Economic Discourse

This study examines how The New York Times (NYT) linguistically mediates readers’ conceptualizations of Palestinians as existential threats through the lens of attention distribution (Hart, 2025)—a cognitive process that selectively amplifies or suppresses facets of events to naturalize systemic violence. Drawing on 312 NYT hard news reports published between October 7, 2023, and April 7, 2024, the analysis uncovers a “demon” schema: a cognitive-discursive framework that dehumanizes Palestinians by accentuating their agency as irrational aggressors while systematically erasing Israel’s structural oppression, including occupation and apartheid. This schema operates through grammatical and lexical strategies that prime readers to align cognitively with narratives framing Palestinian resistance as malevolent and Israeli state violence as rational self-defense.

Within Cognitive Critical Discourse Analysis (CCDA), attention distribution realizes identification strategies that determine which aspects of the October 7 attacks and the broader Israel-Palestine context are selected for conceptual representation—and with what degree of salience. These strategies involve inclusion, exclusion, foregrounding, and backgrounding, shaping readers’ mental models of social reality (Hart, 2025). Attention is operationalized through profiling (foregrounding) and windowing (backgrounding or omitting elements), drawing on Langacker (2008) and Talmy (2000).

Articles were retrieved using keyword searches (e.g., “Palestine,” “Gaza,” “Hamas,” “Israel”) and systematically coded for three cognitive-discursive strategies. First, agent-based mystification involves grammatical omissions that obscure perpetrator roles—e.g., escalating tensions nominalizes Israeli military escalation, depoliticizing its enforcement of apartheid. Second, patient-based mystification anonymizes harm through lexical attenuation, using euphemisms (clashes, casualties) and phrases like targeted strikes to sanitize violence. Third, representational framing leverages trajector-landmark alignment (Langacker, 2008) to amplify perceptions of Palestinian threat—as in Protesters hurled rocks at soldiers, which profiles Palestinians as aggressors.

Findings reveal three interlocking mechanisms of dehumanization. First, structural erasure obscures Israel’s settler-colonial violence through grammatical constructions like Violence erupted in Gaza, which windows out the 17-year siege and 75-year history of displacement since the 1948 Nakba. Second, human erasure uses lexical abstraction—e.g., casualties were reported—to reduce mass death to bureaucratic detachment. Third, demon construction emerges through lexical predication (e.g., terror tunnels) and syntactic profiling that frame Palestinians as inherently violent.

This study advances discourse analysis by theorizing the “demon” schema—a cognitive frame that enables media to dehumanize occupied populations. Using Cognitive Grammar, it shows how attention distribution in NYT reporting foregrounds Palestinian agency as “irrational aggression” while backgrounding Israeli settler-colonial violence. By exposing how grammatical and lexical strategies anonymize perpetrators and abstract harm, the study reveals institutional media’s epistemic complicity in legitimizing oppression.

Cilj rada je ispitivanje potencijala primene teorije pojmovnih metafora za obrađivanje apstraktnih značenja glagola sa prefiksom auf-u nastavi nemačkog kao stranog jezika. U prvom delu rada daje se sažet prikaz teorijskih postavki kognitivne lingvistike i njene primene u oblasti učenja, usvajanja i nastave stranog jezika. Zatim se predstavlja semantička mreža prefiksa auf-u savremenom nemačkom jeziku i ispituje prisutnost pojmovnih metafora u apstraktnim značenjima glagola sa ovim prefiksom. Na korpusu sačinjenom od 312 glagola sa prefiksom auf-iz opšteg jednojezičnog rečnika savremenog nemačkog jezika "Duden, Deutsches Universalwörterbuch" (2011) proverava se hipoteza da su u osnovi apstraktnih značenja ove grupe glagola orijentacione pojmovne metafore, zasnovane na slikovnoj shemi VERTIKALNOSTI. Potom se razmatraju implikacije za nastavu, te raspravlja o prednostima i ograničenjima kognitivnolingvističkog pristupa u nastavi nemačkog kao stranog jezika. Ključne reči: kognitivna lingvistika, pojmovne metafore, glagoli sa prefiksom auf-, nemački kao strani jezik. 1 U ovom radu koristimo terminologiju u skladu sa shvatanjem prefiksalne tvorbe kao zasebnog tvorbenog modela (Fleischer & Barz 2007). Važno je napomenuti da pod terminom prefiks podrazumevamo prefikse u širem smislu i da ne vršimo distinkciju između pravih prefiksa (poput be-, er-, ver-i sl.) i tzv. glagolskih partikula koje imaju homonimni predlog (poput auf-, aus-, vor-i sl.), polazeći od toga da obe klase tvorbenih morfema objedinjuje centralna funkcija semantičke modifikacije.

Since the late 2000s, Hong Kong has witnessed constant conflicts with the Hong Kong and Chinese government. Rather than explaining these conflicts as political or cultural conflicts, this dissertation argues that Hong Kong society's discontent against the government is part of the global phenomenon represented by Brexit and Trump's presidency. Folk economics, in the form of anti-economic integration discourses, challenge the mainstream economics established as the pro-economic integration paradigm. This dissertation discarded the "rise of populism" framework by abolishing the dichotomy between folk economics and academic economics. Instead, this dissertation understood the rise of anti-economic integration discourses following a similar mechanism similar to the Keynesian revolution as a paradigm shift after a crisis. However, unlike Brexit and Trump, anti-economic integration discourses in Hong Kong cannot be implemented as a policy paradigm through electoral politics.

Naučnici i istraživači koji se bave semiotikom prevođenja složni su u zapažanjima da semioza nikada ne može biti prekinuta i da je, stoga, prevođenje uvek moguće. Međutim, i pored njihovih stavova, metafore ali i idiomatski izrazi koje one čine, a koje karakterišu svaki kulturni kontekst, jedan su od najvećih izazova kako za semiotičare tako i za prevodioce. U ovom radu našu pažnju ćemo posvetiti prevodu metafora u idiomatskim izrazima, ali i ambivalentnim metaforama i njihovom ispravnom prevodu. Cilj će svakako biti doprinos radu prevodioca u susretu sa ovakvim jezičkim elementima. Metodologija će se zasnivati na semiotičkoj analizi korpusa koji je sakupljen na osnovu dva kriterijuma: po prvom kriterijumu sakupljeni su oni izrazi koji se ne pominju u frazeološkim rečnicima i oni izrazi za koje rečnici ne beleže sve moguće prevode. Drugi kriterijum je formiran na osnovu same metafore u izrazu, koja je semantički morala biti potpuno drugačija u srpskom i italijanskom jeziku, ali ne i sintaktički (u smislu enuncijatuma2).

The translation of neologisms within the media and political contexts is one of
the most intricate areas of translation practice, demanding careful consideration of
both linguistic and cultural dimensions incorporated in new concepts. High-quality
translation not only ensures the precise transference of information but also
contributes to the accurate reflection of current trends, cultural phenomena and social
dynamic changes.

Chapters 32, 33, 34, 35a and 37 Chapters 32, 35, and 37 of this group are found in the GD manuscript, but chapters 33 and 34 are not. It's a tightly clustered group at the end of Part I of the Daodejing, with only chapter 36 breaking the series, and I think that the group was intended as a conclusion, chapter 36 from the Strategy group injected at a late stage of editing. (Some early versions of chapter 34 include the "Therefore the Sage" phrase, which according to my rules would put that chapter in Sage Dao, but since it fits better here I have used the WB text, which does not mention the Sage).

couvre une réalité multidimensionnelle qui se prête mal à une définition univoque. D'où la nécessité de cerner les différents sens possibles en partant de divers angles d'approche. Du point de vue étymologique, le mot arabe "'adl", l'équivalent du français "justice", signifie une position médiane, entre l'excès (ifrât) et la négligence (tafrît). Il signifie également la droiture, la rectitude (istiqâma), l'équité (inçâf), l'impartialité (hiyadiya), l'égalité (mussâwât). Le mot 'adl est le contraire du mot "jawr" qui signifie l'injustice, l'iniquité, la tyrannie, l'oppression. Du point de vue de la croyance ('aqîda), la justice constitue un attribut divin (sifa ilâhiya) 2 qui découle fondamentalement du monothéisme 3 . Du point de vue juridique, la justice renvoie à l'idée d'un jugement qui converge vers la vérité et à l'idée d'équité qui renvoie à la jouissance des droits et l'accomplissement des devoirs. Dans le vocabulaire des jurisconsultes (fuqaha), la justice signifie la rectitude (istiqâma), c'est-à-dire le fait de se conformer aux commandements et d'éviter les interdictions 4 . Ceci démontre la diversité des sens que recouvre le terme justice dans la littérature musulmane. L'intérêt de l'aspect principiel se situe dans la recherche des fondements du principe de justice dans la tradition monothéiste. La croyance, plus ou moins assumée, joue un rôle important dans la caractérisation d'une société, notamment sur le plan économique. La croyance de l'économiste va le porter vers une certaine théorie plutôt que d'autres . 2 Dieu dit dans un hadith sacré (qudsi) : "Ô Mes serviteurs ! Je me suis interdit l'injustice à Moi-même, et Je vous l'ai également interdite. Ne soyez donc pas injustes les uns envers les autres", Al-Bukhari (n° 3150) et Muslim (n° 1062). 3 Dieu dit dans le Coran : "Nous avons effectivement envoyé Nos messagers avec des preuves évidentes, et Nous avons révélé, par leur intermédiaire, l'Écriture et la Balance, afin que les gens établissent la justice" (Coran, 57, 25). 4 Ces différents sens ont été puisés d'

This paper aims to explore some of the current theoretical and methodological trends employed in the analysis of metaphors in religious discourse under the umbrella of Cognitive Linguistics. First, this study reviews a series of theoretical tenets of Cognitive Linguistics towards the study of literary texts, namely Cognitive Stylistics and Multimodality. Then, some of the most important studies of metaphors in religious scriptures are reviewed within three contexts: Judeo-Christian, Islamic and Buddhist. Finally, some proposals for the methodological analysis of metaphors in religious texts are presented. Ultimately, we argue that evolution from traditional cognitivist analyses (following Idealized Cognitive Models) towards multimodal analyses of metaphors is necessary to obtain a more holistic image of the events.

Six chapters of the Daodejing express ideas much like those of Yang Chu. These chapters (13, 24, 30, 31, 44, and 46) are plainly written, without the metaphysics, poetry, or mysticism seen elsewhere in the Daodejing, but because of the violence of their rejection of the way of life of the military aristocracy of their time, they are foundational and make the more sophisticated parts of the Daodejing possible.

espanolMucha de la investigacion sobre el topico de la crisis financiera se ha centrado principalmente en las metaforas verbales mientras que el aspecto visual y multimodal del fenomeno ha permanecido inexplorada. Dentro del marco teorica del Analisis Critico de la Metafora (Charteris-Black y Musolff, 2003; Charteris-Black, 2004) junto con el del discurso pictorico y multimodal (Forceville, 1996 y 2008; Forceville y Urios-Aparisi, 2009), en este articulo nos centramos en la materializacion linguistica y pictorica del euro en relacion con el ambito mas amplio de la crisis de la Eurozona. Tomando como modelo el enfoque metodologico de Bounegru y Forceville (2011), analizamos siete portadas de la revista The Economist publicadas entre 2010 y 2012 que se centran en la crisis en la Eurozona y pertenecen a los dominios LIQUIDO y MOVIMIENTO respectivamente. El objetivo de nuestra investigacion es responder las siguientes preguntas: (1) como contribuyen los modos de representacion metaforic...

Suvremeni talijanski jezik jedan je od dvadesetak evropskih jezika CIJl se engleski element istrazuje u sklopu projekta Engleski element u evropskim jezicima. Na osnovi teorije jezika u kontaktu i postöjece literature pr~kazani su principi na kojima ce se proucavati anglicizmi u talijanskom jeziku na cetiri razine, a rezultati tog istrazivanja sluiit ce kao osnova za izradu »Etimoloskog rjecnika anglicizama. u talijan skom jeziku«.

U didaktici srpskog i hrvatskog jezika kao stranih književno prevođenje zauzima značajno
mesto. U okviru univerzitetskih kurikuluma u Italiji česta je praksa da se prevođenje radi
na Master studijama kada studenti imaju solidno predznanje morfosintaktičkih struktura
jezika. Istraživanja iz ove oblasti naglašavaju problematiku prevođenja leksike koja je u direktnoj vezi sa oskudicom leksikografskog materijala i neadekvatnim rešenjima postojećih
bilingvalnih rečnika u slučaju polisemije, realija, leksičkih praznina itd.
U kratkom istraživanju koje smo sproveli na Univerzitetu u Torinu 2018. godine, studenti
su preveli pasus iz romana Povratak Filipa Latinovića M. Krleže. Na raspolaganju su imali rečnike, od tradicionalnih štampanih izdanja, preko digitalnih verzija i on line rečnika.
Preporučeno im je da koriste sve izvore informacija kojima se inače služe u prevođenju,
uključujući web pretraživače, wiki rečnike kao i mobilne aplikacije.
Cilj istraživanja bio je da se ispita stepen snalaženja i efikasnost u korišćenju svih alata za
prevođenje, na višim nivoima studija kada je morfosintaktička struktura jezika već usvojena te time i eventualni problemi vezani za pretragu rečnika uklonjeni. Leksičke nedoumice
zahtevaju višestrani pristup pretrazi koja se ne ograničava samo na tradicionalne izvore
već i na alternativne web pretrage u nedostatku hiperlinkovanih online rečnika. Rezultati
istraživanja biće značajni kao smernica u cilju eventualne reorganizacije didaktike koja bi
više vremena posvetila korišćenju i konsultaciji rečnika i ostalih instrumenata pretrage nove
generacije kao što su na primer korpusi. Sa druge strane sagledaćemo limite postojećih rečnika i pokušati da ukažemo na moguća rešenja u njihovom prevazilaženju.
Nella didattica di serbo e croato come LS, la traduzione letteraria occupa un posto importante. Nei curricula universitari in Italia la traduzione di solito si insegna alla Laurea Magistrale quando gli studenti hanno ormai buone conoscenze delle strutture morfosintattiche.
Le ricerche in questo ambito sottolineano la problematica della traduzione lessicale che è in
diretto rapporto con l’insufficienza del materiale lessicografico e le soluzioni inadeguate nei
dizionari bilingui esistenti nel caso di polisemia, realia, lexical gaps ecc.
In questa ricerca breve svolta all’Università di Torino nel 2018, gli studenti hanno tradotto
un brano del romanzo Il ritorno di Filip Latinović di Miroslav Krleža. Avevano a disposizione i dizionari, nella versione cartacea e digitale con tutti gli strumenti online. È stato
consigliato loro di utilizzare tutti i mezzi che di solito usano per la traduzione, incluso il
web, dizionari wiki e le applicazioni di telefonia mobile.
Lo scopo della ricerca era esaminare l’abilità e l’efficacia nell’uso degli strumenti per la traduzione ai livelli di studio avanzati, quando gli studenti padroneggiano la struttura morfosintattica della lingua superando eventuali difficoltà nell’uso dei dizionari. I dubbi lessicali
richiedono un approccio poliedrico alla ricerca che non si limita all’uso dei mezzi tradizionali, ma comprende anche le ricerche alternative sul web in mancanza dei dizionari online
con i collegamenti ipertestuali. I risultati della ricerca potranno essere utili come indicazione per un’eventuale riorganizzazione didattica che dedicherebbe più tempo all’uso e alla
consultazione dei dizionari e altri strumenti di nuova generazione online come ad esempio
i corpora. Dall’altra parte cercheremo di comprendere i limiti dei dizionari esistenti e indicare possibili soluzioni per superarli.

This essay traces the genealogy of the concept of the postmodern in Jack Amariglio’s body of work. It recognizes the collaborative accent of Amariglio’s writing practice and renders visible a field of discourse that has materialized through the network of collaborations that Amariglio, through the concept of the postmodern, has thereby activated. According to Amariglio, the postmodern, as an epistemological rather than ontological concept, is a discursive byproduct of modernist discourses that emerge endogenously from within the latter but always in a relation of heterogeneity toward their native discourses. A key characteristic of Amariglio’s writing has been to highlight these extimate tendencies and trace their consequences on economics as a postmodern discourse. In the spirit of his deconstructive drive, this essay extends his thinking on the postmodern through a number of postmodern moments he has identified, especially in his work with David Ruccio, through the psychoanalytical concept of the uncanny.

Through detailed investigation of the Outer and Miscellaneous chapters of Zhuangzi, this article analyzes the ways in which the followers of Zhuangzi responded to attitudes toward and attempts to obtain wealth in the mid- and late Warring States era. The article argues that, in the face of the prevailing emphasis on wealth in the mid- and late Warring States period, the authors of the Outer and Miscellaneous chapters portrayed the pursuit of wealth as a social and cultural problem. Compared to the Inner chapters, the Outer and Miscellaneous chapters more comprehensively articulate the tension between economic pursuits and the idea of preserving life. Furthermore, they underscore the detrimental impact of the pursuit of wealth on society by elaborating on the idea of things (wu) and directing attention to the image of the impoverished. Thus, Zhuangzi can be described as representative of “Daoist economic thought” in pre-imperial China. Contrary to conventional readings, economic aspects should be considered as an important key to the interpretations of the thought of Zhuangzi and understanding intellectual trends in the mid- and late Warring States era.

The present paper explores how the issue of the current energy crisis in the wake of the Covid-19 and Ukraine war was constructed by political cartoons. Adopting Critical Multimodal Metaphor Scenario Analysis, this paper focuses on the DISEASE metaphor scenario, one of the most recurring scenarios in political cartoons on this topic, and specifically emphasizes how the METHOD OF TREATMENT, one of the structural elements in the scenario, is represented. The analysis reveals that two predominant scenarios constitute the representations of the METHOD OF TREATMENT: NARCOTIC scenario and MEDICINE scenario. They differ in entailments: one frames fossil energy as detrimental narcotic while the other frames it as therapeutic medicine. By means of the two scenarios, these cartoons convey strong criticism of the major involvers in the energy crisis, namely, the E.U., Russia, and the U.S. The cartoons make full use of the dynamic interplay of visual and/or verbal metonymy, metaphor, and narrative to elicit associations, assumptions and evaluations in the viewers, helping facilitate understanding and constructing a view of the crisis reality. The present analysis sheds light on the way cartoonists reshape the public point of view in the framing of specific event(s).

Univerzitetska predavanja pripadaju kategoriji govornih akademskih žanrova i imaju veoma važnu ulogu u tercijalnom obrazovanju. Predstavljaju unaprijed pripremljene govore i služe studentima kao primarni izvor informacija i sticanja znanja tokom studija. Predavanja su u određenom stepenu i neformalna jer sadrže karakteristike svakodnevne komunikacije, tako da se svaki segment predavanja ne može unaprijed isplanirati. Uzimajući ovo u obzir, u radu se iznosi pretpostavka da predavanja odlikuje određeni stepen interaktivnosti i ispituje se kakav stepen preovladava u britanskim univerzitetskim predavanjima iz lingvistike. Za potrebe rada analizira se 12 univerzitetskih predavanja iz lingvistike na engleskom jeziku ili ukupno 94,242 riječi. Transkripti predavanja preuzeti su iz Korpusa britanskog govornog akademskog engleskog jezika (British Academic Spoken English (BASE))3, Britanskog nacionalnog korpusa (British National Corpus (BNC))4 i sa Univerziteta u Redingu (University of Reading...

El documento analiza las propuestas ideológicas que se han sucedido a lo largo del siglo XX y sus efectos políticos y económicos. Utiliza la metáfora del tsunami para indicar cómo funcionan estos fenómenos sociológicos. Basándose en las teorías económicas de Freedman y la escuela monetarista de Chicago, la ola neoliberal inspiró las políticas de los gobiernos neoconservadores, encabezados por Thatcher y Reagan. Cuando la aplicación de estas políticas dio lugar a injusticias sociales, apareció la siguiente ola: la neolaborista inspirada en la "Tercera Vía" de Guiddens y apoyada en las propuestas ecologistas, en la ideología de género y el respeto a la diversidad, constituyendo el "pensamiento políticamente correcto" que arrasa a las posiciones contrarias. El último paso de esta ola es la aplicación de nuevas políticas keynesianas como consecuencia de la crisis de las subprime derivada de la incapacidad de la política económica neoliberal para controlar sus propios excesos. El documento acaba con un análisis de los posibles epicentros que se pueden detectar para el futuro. Con todo ello se hace un llamamiento a los responsables de las vanguardias sociales y económicas para, o bien descubrir los epicentros de las nuevas olas ideológicas, o bien ayudar a construirlas de acuerdo con la propia cosmovisión. El futuro será de quienes acierten en hacer una de las dos cosas. Palabras clave: ola ideológica, pensamiento políticamente correcto, choque o alianza de civilizaciones

stvaranje savremenog arapskog naučnog jezika i predstavlja glavnu pretpostavku za arabizaciju nauka. Arapi su kroz historiju pridavali pažnju terminologiji, odnosno terminima, što ćemo potvrditi u ovome radu i potkrijepiti relevantnim argumentima. Jedna arapska izreka, ukazujući na značaj izučavanja terminologije, kaže: ‫القصوى‬ ‫وثمارها‬ ‫العلوم‬ ‫مفاتيح‬ ‫املصطلحات‬-"Termini su ključevi svih nauka i njihovi krajnji plodovi". 2 Arapski filozof, pjesnik i islamski pravni stručnjak Ibn Hazm (994-1064) davno je isticao značaj terminologije, pa je između ostaloga rekao: " ‫بد‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ألهل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ليختصروا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ادا‬ ‫مر‬ ‫عن‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫للتعب‬ ‫ا‬ ‫يختصون‬ ‫ألفاظ‬ ‫من‬ ‫صنعة‬ ‫كل‬ ‫وأهل‬ ‫علم‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ﺮة‬ ‫كث‬ ‫"معاني‬-"Neophodno je da stručnjaci svake discipline i zanata imaju svoje vlastite izraze kojima će izražavati svoje namjere kako bi njima skratili mnogobrojna značenja". 3 Ali al-Kasimi navodi izreku Al-Kalkašendija (1355-1418) koji o značaju ove teme kaže sljedeće: " ‫لعموم‬ ‫م‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫املقد‬ ّ ‫واملهم‬ ‫م‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫املحت‬ ‫الالزم‬ ‫ي‬ ‫املصطلح‬ ‫معرفة‬ ‫إليه‬ ‫"الحاجة‬-"Poznavanje terminologije je neophodna potreba i prioritetno važna stvar, zbog sveopšte potrebe za njom". 4 U tom kontekstu, Halid Fehmi Ibrahim pojašnjavajući značaj izučavanja terminologije u arapskom jeziku je rekao: " ‫مجاله‬ ‫كان‬ ‫أيا‬ ‫باملصطلح‬ ‫االهتمام‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ع‬ ‫م‬ ‫بي‬ ‫فيما‬ ‫تعارفوا‬ ‫الجميع‬ ‫أن‬ ‫وذلك‬ ‫علم‬ ‫بحث‬ ‫ألي‬ ‫ضرورية‬ ‫مقدمة‬ ‫ي‬ ‫املعر‬ ‫العلم‬ ‫آلة‬ ‫"املصطلح‬-"Izučavanje terminologije, ma kojoj naučnoj grani pripadala, predstavlja neophodan uvod u bilo kakvo naučno istraživanje, a 2 Ali al-Kasimi navodi da je to izreka Muhameda ibn Ahmeda el-Havarizmija (781-840). 3 Mattad (al-), 'Abdul-'Aziz, "Al-'Usulul-'arabijje el-'islamijje li 'ilmil-mustalah", Medželle el-'aklam es-sekafijje,

Ovaj rad se bavi karakteristikama usmenog prevođenja stručnih tehničkih konferencija i daje sugestije za adekvatnu pripremu prevodioca. Pored toga se navode najčešće teškoće koje nastaju pri konsekutivnom i simultanom prevođenju sa ili na engleski jezik. Pisan je iz perspektive usmenog prevodioca i utemeljen na spoju pročitane literature i radnog iskustva. Ključne reči: usmeno prevođenje, tehnički engleski jezik, konferencije, teškoće u prevođenju

discussed with inspiration and numerous words of praise and respect by the Academician Dragan D. Mici , pointing out and praising scientific/professional/ teaching engagement of the Author, then Prof. Slobodanka oli emphasizing the significance of correct translating both simple and complex terms and expressions from English to Serbian as being enormous contribution of this Dictionary, then Dr. Ivana Lazi-Konjik, and the Author herself-Sofija Mii , the Doctor of Linguistic Sciences (Anglistics), an Asso

Cilj rada je bio da utvrdi koliko su nastavnici upoznati sa temom kognata, kao i u kojoj meri i na koji način obrađuju kognate u nastavi. Rezultati upitnika ukazuju na to da je svest o važnosti kognata u nastavi visoka, kao i da im nastavnici "ponekad" posvećuju pažnju. Rezultati su takođe pokazali da se nastavnici najčešće odlučuju za eksplicitne tehnike podučavanja, a znatno ređe za neku od kreativnijih strategija. Stoga, autorke daju predlog kreativnih vežbi koje aktiviraju različite strategije usvajanja jezika, te doprinose efikasnom savladavanju kognata. Konačno, ukazuje se i na značaj prilagođavanja ovakvih aktivnosti i izbora kognata potrebama učenika. Ključne reči: pravi kognati, lažni kognati, nastava engleskog jezika kao stranog, strategije usvajanja vokabulara Uvod Pravi prijatelji, tj. pravi kognati su lekseme u dva ili više jezika koje imaju istu formu i semantički sadržaj, dok su lažni prijatelji, tj. lažni kognati lekseme koje su slične ili identične forme, a različite sadržine. Ovi parovi reči se izučavaju u okviru različitih disciplina koje se bave jezikom: leksikografija, komparativna i kontrastivna analiza, nauke o prevođenju, opšta, istorijska, Nina Ilić Tamara Verežan THE IMPORTANCE OF COGNATES IN TEACHING ENGLISH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE Summary: The phenomenon of true and false cognates (friends) is significant not only for theoretical linguistics and translation, but also for language teaching methodology. Koessler & Derocquigny (1928), who were the first to use the term false friends, point out how important it is to incorporate cognates into teaching. Many teaching methodologists (Kapelan 2014; Otwinowska & Szewczyk 2019; Šikmanović 2013) believe that it is necessary to pay attention to cognates in teaching, because true cognates contribute to learning a second language more efficiently, whereas false cognates represent a learning difficulty, and should be dealt with accordingly. The present paper offers an overview of the most important definitions, research on cognates from the perspective of teaching methodology, as well as different techniques which teachers use to direct their students' attention towards the words that are similar in form and similar or different in meaning. It also presents the results of a questionnaire conducted among teachers, which indicate a high awareness of the importance of teaching cognates (over 85% of the respondents marked teaching cognates as important or very important). The results suggest that teachers sometimes (53.3%) pay attention to them, and that they most frequently opt for explicit teaching techniques, such as directing their students' attention towards the similarity/difference with their mother tongue when there is lack of understanding, or translating cognates from English into Serbian and vice versa. They rarely choose a more creative strategy such as matching cognates, using pictures/rhymes, or games/quizzes. Therefore, the authors provide examples of creative exercises that activate different language learning strategies, thus contributing to an efficient acquisition of cognates. Finally, the authors emphasize the importance of adapting these activities to students' needs and choosing the cognates depending on the age, level and course.

This article has adopted an open discourse in addressing pertinent concerns about the scientific existence of economics as a discipline. In doing so, some (critical) Filosofia arguments have been provided in ensuring that a well balanced approach is taken on the subject. Obviously, the approach of Popperian falsification used by economic science to address scientific justification through its varied scientific platform of technology applications like EVIEWS, STATA, MatLab and many more, have been applauded. Albeit such advances, the views of modern and postmodern critics have also come out saliently in a bid to ensuring open discourses are brought to the fore as a way of adding scientific value to the subject matter. In concluding, it was acknowledged that more is needed in ensuring that economic science as practiced by economists takes an open approach to critical discourse(s), reflecting reality about its pursed scientific ventures, given the persistence of economic volatility manifested across the global community.

Drawing on the theoretical and methodological framework of the cognitive linguistic theory of conceptual metaphors and working from the textual basis of Lycophron's Alexandra, this paper argues for the existence of a conceptual orientational metaphor active is up (with a corresponding opposite conceptualization passive/destroyed/dead is down). Numerous individual linguistic instantiations of this conceptualization occur in the Alexandra, most oten in the form of prepositions or prefixes (Ι-, Ι-; Ι-), but also in case of words with basic meanings containing the direction up or down, such as , whose metaphorical usages in the Alexandra (Lyc. 1228, 1295) are discussed in detail.

The COVID-19 pandemic, announced by the World Health Organization on 11 March 2020, has brought about changes in different aspects of everyday life. This paper deals with the language change in Italian caused by creating new words, attributing new meanings to already existing words and borrowing loanwords. For this research, the material has been collected from the printed and online versions of the daily newspapers Corriere della Sera and La Repubblica, published from March 2020 to February 2022. The aim of this paper is to present, describe and systematize the neologisms coined in the Italian newspaper articles covering the topic of the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy and worldwide.

Assessing textual complexity is a difficult, but important endeavor, especially for adapting learning materials to students' and readers' levels of understanding. With the continuous growth of information technologies spanning through various research fields, automated assessment tools have become reliable solutions to automatically assessing textual complexity. ReaderBench is a text processing framework relying on advanced Natural Language Processing techniques that encompass a wide range of text analysis modules available in a variety of languages, including English, French, Romanian, and Dutch. To our knowledge, ReaderBench is the only open-source multilingual textual analysis solution that provides unified access to more than 200 textual complexity indices including: surface, syntactic, morphological, semantic, and discourse specific factors, alongside cohesion metrics derived from specific lexicalized ontologies and semantic models.

The unbelievable possibilities brought by the new technologies and socio-economic changes the world has been going through in the 21st century have considerably changed the way people acquire knowledge, learn, and carry out researches today. Researchers in different fields are focused on the topic of distance learning, especially since until recently teaching activities were conducted only in this way due to the corona virus pandemic. Based on the available information, it was determined that no
systematic research of French terms in the field of distance learning had been carried out in Serbia, so we decided to start the study by analyzing their morpho-syntactic characteristics. The theoretical introduction discusses the communicative theory of terminology, which was the basis for the research, as well as neology and borrowing as one of its types. The paper explores French terms related to distance learning with the
aim of determining the mechanisms of their formation. The corpus formation of French terms in this field was first performed by Google search, using the key words formation en ligne and lexique, which resulted in three reference glossaries, from which 260 terms were manually extracted. The terms were classified according to word classes, and then in relation to their structure. Anglicisms were categorized into a separate
group of terms and were not subject to morphosyntactic analysis. It is expected that the findings will reveal that distance learning terminology shows a predominance of compound nouns, followed by complex terminological units, and finally loanwords from the English language.

This paper criticizes the current debate over stabilization and adjustment and develops an alternative, class-analytic approach. First, the respective theories and policy recommendations of neoclassical and structuralist economists are analyzed. Then, the paper considers the recent experiences of Argentina, Brazil, and Peru where orthodox and heterodox policies have been attempted and declared failures. Finally, it is shown that those failures with respect to employment, inflation, and the balance of payments become successes to the extent that they involve increasing exploitation and otherwise strengthening the class aspects of capitalism.

Given the centrality of corporations in distribution of income and wealth studies, discursive constructions of corporate taxation are essential to understanding the production of inequality. The focus of this study is an interview with Apple's Chief Executive Tim Cook on the Irish state broadcaster, Raidió Teilifís Éireann's (RTÉ) flagship news programme, Morning Ireland, following the ruling by the European Commission (EC) on the corporation tax arrangements between Apple Inc. and Ireland. Drawing on a Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) approach, a frame analysis is provided. The significance and extent of the EC's ruling has potential implications for corporation taxation policy, within and beyond the European Union (EU), which provides a timely reflection in the Brexit era and in the context of rising economic nationalism generally. Thus, the discursive construction of this ruling in the media is of importance in understanding how inequality is produced and reproduced, and journalism's role therein.

This study offers an analysis of print news media coverage of the 2016 New Zealand Local Body elections, focusing on reportage around issues of diversity. This study builds upon a prior project by the Media Observatory group at Auckland University of Technology of the 2014 New Zealand General election that also examined issues of diversity. The function of news media in democratic societies is crucial. For a nation-state that is as cosmopolitan and diverse as New Zealand, issues of inclusivity and representation are critical considerations for news media. This study employs content analysis and examined news coverage of local body elections and analysed 198 Local Elections newspaper articles from the eight weeks prior to 8 October 2016 in one nationwide newspaper and four Auckland community newspapers. It focuses on The New Zealand Herald, East & Bays Courier, Manukau Courier, North Shore Times, Central Leader and the Western Leader. The analysis of the 2016 Local Election news coverage demonstrates a predominant focus on the mayoral candidates to the detriment of other aspects of local election voting, and a focus on campaign strategy over social issues impacting the electorate. The Local Election coverage placed particularly strong focus on "youth" as a social group in contrast to other classified groups such as Māori, Asians, Pacific Islanders, the elderly, and dependents. The Local Election coverage also represented a diversity of social issues, from housing, transport, to business and economy, environment, and law and order. The coverage provided ample space for words and perspectives from the electoral front-runners, local government representatives, and for public voices but it also paid minimal attention to non-mayoral voting categories, non-front runner candidates, and non-Auckland geographical locations, although this latter point was perhaps unsurprising, given the newspapers sampled in the study.

Rezime: Zbog globalizacije i sve većeg učešća u međunarodnom tržištu, poslovna korespondencija se pretežno odvija na engleskom jeziku, te je engleski jezik postao lingua franca u međunarodnoj trgovini. Ovim radom se prikazuje u kojoj meri je engleski jezik kao jezik struke važan u pojedinim inostranim uslužnim kompanijama u Srbiji i istražuje se veza između pozicije u kompaniji, upotrebe i razumevanja jezika. Uz navođenje primera iz sprovedenog istraživanja, daju se odgovori na pitanja koje su pozicije u kompanijama najpodložnije uticaju engleskog jezika, tj. na kojim se pozicijama engleski jezik kao jezik struke najbolje poznaje.

Due to the globalization and high demand of international market, business correspondence is being performed mainly in English, making the English language lingua franca in international trade. This paper shows in what degree the English language is, as the language for specific purposes, important in the international trading companies; it studies the connection between the professional position of an employee in a company, the usage and understanding of the language. Together with examples from the research conducted, this paper provides some answers to the questions - what professional positions are most likely to change in terms of the English language usage, that is, on which professional positions is the language known best?

** Rad pod istim naslovom, u delimično izmenjenom obliku je u vidu usmenog saopštenja izložen na Međunarodnoj konferenciji "Kroz jezike i kulture" u organizaciji Univerziteta Crne Gore, Instituta za strane jezike, Herceg Novi, Crna Gora, 4.-6. juni 2009, ali nije publikovan.

Milica Mihaljevi} i Ljiljana [ari} Institut za hrvatski jezik i jezikoslovlje, Zagreb 0HWDIRUL]D.LMD NDR WHUPLQROR^NL SRVWXSDN X HQJOHVNRP L KUYDWVNRP U radu se analizira metafora u hrvatskom i engleskom nazivlju. Analiziraju se tipovi metafora u nazivlju i navode primjeri iz tehni~koga (posebno ra~unalnoga) nazivlja. Poku{ava se objasniti metaforizacija kao terminolo{ki postupak u postanku engleskih i hrvatskih tehni~kih naziva.

The present study focuses on teachers' perceptions regarding the teaching of English for Specific Purposes (ESP). Seeking to assess qualitative aspects and the value of ESP as a subject of major relevance, the paper reports initial results from a study on the application of ESP in tertiary level language instruction at the

Pandemija koronavirusa koja je izbila u Wuhanu krajem 2019. godine imala je dalekosežne posljedice po cijeli svijet. Kako doslovno tako i metaforički, svijet se našao u ratu protiv koronavirusa. Metafora rata i metaforički jezički izrazi kao što su naći se na prvoj liniji odbrane, boriti se, nevidljivi neprijatelj preplavili su medije. Metafora rata postala je neizostavni koncept u diskursu svjetskih zvaničnika i služila im je kao dio scenarija pomoću kojeg su legitimirali i optimirali mjere koje su provodili s ciljem zaštite ljudi i spašavanja života. Ovaj se rad bavi analizom metaforičkih jezičkih izraza koji se odnose na koronavirus. Budući da je metafora ne samo jezički fenomen nego i kognitivni, ti metaforički jezički izrazi ukazuju na postojanje konceptualne metafore. Dakle, radi se o analizi na dva nivoa: lingvističkoj i kognitivnoj. Korpus istraživanja se sastoji od tri potkorpusa: jedan je na bosanskom, drugi na hrvatskom, a treći na srpskom jeziku. Prvi potkorpus čine online članci iz Večernjeg lista, drugi online članci iz Dnevnog avaza i Oslobođenja, a treći su iz Nezavisnih novina. Cilj rada jeste utvrditi dominantnu konceptualizaciju koronavirusa u gore navedenim člancima. Pristup radu je kognitivni, a metoda analize je konceptualna teorija metafore. Za provjeru metaforičkih jezičkih izraza koristit ćemo MIPVU proceduru koju je osmislila grupa autora s Vrije univerziteta (vidi Steen i sar., 2010, str. 25-26). Za potrebe istraživanja formulisana su tri istraživačka pitanja. Rezultati istraživanja su u skladu s očekivanjima. U dva navedena potkorpusa dominantna je konceptualizacija koronavirusa kao neprijatelja, dok je u jednom potkorpusu dominantna konceptualizacija koronavirusa kao sile.

While a standard academic presumption has been that wage indexation reduces the cost of disinflation, policymakers generally contend that wage indexing makes disinflation more difficult. To shed light on these views, this paper reexamines the effects of wage indexing on the output loss caused by money-based stabilization. It finds that the cost of disinflation with indexed wage contracts tends to be smaller than that with contracts that specify preset time-varying wages, but larger than that with contracts that specify fixed wages. Thus the academic and policymakers views can be both appropriate depending on the standard of reference.

Reading comprehension requires readers to connect ideas within and across texts to produce a coherent mental representation. One important factor in that complex process regards the cohesion of the document(s). Here, we tackle the challenge of providing researchers and practitioners with a tool to visualize text cohesion both within (intra) and between (inter) texts. This tool, Multi-document Cohesion Network Analysis (MD-CNA), expands the structure of a CNA graph with lexical overlap links of multiple types, together with coreference links to highlight dependencies between text fragments of different granularities. We introduce two visualizations of the CNA graph that support the visual exploration of intratextual and intertextual links. First, a hierarchical view displays a tree-structure of discourse as a visual illustration of CNA links within a document. Second, a grid view available at paragraph or sentence levels displays links both within and between documents, thus ensuring...

Self-explanations are verbalizations that readers give to themselves while reading a text, in order to better understand it. Our implemented system is designed for automatically analyzing self-explanations in order to allow teachers to better grasp the comprehension of pupils of the previously read materials. Our method uses specific natural language processing techniques for French language and it is conceived for use with primary school pupils. Furthermore, we have integrated a word-based heuristic in order to measure similarity between the initial texts and the pupil's verbalizations.

This paper introduces a novel, in-depth approach of analyzing the differences in writing style between two famous Romanian orators, based on automated textual complexity indices for Romanian language. The considered authors are: (a) Mihai Eminescu, Romania's national poet and a remarkable journalist of his time, and (b) Ion C. Brătianu, one of the most important Romanian politicians from the middle of the 18th century. Both orators have a common journalistic interest consisting in their desire to spread the word about political issues in Romania via the printing press, the most important public voice at that time. In addition, both authors exhibit writing style particularities, and our aim is to explore these differences through our ReaderBench framework that computes a wide range of lexical and semantic textual complexity indices for Romanian and other languages. The used corpus contains two collections of speeches for each orator that cover the period 1857-1880. The results of this study highlight the lexical and cohesive textual complexity indices that reflect very well the differences in writing style, measures relying on Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA) and Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) semantic models.

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In this article we analyse a corpus of abstracts in Catalan included in the dissertation (TFG) of students in Economics from three Catalan universities. In the current sociolinguistic context, it is important to know the situation on the use of Catalan in this discipline. Although there are some works that focus on the analysis of the abstracts of research articles in economics, there are none on Catalan. In addition, an incipient line of research on abstracts written by non-expert writers deals with texts in other languages, but not in Catalan, and they do not exist in the field of economics. The present study has two objectives: to discursively characterize the genre of dissertation abstracts in the field of economics and to assess their linguistic quality. In order to do so, we analyse the macrotextual and microtextual characteristics of abstracts using Atlas-ti, a qualitative data software. The results show a textual organization in which there are two sorts of movements. Firstly, “prototypical” rhetorical movements and, secondly, movements which are inconsistent with the pragmatic and sociocultural dimensions of the genre. In terms of metadiscursive resources (Hyland, 2005), the most frequents are transitional metadiscursive markers and frame markers; from the point of view of the variety of forms, the texts are relatively poor. In terms of linguistic quality, the results indicate that future economists make both linguistic and discursive mistakes that recommend a didactic action in the university degrees to improve the quality of academic writing in Catalan.