Economic Law

This article critically examines the Sindh Rented Premises Ordinance, 1979 (SRPO) and its practical limitations in the context of modern urban tenancy challenges. Drawing a detailed comparison with the Punjab Rented Premises Act, 2009 (PRPA), it highlights how Punjab has adopted a more effective and modern legal framework to manage landlord-tenant disputes. The study explores differences in institutional structure, tenancy documentation, eviction procedures, rent recovery, grounds for eviction, and procedural mechanisms. It notes that PRPA introduces Rent Tribunals, mandates tenancy registration, ensures timely rent deposits during litigation, and grants robust execution powers to tribunals, unlike SRPO, which relies on conventional courts and outdated procedures. The article concludes by recommending legislative reforms for Sindh, including the establishment of Rent Tribunals, creation of a Rent Registrar’s office, recognition of tenancy expiry as a ground for eviction, and procedural simplification by excluding CPC and QSO. The overall thrust is toward ensuring faster, fairer, and more accessible justice in tenancy matters in Sindh through comprehensive statutory reform inspired by Punjab’s example.

While there is an increasing demand for a discipline in the next generation FTAs that restricts SOEs in international trade, there is less debate on the proliferation of sovereign patent funds (SPFs) that are increasingly using intellectual property to engage in discriminatory industrial policy in an attempt to augment the competitiveness of ailing national champions against foreign competition. Some SPFs, like France Brevets, even admit to being retaliatory or discriminatory instruments against foreign actors regardless of whether the original claim is legitimate or not. Such use of intellectual property by government controlled entities threatens to become a new trade defense instrument like antidumping or countervailing duties. However, such mercantilist tactics by mid-sized economies are futile, as they only serve to legitimise similar behavior by bigger economies like China that are actively pursuing industrial policy through defensive use of patents through R&D funding, public...

The constitutional dual judicial review of the Constitutional Court and the regulation in the Supreme Court has created legal uncertainty in the legal system of Indonesia. The application of graded judicial review has a negative impact on the guarantee of the constitutional rights of the community. The hierarchical model of the prevailing law-enforcement regulation is the abandonment of the legal norms of the constitution in every level of legal product downward. Disconnection of constitutional norms only up to the level of the Act will be a denial of the rights of the people of Indonesia at all levels of statutory legislation under the law. As a rule of law, legal products have a value of truth and justice that refers to the source of the main legal order, namely the Constitution, so that Indonesia's constitutionalism can be tiered up and down down. Thus, there is no differentiation of the "legal certainty" between the 1945 Constitution and the KMPR, as well as the Ac...

Before the year 2000, Africa was conspicuously absent in bibliographic reviews in the field of media, religion and culture. Within the past decade, however, many African and international scholars have focused more attention on the cultural interface between religion and the media on the continent. This article attempts to sketch a general overview of this research: a presentation of the scholars involved in the field of religion and media in Africa; their major findings; the theoretical grounds for the study of media and religion within the African landscape; and a road map for future areas of study of the interface between media, religion and culture in Africa. The present work also intends to initiate a clearinghouse for researchers in this field within Africa, especially for the younger scholars just entering the field.

O artigo objetiva analisar se é possível a "desestatização" de uma sociedade de economia mista criada no Brasil para a intervenção do Estado em determinada atividade econômica considerada legalmente estratégica. O método científico adotado é o dedutivo, à luz do direito constitucional econômico brasileiro, jurisprudência selecionada e doutrina especializada. O trabalho verifica em que medida o interesse social sobrepõe a decisão circunstancial de um agente político de alterar a composição acionária daquele modelo de sociedade de intervenção do Estado na atividade econômica através da venda de suas ações e de modo a perder o controle acionário, bem como o impacto desta conduta no plano da validade jurídica. O estudo é conclusivo ao indicar a impossibilidade jurídica de o Estado vir a perder o controle acionário de uma sociedade de economia mista quando estiver presente um interesse público constitucional estratégico na atividade econômica desenvolvida por essa empresa.

The establishment of a constitutional court is basically a manifestation of a concept modern state . The existence of the Constitutional Court in Indonesia is a result of Indonesia's constitutional development towards the supremacy of the constitution in the strict sense. Comparative study on the function and position of the Constitutional Court of Indonesia, Austria, and France's Constitutional Council is the embodiment of a comparative study about mechanism of guarding constitutions that has the essence of the constitution as the supreme law of the land. Keyword: Comparative constitustional law study, Constitutions, Constitutional Court.

Concerning juridical responsibility there are published a lot of articles, collections and monographs. In the working out of its subject-matters there are some achievements. However the itself notion of responsibility, and series of its central problems-is a subject of long years-lasting discussion, during which came out the necessity to elaborate some methodological questions. The juridical responsibility is being determined as a duty-to be responsible‖,-to account‖. One of the results in the search to determine the juridical responsibility has become the idea of-positive law responsibility‖, under which we understand not the responsibility of the person who has committed an infringement of the law, but vice versa a lawful behavior of the person, who commits no law infringements. The goal of the given article is to regard the juridical responsibility of one of the subjects of administrative law-local public authorities-in Republic of Moldova, because the efficient activity of the s...

We study the effect of board governance in state-owned and private banks by undertaking a study of commercial banks in India that has both bank groups. Covering a ten-year period from 2003 to 2012 that witnessed a large number of governance reforms in India, the results of our empirical analysis provide evidence of strong ownership effects with board independence exhibiting a significant positive correlation with the performance of private banks and a significant but negative correlation with the performance of state-owned banks. The effect of CEO duality is negative in state-owned banks where incidence of CEO duality is high. We find that a longer CEO tenure has significant positive effects on bank outcomes with these effects strengthening in the later years of CEO tenure. Our results have governance implications for strengthening the composition of board of directors and CEO tenure especially in state-owned banks.

suMARIO: I. Introducción: Crisis y comercio internacional. II. Las medidas de salvaguarda, el artículo XIX del GATT y el Acuerdo sobre Salvaguardas de 1994. III. Crisis económica y salvaguardas. IV. Crisis económica y medidas antidumping. V. Las medidas de salvaguarda en los mecanismos de integración regional iberoamericano: Mercosur y ALADI. VI. Conclusión. VII. Bibliografía, hemerografía y fuentes. * Artículo recibido el 12 de agosto de 2011 y aprobado para publicación el 28 de septiembre de 2011.

Pasal 19 Dispute Settlement Understanding, panel dan appellate body akan merekomendasikan kepada negara yang bersengketa untuk memijakkan sengketa yang terjadi kepada perjanjian World Trade Oganization agar sesuai dengan perjanjian tersebut yang telah disepakati bersama. Namun, masih ada beberapa negara yang tidak menjalankan rekomendasi dari panel dan appellate body sehingga negara penuntut tetap dirugikan. Maka dari itu, konsekuensi hukum bagi negara pelanggar yang tidak melaksanakan rekomendasi dari panel dan appellate body yaitu retaliasi yang biasanya dalam bentuk peningkatan pengenaan bea masuk pada produk-produk tertentu kepentingan ekspor dari negara pelanggar

Community law was established as a meta-legal order to provide a systematic solution to conflicts betweeen national legal orders. Integration, and in particular integration of law, was required to tackle the functional and normative problems that ensued from the disorganised co-existence of State legal orders in Europe. Integration of law was made compatible with the preservation of autonomy to define the national socio-economic model and structure because early European legislation organised the co-operation of national legal orders. The power to regulate and mould the economy was reinforced, at the same time that the sharpest corners of national power were clipped (by reference to the formal principle of non-discrimination). From the late seventies, the point and purpose of European integration was redefined. L'Europe par le marché resulted in integration through law, making of law the key means through which national regulatory and monetary policies were made to compete with ...

This paper presents a study of the criminal law on money laundering from comparative perspective with the combination of legal, historical, and sociological and criminology treatment. The benefit of income from criminal activities is considered very worrying problem but also a challenge, threat and danger to the security mechanisms (law enforcement agencies) in the Republic of Kosovo. To prevent, investigate and combat money laundering, there should be certainly set priorities for law enforcement agencies in the Republic of Kosovo. This approach allows for a more efficient fight against organized crime, in particular drug trafficking, human trafficking, cybercrime, terrorism and its financing, although partly these phenomena can be considered to relate to international pressure. At the same time, it is imposed on legislators to draft and adopt laws and regulations for implementation, to prevent and combat the phenomenon of money laundering, but without neglecting the drafting of the...

The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

O objetivo deste trabalho é interpretar a obra de Furtado no contexto da crise brasileira do início dos anos sessenta à luz do contextualismo lingüístico. Busca-se avaliar em que medida é possível conceber o seu pensamento como uma "economia política neo-republicana" . É testada a hipótese de que Furtado recorreu aos valores humanistas e a uma concepção de liberdade política afeita ao republicanismo, como recurso retórico que julgou capaz de persuadir os atores relevantes da época para a importância de evitar a ruptura institucional da República brasileira. Palavras-chave: Celso Furtado, liberdade republicana, mudança conceitual Classificação JEL: N01 Recentemente, no artigo intitulado "Um republicano exemplar", Francisco de Oliveira afirmou que Celso Furtado "colocou a questão da Federação no centro das suas preocupações teóricas e práticas, propondo, no fim dos anos 1950, a refundação do pacto federativo, mudando-lhe a escala e os recortes, para uma espécie de Federação regionalizada". Segundo o autor, Furtado acrescentava à representação democrática uma dimensão regional

Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sociologia Política, Florianópolis, 2009.O objetivo deste trabalho é o estudo do pensamento político do economista brasileiro Celso Furtado (1920-2004), no período compreendido entre 1956 e 1965. No problema de pesquisa que orienta a investigação, formulou-se a seguinte pergunta: é apropriado atribuir a seu pensamento político um caráter republicano? Esta pergunta se deve ao recente interesse de estudiosos do seu pensamento em relacionar sua obra com a tradição republicana. A leitura da obra de Furtado, e dos seus interlocutores no contexto histórico descrito, confirmou tal suspeita ao revelar a presença em sua teoria do subdesenvolvimento de alguns dos conceitos centrais desta tradição: as ideias de conflito, liberdade e dominação (dependência). Estes conceitos foram utilizados pelo autor na interpretação e análise da formação do Brasil e no enfrentamento ...

O objetivo deste trabalho é interpretar a obra de Furtado no contexto da crise brasileira do início dos anos sessenta à luz do contextualismo lingüístico. Busca-se avaliar em que medida é possível conceber o seu pensamento como uma "economia política neo-republicana" . É testada a hipótese de que Furtado recorreu aos valores humanistas e a uma concepção de liberdade política afeita ao republicanismo, como recurso retórico que julgou capaz de persuadir os atores relevantes da época para a importância de evitar a ruptura institucional da República brasileira. Palavras-chave: Celso Furtado, liberdade republicana, mudança conceitual Classificação JEL: N01 Recentemente, no artigo intitulado "Um republicano exemplar", Francisco de Oliveira afirmou que Celso Furtado "colocou a questão da Federação no centro das suas preocupações teóricas e práticas, propondo, no fim dos anos 1950, a refundação do pacto federativo, mudando-lhe a escala e os recortes, para uma espécie de Federação regionalizada". Segundo o autor, Furtado acrescentava à representação democrática uma dimensão regional

Debates about the meaning of 'evolutionary interpretation' reveal the existence of two conflicting views. Some see evolutionary interpretation as an inevitable step in the ordinary process of applying fixed written language to changing reality. Others see it as a means for interpreters-and, crucially, adjudicators-to update the agreement being applied, infusing into the text the interpreter's view of what would be a desirable development of the relevant provisions. Benefitting from the views expounded and decisions collected by the authors of Evolutionary Interpretation and International Law, edited by Georges Abi-Saab, Kenneth Keith, Gabrielle Marceau, and Clément Marquet (Hart 2020), this piece investigates two core questions that run through debates regarding evolutionary interpretation. First is the question of what is meant by evolutionary interpretation, whether an unavoidable step in the norm application process or a decision to develop obligations beyond their original scope. Second is the question of the distinctive role of adjudicators, i.e. of whether evolutionary interpretation is a tool used by adjudicators to exercise authority over the legal framework being applied, bypassing the constraints of the consent-based international rule-making system.

The United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA) features a clause, dubbed 'anti-China' , which sets out legal consequences in case one of the parties negotiates or enters into a free trade agreement (FTA) with a nonmarket economy (NME). A similarly worded objective appears among the negotiating objectives of the US for FTAs with the European Union, Japan, and the United Kingdom. This article examines the anti-NME clause, arguing that its concrete legal consequences are less relevant than its symbolic effects. The USMCA clause itself is difficult to replicate in bilateral agreements, since it depends on cooperation between the two nonsigning parties. Its operation is nonetheless similar to that of two unilateral remedies available under the law of treaties, permitting a reasonable assessment that the clause, if it follows its original design, will aim to permit termination of bilateral US FTAs in response to the other party entering into an NME FTA. While such a clause would offer little in terms of concrete effects if added to agreements that already permit unilateral withdrawal, its greatest value may not be in its legal effects but in its legitimating and signaling properties, which push USMCA parties to establish a common front in the 'geoeconomic' dispute between the United States and China.

Debates about the meaning of ‘evolutionary interpretation’ reveal the existence of two conflicting views. Some see evolutionary interpretation as an inevitable step in the ordinary process of applying fixed written language to changing reality. Others see it as a means for interpreters—and, crucially, adjudicators—to update the agreement being applied, infusing into the text the interpreter’s view of what would be a desirable development of the relevant provisions. Benefitting from the views expounded and decisions collected by the authors of Evolutionary Interpretation and International Law, edited by Georges Abi-Saab, Kenneth Keith, Gabrielle Marceau, and Clément Marquet (Hart 2020), this piece investigates two core questions that run through debates regarding evolutionary interpretation. First is the question of what is meant by evolutionary interpretation, whether an unavoidable step in the norm application process or a decision to develop obligations beyond their original scope...

The United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA) features a clause, dubbed ‘anti-China’, which sets out legal consequences in case one of the parties negotiates or enters into a free trade agreement (FTA) with a nonmarket economy (NME). A similarly worded objective appears among the negotiating objectives of the US for FTAs with the European Union, Japan, and the United Kingdom. This article examines the anti-NME clause, arguing that its concrete legal consequences are less relevant than its symbolic effects. The USMCA clause itself is difficult to replicate in bilateral agreements, since it depends on cooperation between the two nonsigning parties. Its operation is nonetheless similar to that of two unilateral remedies available under the law of treaties, permitting a reasonable assessment that the clause, if it follows its original design, will aim to permit termination of bilateral US FTAs in response to the other party entering into an NME FTA. While such a clause would offer l...

Over the past decade, the WTO dispute settlement system has continued to be used extensively, contrasting with the very few disputes taken to inter-state adjudication under FTAs. This paper discusses the causes of this discrepancy, arguing that, besides specific procedural difficulties, it may be explained by a more structural difference between adjudication in a multilateral and in a bilateral setting. The WTO's global scope and the collective surveillance established by the DSU ensure that findings of breach harm a wrongdoer's reputation and mobilize community pressure for compliance. Because adjudication within an FTA cannot mobilize the same multilateral forces, it may not only be less effective than WTO adjudication -it may also be perceived as less effective than unilateral retaliation.

This paper is an initial study on the legal subject and liability of artificial intelligence (AI) and its accountability. In current Indonesian law, AI cannot be classified as a legal subject when there is a criminal act caused by AI or utilizing AI in committing a criminal act. The legal subjects known in current Indonesian criminal law and also in the New Criminal Code (Law No. 1 of 2023) also do not recognize AI as a legal subject and criminal liability. This paper reviews the attribution of AI in a number of criminal acts so that it needs to be considered in future Indonesian criminal law (ius constituendum) so that AI can be made a legal subject and can be held criminally responsible. In several countries, AI has now been made a legal subject and included in their national laws.

Keywords : artificial intelligence, legal subject, liability

Tulisan ini merupakan studi awal  tentang subjek hukum dan pertanggungjawaban pidana kecerdasan buatan  (AI). Dalam hukum Indonesia saat ini AI tidak dapat digolongkan sebagai subjek hukum ketika adanya tindak pidana yang disebabkan oleh AI atau memanfaatkan AI dalam melakukan tindak pidana. Subjek hukum yang dikenal dalam hukum pidana Indonesia saat ini termasuk dalam KUHP Baru (UU No. 1 tahun 2023)  belum mengenal konsepsi AI sebagai subjek hukum dan pertanggujawabannya. Tulisan ini mengulas tentang adanya atribusi AI dalam sejumlah tindak pidana sehingga perlu dipertimbangkan dalam hukum pidana Indonesia masa depan (ius constituendum) agar AI bisa dijadikan subjek hukum dan bisa diminta pertanggungjawaban pidananya. Di beberapa negara saat ini AI telah dijadikan subjek hukum dan dimasukkan dalam hukum nasionalnya.

Kata kunci :  kecerdasan buatan, subjek hukum, pertanggungjawaban

Assalamualaikum wr.wb. Puji syukur atas rahmat Allah SWT, berkat rahmat serta karunia-Nya sehingga makalah ini dapat selesai. Makalah ini dibuat dengan tujuan memenuhi tugas mata kuliah Aspek Hukum dalam Bisnis dari Bapak Dr. Wirmie Eka Putra. Selain itu, penyusunan makalah ini bertujuan menambah wawasan kepada pembaca. Penulis menyampaikan ucapan terima kasih kepada Bapak Dr. Wirmie Eka Putra selaku dosen mata kuliah Aspek Hukum dalam Bisnis. Berkat tugas yang diberikan ini, dapat menambah wawasan penulis berkaitan dengan topik yang diberikan. Penulis juga mengucapkan terima kasih yang sebesarnya kepada semua pihak yang membantu dalam proses penyusunan makalah ini. Penulis menyadari bahwa dalam penyusunan dan penulisan masih melakukan banyak kesalahan. Oleh karena itu penulis memohon maaf atas kesalahan dan ketidaks empurnaan yang pembaca temukan dalam makalah ini. Penulis juga mengharap adanya kritik serta saran dari pembaca apabila menemukan kesalahan dalam makalah ini.

The conduct of foreign relations in any legal system is inherently intertwined with principles of sovereignty, reciprocity, and international comity. In Pakistan, these principles are manifested through legislative and judicial frameworks governing the immunity of foreign states, rulers, and diplomatic agents. Section 86-A of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (CPC), the Diplomatic and Consular Privileges Act, 1972, and the State Immunity Ordinance, 1981 constitute the bedrock of this regime. This article critically analyzes the legal position relating to suits against foreign rulers, states, and diplomatic agents in Pakistan. It seeks to answer under what conditions such entities can be subjected to the jurisdiction of Pakistani courts and when such actions are barred by law. II. ISSUE The principal legal issue is whether and under what conditions civil suits or legal proceedings can be initiated against foreign sovereigns, including rulers, states, and their diplomatic agents in Pakistan. What are the boundaries of immunity granted under domestic law? What are the judicially recognized exceptions to this general rule of sovereign immunity? III. RULE A. Section 86-A of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 Section 86-A CPC provides that no legal proceedings shall lie against diplomatic agents except in the following circumstances: 1. When the suit concerns private immovable property situated in Pakistan held in a private capacity.

The future of the world trading system depends critically on reinvigorating the WTO and policy change in the largest trading nations. To sustain multilateralism, urgent action is needed to avoid a disruption of global trade and its fragmentation into trading blocs where relations are based on relative power instead of rules. Smallest players whose trade is least covered by bilateral or regional agreements will be at the greatest disadvantage. All countries will incur enormous costs only to try and reinvent a system that is already in place today under the WTO.

El presente texto plantea una reflexión sobre  los  programas  de  transparencia  y  ética  empresarial  en  Colombia.  Esa  es una herramienta moderna de la cual se  han  dotado  los  Estados  con  el  fin de  asociar  las  empresas  al  esfuerzo  de  proteger  bienes  considerados  valiosos  para el sistema jurídico. Esos programas han  sido  integrados  de  manera  parcial  y  reciente  al  ordenamiento  jurídico  colombiano  como  parte  de  una  nueva  disciplina  jurídica:  el  compliance. Se  trata  de  una  tendencia  regulatoria  mundial  que  se  ha  desarrollado  como  respuesta  a  los  graves  escándalos  en  los  que  se  han  visto  envueltas  grandes  empresas  internacionales.  En  este  artículo, los programas de transparencia y  ética  empresarial  se  analizan  con  base  en  la  normatividad  colombiana,  que  se  intenta  de  manera  expresa  integrar  los  estándares  internacionales  en  la  materia.  Para  ello  se  sigue  una  metodología  descriptiva  y  analítica  de  las  normas  nacionales  sobre  el  asunto,  que es complementada con un análisis comparativo  que  tiene  en  cuenta  el  origen  internacional  de  la  institución.  En la primera parte del texto, se analizan los  aspectos  positivos  de  la  institución.  Estos  se  asocian  a  la  difusión  de  una nueva concepción de la responsabilidad empresarial  que  permite  imponerles  a  las empresas obligaciones relacionadas con  la  protección  del  interés  general.  En  la  segunda  parte,  se  analizan  las  sombras, allí se plantea una visión crítica sobre la forma en la que se ha integrado la  institución  al  ordenamiento  jurídico  colombiano. Se concluye que la figura puede  tener  efectos  positivos,  pero  la  adopción tímida e incompleta le impide generar todos los efectos benéficos que pueden desprenderse de ella.

Artikel ini membahas masalah dan prospek hukum persaingan usaha di era digital, terutama di Indonesia, fokus utama artikel ini adalah prinsip dasar hukum persaingan usaha, bagiamana regulasi berfungsi untuk menjaga persaingan usaha tidak sehat, dan praktik anti persaingan yang sering muncul dalam industri digital, Dalam pasar yang terus berkembang, regulasi sangan penting untuk membuat lingkungan yang kompetitif dan adil, sementara praktik anti-persaingan dapat menghalangi kemajuan.artikel ini juga memberikan informasi tentang langkahlangkah yang diperlukan untuk menyesuaikan hukum persaingan usaha dengan dinamika industri digital yang dinamis dengan mengidentifikasi masalah yang dihadapi oleh otoritas pengawas. Kata kunci: hukum persaingan usaha, regulasi, pasar dgital, praktik antipersaingan,inovasi, otoritas pengawas.

Untuk menciptakan pasar yang sehat dan berkelanjutan, perlindungan hukum terhadap usaha mikro, kecil, dan menengah (UMKM) di Indonesia sangat penting. Meskipun mikro, kecil, dan menengah (UMKM) seringkali menjadi korban praktik persaingan yang tidak sehat, seperti monopoli, kartel, dan harga predatory yang dilakukan oleh perusahaan besar. Meskipun ada peraturan hukum mengenai persaingan usaha di Indonesia, mereka seringkali tidak dilaksanakan dengan baik, sehingga UMKM seringkali tidak mendapatkan perlindungan yang memadai. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis perlindungan hukum yang diberikan kepada UMKM, menemukan masalah yang dihadapi ketika berhadapan dengan persaingan usaha yang tidak sehat, dan mengevaluasi seberapa efektif hukum persaingan usaha di Indonesia. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa praktik monopoli sering muncul sebagai masalah hukum yang signifikan dengan meningkatnya aktivitas bisnis dan kemajuan ekonomi. Peraturan Komisi Pengawas Persaingan Usaha (PerKPPU) Nomor 1 Tahun 2022 dan Undang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1999 tentang Larangan Praktik Monopoli dan Persaingan Usaha Tidak Sehat adalah dasar hukum yang penting untuk pengawasan persaingan usaha. Namun, KPPU menghadapi sejumlah masalah, seperti keterbatasan sumber daya dan kewenangan. Penelitian ini juga mencatat betapa berbahayanya praktik monopoli bagi pesaing dan konsumen, dan betapa pentingnya bagi perusahaan untuk lebih patuh pada peraturan saat ini. Artikel ini menyarankan tindakan strategis untuk meningkatkan pemahaman pelaku usaha, seperti revisi peraturan rutin, meningkatkan KPPU, dan meningkatkan pendidikan hukum. Rekomendasi ini dibuat dengan menggunakan pendekatan analisis yuridis normatif. Oleh karena itu, diharapkan bahwa undang-undang persaingan usaha akan membantu mengembangkan bisnis yang sehat dan berkelanjutan dan mendorong pertumbuhan ekonomi negara.

Corruption is a serious economic, social, political and moral blight, especially in many emerging countries. It is a problem that affects companies in particular, especially in international commerce, finance and technology transfer. And it is becoming an international phenomenon in scope, substance and consequences. That is why, in recent years, there has been a proliferation of international efforts to tackle the problem of corruption. One such international cooperative initiative is the United Nations Convention against Corruption, signed in 2003, which came into force in December 2005. This is the first truly global instrument to prevent and combat corruption, built on a broad international consensus. The purpose of this article is to explain the origin and content of the Convention, what it adds to existing international instruments for combating corruption, and its strengths and weaknesses, mainly from the point of view of companies.

Artikel ini mengkaji efektivitas Undang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1999 tentang Larangan Praktik Monopoli dan Persaingan Usaha Tidak Sehat dalam mengatur perdagangan digital di Indonesia. Pertumbuhan pesat sektor e-commerce dan platform digital telah memunculkan tantangan baru bagi regulasi persaingan usaha. Kemudian menganalisis kasus-kasus pelanggaran dan meninjau kesenjangan antara ketentuan UU dan realitas perdagangan digital. Analisis ini meneliti kesenjangan antara kerangka hukum yang ada dengan realitas praktik persaingan di platform digital termasuk mengevaluasi efektivitas penegakan hukum dan dampak UU terhadap berbagai pelaku usaha, mulai dari perusahaan besar, UMKM dan konsumen. Artikel ini juga mempertimbangkan perkembangan regulasi pendukung dan praktik internasional untuk memberikan rekomendasi kebijakan yang dapat meningkatkan efektivitas UU No. 5 tahun 1999 dalam menciptakan lapangan persaingan yang adil dan mendorong inovasi di era digital.

There seems to be little or no discussion about the need of and justification for a general compulsory licensing that could be applicable to all IP laws. This author has previously argued, by referencing to competition law, in 2008 that it is paramount for the WTO to revise the TRIPS Agreement, so as to include substantive grounds for granting compulsory patent licenses. In so doing, the preservation of competition should be factored in as one of the public policy objectives . As a follow-up study this paper takes an IP-internal approach (therefore will only consult competition law in a very limited fashion) and strives to present a general compulsory licensing doctrine that can be included as an inherent and integral element of IP laws. However, any general theory runs the risk of overstating convergence and oversimplifying divergence. Bearing this possible shortcomings in mind, this paper focuses solely on one aspect of compulsory licensing, namely the protection of market competition, and leaving other public interests, such as the prevention of an epidemic, and access to information out of its ambit.

Refusal of abject commodification undergirds contemporary international law definitions of slavery and their growing linkage to international economic agreements through injunctions against the use of forced labor. Yet there are screaming silences in ongoing attempts to grapple with the prevalence and significance of contemporary slavery in the global economy. This contribution to the special issue on racial capitalism in international economic law calls for a reckoning with the past in the international law on contemporary slavery. By foregrounding resistances to erasure, and squarely addressing the significance of race to the perpetuation of slavery, this article seeks to harness their promise for a reconstruction of a contemporary law of slavery that understands racialization as offering an essential social justice challenge to the decommodification of labor. The experience of slavery offers us an epistemology, a framework for imagining a different world and a lens from which to continue to think of how oppression operates in the world. Antony Anghie, Slavery and International Law: The Jurisprudence of Henry Richardson. Labor in global value chains is central to international economic law. 1 Labor is of course a factor of production, but its nature as a fictive commodity in the Polanyian

Who Then Should Judge?: Developing the International Rule of Law under NAFTA Chapter 11 Charles N. Brower* and Lee A. Steven** I. Introduction One wonders what all the furor is about. For all the calumny heaped upon Chapter 11 of the North American Free Trade ...

World Trade Organization (WTO) have a history of sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) cases which resulted in certain outcomes that might be construed as a product of limitation from the Sanitary and Phytosanitary Agreement's idea of clear and unambiguous scientific evidence. This might imply that Members of the SPS Agreement have a small chance of having a 'wiggle room' to negotiate and adopt protective SPS measures if a shred of definite scientific evidence does not support them. This leads us to a matter of contention; how can we characterise this perception of scientific evidence? This might also lead us to cast doubt upon the existence of unambiguous scientific evidence itself. Does the SPS Agreement require such a thing? And is the seemingly strict requirement well-founded to be placed upon the Members? In the attempt to answer the questions, this essay will first start by addressing the relevant provisions that, oftentimes, are meant to be read side by side. While giving careful consideration to each of those articles that refer to the conditions of scientific evidence, this essay will continue to discuss relevant WTO dispute cases which would give us an idea of how the Appellate Body responds to some assertions and allegations. To be able to decide whether providing this 'strict' requirement to protective SPS measures is an absolute necessity or not, it would be appropriate for us to mention the nature of scientific evidence alongside a few examples of situations and conditions where it would not be attainable for it to be found as ultimately irrefutable. At the very end, this essay will try to introduce a proposition that could be accommodating, both to the debates surrounding the said constraints-and its interpretations-and to the prospect of SPS measures itself.

As China's outward foreign direct investment (FDI) has grown, its approach to international investment agreements (IIAs) has changed. China is now one of the world's most important outward investors, with Chinese FDI facing widespread criticism. The challenge for China is to adapt to this new configuration of interests stemming from these developments, both in terms of its national policies and the contents of its IIAs. In so doing, it is likely to influence, perhaps significantly, the further evolution of international investment law. This article deals briefly with the salient features of China's outward FDI and the policies that support it (Section A); the perception and reception of China's outward FDI in key host countries (Section B); and the changing nature of the country's approach to international investment treaties (Section C). The article concludes (Section D) with a brief review and outlook.

Il volume si propone di indagare natura giuridica, significato e portata dell’ambiente quale limite alla libertà d’iniziativa economica riconosciuta dal primo comma dell’art. 41 Cost., in particolare alla luce della l. cost. n. 1 del 2022, con la quale si sono apportate integrazioni rilevanti proprio alle disposizioni-cardine della Costituzione economica italiana, inserendo espressamente il limite-ambiente nel secondo e nel terzo comma dell’articolo citato (e il limite-salute nel solo capoverso dello stesso). In tal guisa, il legislatore costituzionale ha inteso preservare le condizioni materiali di effettività del sistema dei diritti, posto al centro della Costituzione. Sebbene l’intervento integrativo esprima indubbiamente un favor per la transizione ecologica, che potrà essere adeguatamente valorizzato in sede di bilanciamento, esso non pare idoneo né a collocare l’ambiente in una posizione gerarchicamente sovraordinata agli altri interessi esplicitati nella disposizione, né a determinare una funzionalizzazione della libertà in questione. La ricerca, condotta attraverso gli strumenti classici del metodo giuridico, non trascura l’influenza esercitata dal processo di integrazione europea e si avvale, là dove utile, della comparazione (intesa, in particolare, quale confronto con la scienza giuridica straniera).

dimaksudkan sebagai wujud nyata kepedulian ilmiah civitas akademik dalam merespon berbagai persoalan dunia seputar agama dan Hak Azazi Manusia, seperti hak untuk hidup, keamanan pribadi, bebas dari perbudakan dan penghambaan, terbebas dari hukuman yang kejam nan tidak berperikemanusiaan yang merendahkan derajat manusia, hak untuk memperoleh pengakuan hukum dan pengampunan hukum, hak berhimpun dan menyatakan pendapat, hak beragama, berpikir, dan hak mengambil bagian dalam politik pemerintahan.

dimaksudkan sebagai wujud nyata kepedulian ilmiah civitas akademik dalam merespon berbagai persoalan dunia seputar agama dan Hak Azazi Manusia, seperti hak untuk hidup, keamanan pribadi, bebas dari perbudakan dan penghambaan, terbebas dari hukuman yang kejam nan tidak berperikemanusiaan yang merendahkan derajat manusia, hak untuk memperoleh pengakuan hukum dan pengampunan hukum, hak berhimpun dan menyatakan pendapat, hak beragama, berpikir, dan hak mengambil bagian dalam politik pemerintahan.

International trade law underwent a profound paradigm shift during the 1990's and into the 21st century as a response to globalization, and to a legitimacy crisis sparked by unresolved structural issues from the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) era and tensions surfacing in GATT case law around 'trade and' issues. Investment law today is undergoing a similar legitimacy crisis for similar reasons, particularly with respect to Bilateral Investment Treaties and investor-State arbitration. We argue that investment law is ripe for a similar paradigm shift, away from the dominant view of investment law as a private ordering system to protect capital, with roots in contract law and commercial arbitration, and towards recognition of the fact that investment law today is part of a comprehensive global economic governance system meant to ensure justice and the rule of law in one aspect of international economic relations, the allocation of investment capital. This paradigm shift has normative, structural and doctrinal implications, which we explore, and promises to help restore legitimacy to investment law as it also improves substantive outcomes. We begin by painting a picture of an international regime in crisis. This regime emerged to manage a hugely important aspect of international economic relations involving trillions of dollars, and has had meaningful success in doing so, thus contributing to global welfare. Nevertheless, many parties from across the spectrum share a frustration with the structural defects of the system, which limps along with old treaty models and a multitude of disparate agreements. The quality of dispute resolution decisions varies greatly, as do outcomes on substantive law matters, The authors would like to thank Frances Ha '16 and Judy Yi for their research support, and the workshop participants at King's College London,

International trade is facing some significant challenges: a serious deadlock to conclude the last round of the multilateral negotiation at the WTO, the fragmentation of trade rules by the multiplication of preferential and mega agreements, the arrival of a new model of global production and trade leaded by global value chains that is threatening the old trade order, and the imposition of new sets of regulations by private bodies commanded by transnationals to support global value chains and non-governmental organizations to reflect the concerns of consumers in the North. The lack of any multilateral order in this new regulation is creating a big cacophony of rules and developing a new regulatory war.