japan, 1861-1881, Olavi K. Fält
Background
The Oldest People on Earth
The Shining Japanese Race
Weak and Inferior Race
Praising the Endeavors of a Poor Race
Conclusion

PART II: INTERACTIONS
6. The Propagation of Racial Thought in Nineteenth-Century China, Daniel Barth
The Background: Imperial China and the “Other”
Stage I (1846-1851): Marques and Wei Yuan
Stage II (1851-1855): Hobson and Muirhead
Stage III (1855-1872): The Self-Strengthening Movement
Stage IV (1872-1892): John Fryer and the Chinese Scientific and Industrial Magazine
Conclusion: Chinese Intellectuals, Social Darwinism and Race
7. Learning from the South: Japan's Racial Construction of Southern Chinese, 1895-1941, Huei-Ying Kuo
The South Seas as Japan’s Backyard, 1895-1914
Japan's Expansion into the Southern Chinese Networks, 1914-1928
Chinese Anti-Japanese Nationalism and Japanese Discourses on South Seas Chinese, 1928-1936
Southern Chinese as Non-Han Races, 1936-1941
Conclusions
8. “The Great Question of the World Today”: Britain, the Dominions, East Asian Immigration and the Threat of Race War, 1905-11, Antony Best
Immigration and “the Awakening of Asia”
The Prophets of Race War
Critics of White Solidarity
Finessing the Racial Divide
Conclusions
9. “Uplifting the Weak and Degenerated Races of East Asia”: American and Indigenous Views of Sport and Body in Early Twentieth-Century East Asia, Stefan Hübner
Sportive Citizenship Training in the Philippines
Chinese Cooperation and Acceptance of American-Style Modernization
Japanese Resistance and its Defeat by American Style Modernization
Conclusion
10. Racism under Negotiation: The Japanese Race in the Nazi-German Perspective, Gerhard Krebs
Early Nazi Views on the Japanese Racial Position
Becoming More Aryan
The Problem with the Japanese in the Nazi Worldview
Continuing Mutual Mistrust
The End
11. Discourses of Race and Racism in Modern Korea, 1890s-1945 , Vladimir Tikhonov
Race and Its Uncertainties
The Emergence of Race Theories in Modern Korea: One of the Logics of the “Civilized World”
“Race” and “Ethnic Nation” in Colonial Korea, 1910-1945
Conclusion: Race as a Path to Modernist Self-assertion?
12. The United States Arrives: Racialization and Racism in Post-1945 South Korea, Nadia Y. Kim
Contextual Background: America Marches In and Mass Mediates
The American Military, Whiteness, and Imperialist Racial Formation
American Mass Media, White Heroes, and Counter-Hegemony
Blackness and Imperialist Racial Formation
Racism and Invisibility in Korean “America”
Concluding Remarks
13. A Post-Communist Coexistence in Northeast Asia? Mutual Racial Attitudes among Russians and Indigenous Peoples of Siberia, David Lewis
Discrimination against Siberian Peoples as an Outcome of Racial Prejudice
The Origin and Legacy of Russian Attitudes to Asians
Racial Attitudes among Indigenous Siberian Peoples
The Communist Model of Racial Modus Vivendi
The Impact of Prolonged Racism on Indigenous Siberian Peoples
Marriage as an Anti-Racist Means in a Multi-Racial Society

PART III: NATIONALISM
14. Nationalism and Internationalism: Sino-American Racial Perceptions of the Korean War, Lü Xun
Descendants of the Mongolian Hordes: American Perceptions of the Chinese
The Ambitious Wolf: Chinese Perceptions of Americans
The Mirrored Self: A Nation-State in the Making
15. Gangtai Patriotic Songs and Racialized Chinese Nationalism, Yinghong Cheng
Gangtai Patriotic Songs: A “Colored” Political Genre of Pop Music
A Tacit Collaboration between the Party-State and Capitalist Cultural Producers in Hong Kong and Taiwan
The Interaction between Gangtai Patriotic Songs and Chinese Popular Nationalism
Analyses
Concluding Remarks
16. Japanese as Both a “Race” and a “Non-Race”: The Politics of Jinshu and Minzoku and the Depoliticization of Japaneseness, Yuko Kawai
The Historical Trajectories of Jinshu and Minzoku
Being a “Race” and a “Non-Race” in Present-day Japan: An Empirical Study
Conclusions and Implications
17. Ethnic Nationalism in Postwar Japan: Nihonjinron and Its Racial Facets, Rotem Kowner and Harumi Befu
Premises of Nihonjinron
Nihonjinron as a Manifestation of Japanese Nationalism
Nihonjinron and Its Concern with Origin, Blood and Racial Hierarchy
The Impact of Race-Related Tenets on Everyday Life
Functions of Ethnic Nationalism in Contemporary Japan
Concluding Remarks
18. Ethnic Nationalism and Internationalism in the North Korean Worldview, Tatiana Gabroussenko
The Soviet Discourse of the Outside World: Conditional Internationalism
The North Korean Worldview in the “Soviet Era”: Echoing the Soviet Paradigm
Mono-Ethnicity as a Special Korean Virtue: The Evolution of the North Korean World Vision under the Influence of Juche
North Korean Propaganda about Foreigners from Inclusive and Alienating Perspectives
Conclusion

PART IV: GENDER AND LINEAGE
19. In the Name of the Master: Race, Nationalism and Masculinity in Chinese Martial Arts Cinema, Kai-man Chang
From Anti-imperialist Nationalism to Cultural Nationalism
Masculinities That Matter
Conclusion
20. Sexualized Racism, Gender and Nationalism: The Case of Japan’s Sexual Enslavement of Korean “Comfort Women”, Bang-soon Yoon
Korean “Comfort Women”: Drawn in as Substitutes
The Nature of Victimization
Colonial Policies and the Mobilization of Korean Women
Treatment of Korean “Comfort Women”
Lives under Sexual Slavery
Nationalism, Gender and Sexual Violence
Conclusion
21. “The Guilt Feeling That You Exist”: War, Racism and Indisch-Japanese Identity Formation, Aya Ezawa
Power, Discourse, and “Mixed Blood”
The Indisch and the Dutch East Indies
The Indisch Community under Japanese Occupation
Indisch-Japanese Relationships
Indisch-Japanese Descendants
Conclusion
22. ‘The “Amerasian” Knot: Transpacific Crossings of “GI Babies” from Korea to the United States, W. Taejin Hwang
“An Act of Both Humanity and Patriotism”: The Amerasian Immigration Act of 1982
“Confucius’ Outcasts”: The Korean Amerasian “Plight”
Inter-country Adoption of Korean “GI Babies”
Living as a “Mixed-Blood Child” (Honhyeola) in Cold War Korea
“Half-American Also is American”: Towards Migration
Conclusion and Postscript

PART V: CONCLUSIONS
23. The Essence and Mechanisms of Race and Racism in Modern East Asia, Rotem Kowner and Walter Demel
The East Asian Contribution to the Study of Race and Racism
East Asia’s Role within the Rise of Racial Theory and the Resulting Hybridity
Sources and Manifestations of Racism
The Close Links between Racism and Nationalism
The Role of Gender and Lineage in Constructions of Race and Racism
East Asia and the Future of Race and Racism
Contributors
Bibliography
Index

A chronology of all measures introduced by the National Socialist municipal administration and other perpetrator agencies against the Berlin Jews. The day by day chronicle, based on many hitherto unknown sources, provides the reader with a detailed and graphic picture of how the exclusion of the Jews from all spheres of public life unfolded over time and who was responsible for it. The introduction discusses the overlooked importance of local institutions for the radicalization of the persecution in the capital of the Third Reich, yet also touches upon the reactions and resistance of the Jews.

Given the prominence of Muslim veils—in particular the hijab and full-face veil—in public discourse concerning the place of Muslims in Western society, we examined their impact on non-Muslims’ responses at both explicit and implicit levels. Results revealed that responses were more negative toward any veil compared with no veil, and more negative toward the full-face veil relative to the hijab: for emotions felt toward veiled women (Study 1), for non-affective attitudinal responses (Study 2), and for implicit negative attitudes revealed through response latency measures (Studies 3a and 3b). Finally, we manipulated the perceived reasons for wearing a veil, finding that exposure to positive reasons for wearing a veil led to better predicted and imagined contact (Study 4). Practical and theoretical implications are discussed.

Baril, Alexandre (2018). « Conférence d’honneur : “Vivre avec” la mort : développer une éthique de la reconnaissance et de la responsabilité envers les personnes suicidaires », The Poetics and Ethics of “Living With”: Indigenous, Canadian and Québécois Feminist Production Today/Les poétiques et éthiques du « vivre avec » : Productions féministes autochtones, canadiennes et québécoises de nos jours, Colloque organisé par le Canadian Literature Centre of the University of Alberta, Banff Centre, Banff, 13 octobre.

La tesi presenta inizialmente il pensiero di Jacques Derrida sull'animalità. Il tema affrontato è la sovranità dell'uomo sul resto dei viventi, in particolare nei riguardi della discriminazione dell'animalità. Nei capitoli a seguire si attua un'emancipazione dell'animalità e non dall'animalità come la corrente umanista voleva. Attraverso l'ontogenesi del concetto di "umanità" viene decostruito il costrutto che sorregge la soglia che divide l'uomo dagli animali, laddove essi partecipano all'animalità in maniere differenti. L'emergenza di questa composizione dei temi trattati si erge ad azione esemplare con cui Derrida, prima di morire, ha lasciato delle tracce da seguire durante il ricevimento del premio Adorno.

It is sometimes argued that the non-therapeutic, non-consensual alteration of children’s genitals should be discussed in two separate ethical discourses: one for girls (in which such alterations should be termed ‘female genital mutilation’ or FGM), and one for boys (in which such alterations should be termed ‘male circumcision’). In this article, I call into question the moral and empirical basis for such a distinction, and argue that all children—whether female, male, or intersex—should be free from having parts of their genitals removed unless there is a pressing medical indication.

Das Recht der Europäischen Union (EU) verbietet seit jeher, EU-BürgerInnen wegen ihrer Staatsangehörigkeit schlechter zu stellen. Auch die Gleichstellung von Mann und Frau ist ein traditionelles Anliegen des Unionsrechts. Die ethni-sche Diskriminierung wird erst seit der Annahme einer entsprechenden Richtlinie im Jahr 2000 umfassend mit Mitteln des Europarechts bekämpft. In welchen Lebensbereichen die EU ihre BürgerInnen auch vor Diskriminierungen auf Grundlage der Religion, des Alters, einer Behinderung oder der sexuellen Aus-richtung schützen soll, ist hingegen seit über zehn Jahren Gegenstand politischer Debatten. Die Annahme von EU-Gesetzgebung bedarf der Einstimmigkeit im Rat der EU, was den Fortschritt schwierig gestaltet. Schlüsselwörter Alter · Behinderung · Diskriminierung · Ethnische Zugehörigkeit · Gleichbehandlung · Religion · Sexuelle Ausrichtung

El mito de la Argentina blanca y europea, lo negro como pobre, sucio y extranjero en los cantos de las hinchadas de fútbol argentino. Desde Salvemos al Futbol armamos el documento que pueden descargar las ideas de Javier Bundio y el apoyo de Fare Network en el marco de Black Lives Matter.

Objectives Sexual health has been considered as a necessary condition for achieving reproductive health, rather than being a part of it. This study aimed to identify the challenges of sexual health in Iran and the strategies for its improvement. Methods In this qualitative study using content analysis, a semi-structured interview was used to collect data. The participants were 16 experienced experts who were selected using a purposive sampling method. After individual interviews and theoretical data saturation, data analysis was performed using the deductive content analysis method. Results Five main themes including the taboo of sexuality and low public awareness, unconventional sexual behaviors and emerging social ills, stigma and discrimination, lack of the political commitment of the government, and lack of statistical indicators and not utilization of existing capacities were identified as the challenges of sexual health in Iran. The strategies to address them included: Public education and empowerment with a special focus on the adolescents and young people, adopting policies and revising the related laws in line with social changes; gaining the political support of the government, promoting the right attitude with a focus on banishing stigma and discrimination against groups with high-risk sexual behaviors, collecting indicators and designing interventions using human resources and existing capacities, and promoting professional ethics and gender equity. Conclusion For addressing the challenges and achieving the highest levels of sexual health in Iran, it requires the political commitment of the government, revising laws, and inter-sectoral cooperation to design and implement multidisciplinary and multidimensional interventions.

Cette thèse propose une ethnographie de la gestion de la population rom en Albanie, saisie sur deux périodes historiques : communisme et postcommunisme. L'analyse porte sur la façon dont divers instruments de gestion des populations en tant que techniques de pouvoir, sont mises en oeuvre ; comment une population donnée devient­elle un sujet politique ? Quels sont les effets d'une telle gestion sur les populations en général et sur les populations roms en particulier ? Cette approche, une approche foucaldienne, replace ainsi au centre de l'analyse empirique les politiques, les pratiques et les discours concernant les Roms en Albanie et essaye de saisir les effets qu'ils produisent sur cette population. Cette thèse part de ces éléments pour interroger plus largement les transformations sociétales dans l'Albanie postcommuniste. Ce travail s'inscrit dans le champ de l'anthropologie politique et conjugue à la fois une anthropologie de l'État et une anthropologie de la violence. Il s'articule autour de trois parties. La première porte sur la contextualisation de cette thèse, du point de vue conceptuel, méthodologique et théorique. La deuxième partie propose une analyse des relations que l'État a entretenues avec les Roms pendant la période communiste, phase durant laquelle la population rom a été exposée à diverses mesures administratives visant sa normalisation, à travers une sédentarisation forcée et d'autres mesures coercitives. La troisième partie, précédée par un intermède sur la période de la transition , interroge la relation entre l'État, la violence, la mobilité et la gestion de la population rom en Albanie depuis la chute du communisme. L'analyse se fait à partir d'un cas spécifique, celui des familles roms déplacées et en déplacement aux alentours de Tirana ; une mobilité forcée notamment par peu d'opportunités de sortir de la précarité pour plusieurs familles roms, mais aussi une mobilité induite par les politiques, les pratiques et les discours étatiques, notamment par leur non­action. Au fur et à mesure que l'analyse des pratiques et des discours – complétée par une ethnographie des documents d'archives et dans les quartiers et les campements roms – s'approfondit pendant les deux périodes historiques, elle dévoile de nombreuses contradictions et controverses au sein du dispositif, lesquelles produisent à leur tour discrimination, exclusion, violence, indifférence et abandon.

The paper defines the evaluation on the traits of Bulgarians like qualities and they reference to themselves and others. The research shows that the traits that are perceived as positive qualities relate to the respondents' selves. At the same time, qualities are to a lesser extent relevant and defining the others. This gives grounds to suggest that there are attitudes relative to the other that lead to specific behavior. Self-discrimination is phenomenon occurring despite of the common nationality of the Bulgarians. The data reveal intrapersonal conflict arising from the overestimation of own self and underestimation the others' selves. Simultaneously, the qualities attributable to themselves are a kind of negation of the general description of the Bulgarians in psychology.

This paper reviews domestic and international activism seeking justice for Romani and other women harmed by coercive, forced, and involuntary sterilization in the former Czechoslovakia and Czech Republic. Framed by Michel Foucault’s theory of biopower, it summarizes the history of these abuses and describes human rights campaigns involving domestic and international litigation, advocacy, and grassroots activism, as well as the responses of the Czech governments. The paper describes how legal and policy work during the past decade has led to recognition of coercive, forced, and involuntary sterilization as a present-day human rights issue worldwide, to the adoption of new guidelines on female sterilization, and to a joint statement on the issue by seven UN agencies. Relying on academic literature, reports by domestic and international human rights groups, state investigations, judgments from Czech courts and the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR), media reports, and the experience...

One of the most important social phenomena in the global context is the flow of immigration from developing countries, motivated by economic and employment related issues. Discrimination can be approached as a health risk factor within the immigrant population’s working environment, especially for those immigrants at greater risk from social exclusion and marginalisation. The aim of this study is to research perceptions of discrimination and the specific relationship between discrimination in the workplace and health among Spain’s immigrant population. A qualitative study was performed by means of 84 interviews and 12 focus groups held with immigrant workers in five cities in Spain receiving a large influx of immigrants (Madrid, Barcelona, Valencia, Alicante and Huelva), covering representative immigrant communities in Spain (Romanians, Moroccans, Ecuadorians, Colombians and Sub Saharan Africans). Discourse narrative content analysis was performed using pre established categories and gradually incorporating other emerging categories from the immigrant interviewees themselves. The participants reported instances of discrimination in their community and working life, characterised by experiences of racism, mistreatment and precarious working conditions in comparison to the Spanish- born population. They also talked about limitations in terms of accessible occupations (mainly construction, the hotel and restaurant trade, domestic service and agriculture), and described major difficulties accessing other types of work (for example public administration). They also identified political and legal structural barriers related with social institutions. Experiences of discrimination can affect their mental health and are decisive factors regarding access to healthcare services. Our results suggest the need to adopt integration policies in both the countries of origin and the host country, to acknowledge labour and social rights, and to conduct further research into individual and social factors that affect the health of the immigrant populations.

In Australia and New Zealand, the strategies employed by governments to remedy prejudice, intolerance and hatred occur on a continuum; ranging from global mission statements about multiculturalism/ biculturalism, through to the enactment of civil anti-discrimination and anti-vilification legislation. In some jurisdictions, these civil remedies have been extended to criminal codes and sentencing legislation, and enshrined in human rights charters. In the place of a comprehensive outline of each of the nine jurisdictions, case studies from throughout the region are presented as exemplars of the strategies employed and barriers faced in reducing prejudice-related violence. The differences between the Australian and New Zealand jurisdictions belies a common theme that frames the delay in developing legislative responses to hate crime and the paucity of cases to reach the point at which they begin to establish an agreed set of norms and values about the abhorrence of prejudice and hatred. At most turns—whether political or public rhetoric, or legislative and policy development—there is a frontier denial, minimisation and negation of prejudice and hatred.

Vox, the Spanish radical right-wing
party, has in the social network Twitter one
of the fundamental pillars of its political
communication strategy. In this paper, we
review the idea of Europe projected by this
political formation in its messages on the
campaign for the 2019 European elections,
when it obtained for the first time representation
in the European Parliament. Through
the critical discourse analysis applied
on a sample of representative tweets, it is
discovered that the subtle meanings in these
messages replicate the virulence of Vox’s
more obvious national approaches, although
under a form of greater political correctness
that cannot avoid ideological perseverance.

Les jeunes "d'origine immigrée" n'existent pas », affirmait en 1988, non sans provocation, Gérard Noiriel lors d'un colloque consacré aux « Politiques d'intégration des jeunes issus de l'immigration » (Noiriel, 1988). Au moment où il énonçait cette sentence définitive, ceux que l'on ne parvient pas à nommer autrement que par des approximations toujours discutables – « seconde génération », « enfants d'immigrés », « jeunes issus de l'immigration » – se sont imposés depuis plusieurs VEI Enjeux, n° 121, juin 2000 (*) Institut national d'études démographiques (INED). simon@ined.fr. Témoignant d'une évolution du modèle français d'intégration, la catégorie floue de « jeune issu de l'immigration » s'est progressive-ment imposée au travers des discours médiatiques, puis politiques et admi-nistratifs. Elle est aujourd'hui au centre de l'action publique contre les discriminations. Elle est intériorisée, dans ses contradicti...

Luisa Conti Dialogue is a concept replete with great potentiality for the re-orientating process towards the more inclusive transformation of society, which indeed the Covid-19 pandemic has made even more urgent. This study verifies this statement, while also identifying the specific factors which have had a meaningful impact upon the engagement of people, embedded in their various communities. The undertaken research shows that these factors –related to the agents’ own role in the community, to their personal relationship with others and to their own perception of the general context– are interdependent and intersubjective. Indeed, feedback loops have emerged with an evident impact on the well-being of the community members and, therefore, of the community itself. The analysis of the data shows that a genuine dialogic culture, defined as a culture of acknowledging differences, embracing them with respectful openness and facilitating their expression through a non-hierarchical attitude, fosters positive feedback loops and, therefore, the development of sustainable communities. Communities, on the other hand, in which exclusion is tolerated place themselves in danger. The widespread reproduction of subtle discriminating practices, which were observed also in the framework of this study, remain thus alarming. Underlying the research design is indeed the formation process of international online communities in the context of an online simulation game. The crossmatching of the individual reflections of the members and the observation of their behaviour shows how their actions and interactions are entangled with handed down power structures, such as racism and sexism. Establishing an inclusive community implies therefore one fundamental condition: tackling the reproduction of power dynamics through conscious power-sharing.

Desde que las primeras civilizaciones se forjaron y dentro de éstas, muchas sociedades resplandecieron, existió siempre un gran problema, la discriminación; ya sea por los privilegios que un grupo tenía o por el poder social o económico de los que eran poseedores gracias al clasismo capitalista y materialista. En el caso de nuestro Perú, se inicia lamentablemente en el año de 1532, cuando un minúsculo ejército español tomó preso al inca Atahualpa y desencadenó la destrucción de la sociedad incaica, imponiendo la sociedad occidental con un discurso hipócrita cristiano, ocultando a la vez las verdaderas intenciones que eran las de colonizar y explotar a un pueblo al que creían inferior: Así, en los posteriores tres siglos, la raza autóctona, los verdaderos peruanos, se vieron oprimidos y marcados física y psicológicamente hasta nuestros días.

The Roma more than anyone else lost out in the transition to the market economy in the countries of Central and South Eastern Europe. Their unemployment rate is 100 per cent in some rural areas and the Roma's dependence on government benefits is widespread. This article takes a look at unemployment and employment among the Roma on the basis of two surveys completed in 2002 and 2004. It is shown that lack of formal education cannot provide a full explanation of the relatively high unemployment rates faced by Roma and that at least part of the problem arises from discrimination in employment. Roma are also disproportionately employed in low-quality jobs in the informal sector. The paper argues that programmes aimed at combatting labour market and income disadvantages of the Roma must be based on the development of opportunities for autonomous income generation rather than the public works temporary employment programmes currently prevalent.

Stigmas, or discredited personal attributes, emanate from social perceptions of physical characteristics, aspects of character, and “tribal” associations (e.g., race; Goffman 1963 ). Extant research has emphasized the perspective of the stigma target, with some scholars exploring how social institutions shape stigma. Yet the ways stakeholders within the sociocommercial sphere create, perpetuate, or resist stigma remain overlooked. The authors introduce and define marketplace stigma as the labeling, stereotyping, and devaluation by and of commercial stakeholders (consumers, companies and their employees, stockholders, and institutions) and their offerings (products, services, and experiences). The authors offer the Stigma Turbine as a unifying conceptual framework that locates marketplace stigma within the broader sociocultural context and illuminates its relationship to forces that exacerbate or blunt stigma. In unpacking the Stigma Turbine, the authors reveal the critical role that...

#AnneMoody

This is an overview of the Anne Moody History Project (AMHP) and its plans to promote and help preserve the legacy of Anne Moody (1940 - 2015). Ms. Moody was a civil rights pioneer and the famous author of Coming of Age in Mississippi. She grew up in Centreville, Miss., where she overcame poverty, racism, persecution, and the threats of death. She became a respected leader in the Civil Rights Movement.

Drawing on the author's background in marketing and journalism, this document presents a list of practical ideas adapted by AMHP for promoting Ms. Moody's history. The ideas include promotional work through schools, churches, the local community, government agencies, social media, and the news media. In addition to honoring her with a street and highway bearing her name, AMHP plans call for having a proclamation issued for “Anne Moody Day.” The author, who serves as AMHP chairman, has said the promotional campaign is about “history, education and tourism.” Current and future generations need to know her story, according to the author.

Note: Readers are encouraged to follow updates on Ms. Moody’s history by following @AnneMoodyHP on Twitter. #AnneMoody

Although past research on the African American community has focused primarily on issues of discrimination, segregation, and other forms of deprivation, there has always been some recognition of class diversity within the black community. This research, on the fringe of most scholarship in the first half of the twentieth century, grew significantly with the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. In this review we highlight the growth of the black middle class itself and explore the debate on the relative influence of class and race in the lives of middle-class blacks in the post-Civil Rights Era. The consensus that has emerged thus far acknowledges the increasing influence of class in the mobility chances of college-educated blacks while documenting the continued role of race in limiting black middle-class achievement. This research also finds that middle-class blacks experience discrimination both in institutional settings and in the accommodations of everyday life. 373 Annu. Rev. Sociol. 2011.37:373-394. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org by University of Maryland -College Park on 05/08/12. For personal use only.

Following the death of 17-year-old Leelah Alcorn, a transgender teen who committed suicide after forced “conversion therapy,” President Barack Obama called for a nationwide ban on psychotherapy aimed at changing sexual orientation or gender identity. The administration argued that because conversion therapy causes substantial psychological harm to minors, it is neither medically nor ethically appropriate. We fully agree with the President and believe that this is a step in the right direction. Of course, in addition to being unsafe as well as ethically unsound, current conversion therapy approaches aren’t actually effective at doing what they claim to do – changing sexual orientation. But we also worry that this may be a short-term legislative solution to what is really a conceptual problem. The question we ought to be asking is “what will happen if and when scientists do end up developing safe and effective technologies that can alter sexual orientation?”