Economic Law

O objetivo deste trabalho é verificar, com base em uma pesquisa de história legislativa e história do pensamento econômico, se houve uma “revolução do antitruste” no Brasil. A tese da “revolução do antitruste” parte do pressuposto de que, antes da década de 1990, quando teria ocorrido no Brasil a “revolução”, o antitruste brasileiro não utilizava “elementos de análise da teoria econômica”. Esta tese procura demonstrar não somente que, desde seus primeiros anos, o antitruste nacional se utiliza de elementos de teorias econômicas, mas também que há uma convergência entre antitruste e as correntes de pensamento econômico dominantes no período em estudo. O corte cronológico do trabalho vai de 1930 a 1964, por duas razões: primeiro, por falta de literatura significativa especificamente a respeito do antitruste brasileiro do período e, segundo, para demonstrar que, desde o primeiro período de existência da legislação concorrencial brasileira, antitruste e pensamento econômico estão próximos um do outro. A pesquisa se divide em quatro capítulos: no primeiro, situa-se o problema estudado, fixando-se o conceito de “revolução do antitruste”, a origem do debate nos Estados Unidos e como essa perspectiva foi importada para o Brasil; no segundo, faz-se uma análise do antitruste brasileiro no período estudado, buscando elementos não só jurídicos, mas também políticos e econômicos acerca dos tópicos propostos; no terceiro, traça-se um panorama das correntes de pensamento econômico dominantes no período, de modo a ter um quadro teórico e ideológico das ideias econômicas mais influentes à época; no quarto e último capítulo, cotejam-se os dois quadros traçados – ou seja, o antitruste nacional, de um lado, e as correntes de pensamento econômico, de outro – com o intuito de verificar a convergência entre eles, examinando o acerto da pressuposição histórica concernente à “revolução do antitruste”, a saber, que, antes da “revolução”, o antitruste não se utilizara de elementos de teoria econômica ou, em outras palavras, que antitruste e produção intelectual de natureza econômica não estavam relacionados um ao outro.
Palavras-chave: antitruste; história do direito econômico; Estado; pensamento econômico; Brasil.

The entry into force of the World Trade Organization (WTO) TRIPS Agreement in 1995 transformed the international intellectual property system. The harmonization of basic intellectual property standards has operated to protect investment in innovation, limiting risks from unjustified ‘free riding’. Yet these same harmonized IP standards sharply curtailed the traditional capacity of suppliers of public goods, such as health care and nutrition, to address priority needs of less affluent members of society, particularly in (but not limited to) developing countries. In the Doha Declaration, the Waiver Decision of 30 August 2003 and the Article 31bis Protocol of Amendment, stakeholders concerned with re-opening policy space for the supply of newer pharmaceutical products pushed back against restrictive elements of the TRIPS Agreement.Governments around the world are in the process of deciding whether to ratify and accept the Article 31bis Amendment. Based on their Study for the Internatio...

Some of Law and Economics’ basic claims have come to be criticized as a result of empirical findings that question their viability. Particularly, the premise that agents consistently act rationally and with their self-interest in mind seems problematic. What the consequences of the criticism mean for Law and Economics’ tenability depends largely on the questions whether (1) some elements are unassailable to the alternative’s objections and (2) the alternative is a systematic whole. It is argued that Law and Economics may be salvaged, if it is minimized and its ambitions are tempered. This means focusing on the stable, a priori, elements inherent to it.

The killing of Mahmoud al-Mabhou reportedly by agents of Israel‟s Mossad service in Dubai a year ago1 serves as a quick reminder that extrajudicial executions, assassinations and other targeted killing operations are taking place and are part of a modern democracy‟s arsenal of antiterrorism and counter-terrorism means. Targeted Killing Operations reportedly form part of NATO‟s operational practice: depending on the circumstances they represent just another option of the lawful use of force in an armed conflict or assimilated situations. Consequently, it is argued that International Law does not impose an explicit ban on the lethal neutralization of certain persons in an armed conflict scenario. This opinion provides a provocative view on possible justifications using targeted killing as an actual means of present day security operations – which must not be confused with traditional methods of domestic „policing‟ in a democratic state.

The policy path through the many facts and circumstances which have good or bad effects on world economic situations, and thus on international economic law, is extraordinarily complex and unclear. This 'landscape' truly needs some roadmaps, but few of these exist and those that are used are often misleading (John H. Jackson).

A descoberta de vastas reservas de petróleo na plataforma continental brasileira, denominada pré-sal, elevará o país a um novo patamar no mercado energético mundial, tornando-o um dos maiores produtores e exportadores desta commodity. Muito embora a exploração de um abundante recurso natural impulsione fortemente o crescimento econômico do país, não se faz a mesma relação causal com o desenvolvimento, evidência ressaltada nas teorias que atentam sobre a maldição do petróleo. Para evitar os possíveis efeitos negativos, os Fundos Soberanos de Riqueza (FSRs) aparecem como a alternativa jurídico-institucional mais adotada por países produtores e exportadores, o que ensejou na edição do Generally Accepted Principles and Practice (GAPP) para regular as boas práticas destes institutos. O Brasil, não diferentemente, propôs a criação do Fundo Social, um FSR que gerirá as receitas públicas advindas das atividades petrolíferas. Nada obstante a opção institucional, a eficácia do Fundo Social depende do arranjo jurídico proposto, o qual deve condizer com as finalidades pretendidas. Neste contexto, o presente artigo pretende elucidar o conceito e as práticas dos FSRs, como também compará-las com o arranjo legal do Fundo Social.

Adanya perjanjian jual beli emas antara Budi Said selaku pembeli dan Eksi Anggraeni selaku penjual. Eksi Anggraeni menjual emas dengan berat 7 ton di bawah harga resmi dari sebuah perusahaan yang bernama PT ANTAM. Namun, Eksi Anggraeni bukan merupakan karyawan dari PT ANTAM. Ketika terjadi pengiriman emas dari Eksi Anggraeni kepada Budi Said, ternyata berat emas yang dikirimkan Eksi Anggraeni tidak sesuai dengan apa yang telah diperjanjikan di awal. Kemudian, Budi Said menggugat PT ANTAM dengan gugatan Perbuatan Melanggar Hukum. Seharusnya PT ANTAM tidak bertanggung gugat atas tidak dipenuhinya prestasi oleh Eksi Anggraeni kepada Budi Said.

Considering the law as a social phenomenon intrinsic to political economy is key to engaging the work in this new volume of scholarly articles edited by Professor Poul Kjaer – The Law of Political Economy: Transformation in the Function of Law (Cambridge University Press, 2020).  The book is relevant on many levels to the events unfolding around us including unresolved issues between the private and the public realms (e.g., think banking and government in relation to the Global Financial Crisis of 2008).  Current manifestations (post-book publication) include the ruling of the German Constitutional Court in May, which at core, appears to challenge the legitimacy of EU law for German financial interests.  However distant such regulatory and legal matters may, at first appear, the idea that theories ‘are reflected in our social relationships’ anchors a more general observation made in this book’s introductory chapter concerning theoretical architectures as differentiating ‘between a holistic or a differentiation-based worldview, that is, between an understanding of society as a whole, which is larger than the sum of its parts, or an understanding of society as a mere collection of differentiated parts.’
In this NBn episode, Professor Poul Kjaer distinguishes such concepts among others, and sets the context for those with an interest in learning about ‘the law and political economy’ as a field of study including an explanation of the differences between the European and American approaches to this field.  Some other points of elaboration include more detailed thoughts on his introductory chapter, his previous books dealing with governance and governing, corporatism’s many guises, intermediary institutions as key locations for social integration and dis-integration, the concept of crisis and how law regulates the economy and politics, with Georg Simmel, in a sense, underlying it all with the question: ‘how is society possible?’
Professor Kjaer explains key concepts and thinkers in this field as he provides a lay of the land as surveyed from the ‘Copenhagen School’.  He also shares his impressions with the book editing process, and some of the more foundational concepts and sources. The book brings ‘together an exceptional group of scholars’ providing a ‘novel conceptual framework for studying the role of law and legal instruments in political economy contexts, with a focus on historical transformations and central challenges in both European and global contexts’.  This volume’s many contributions cover legal subfields ‘ranging from competition and consumer protection law to labour and environmental law, giving a comprehensive overview of the central challenges of the law of political economy.’ It should be added that the 15 chapters are compellingly written, and the book is available in hardcover and Kindle.

Poul F. Kjaer is a professor at the Copenhagen Business School (CBS) in Denmark with a research focus on European and global governance, the law and political economy.

‘The idea of regulating the activities of MNEs through international law sounds attractive. Yet this idea is fraught with problems, since many people question the effectiveness of the international legal system in regulating powerful MNEs, many of which are more powerful economic entities than some smaller and weaker sovereign states.

Tesis de licenciatura presentada por Lutz Alexander Keferstein Caballero al sínodo respectivo de la Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, campus Aragón.
Primera tesis en la Historia de la Facultad de Derecho de la UNAM con un tema tan actual en aquel entonces, a sólo dos años de la entrada en vigor del TLC de América del Norte.
Dumping, prácticas desleales de comercio internacional y los páneles internacionales para dirimir diferencias.

SINOPSIS
El manejo del dinero y de las crisis cambiarias y monetarias está vinculado por un factor común: la confianza en el valor del dinero establecido como moneda de curso legal en un país, así como en la confianza de que el Estado adoptará las medidas monetarias, además de preservar la adecuada responsabilidad fiscal en cuanto al gasto público, para asegurar que ésta sea preservada, con el fin de evitar cualquier crisis. En medio de todas estas variables se encuentra inserta la política cambiaria de un país y el consecuente manejo del régimen cambiario. 
Si por políticas públicas podemos entender las respuestas que el Estado o poder público otorga a las necesidades de los gobernados, en forma de normas, instituciones, prestaciones, bienes públicos o servicios, entonces el Derecho y la economía, como ciencias sociales que son, tienen una injerencia particular en la articulación adecuada de dichas políticas públicas.
La pregunta fundamental de este trabajo de investigación, con base en el análisis económico del Derecho y otras tendencias doctrinarias aplicables, consiste en determinar: ¿pueden las leyes y demás disposiciones normativas, que incorporen ciertas variables, promover desarrollo económico sustentable dentro de un marco regulatorio racional y, si las variables identificadas en el caso del régimen de control cambiario vigente en Venezuela a partir del año 2003, permiten extrapolar un modelo aplicable para determinar qué disposiciones normativas son económicamente eficientes y predecir cuáles deberían ser promulgadas?
Nuestro análisis pretende determinar, con base principalmente en el marco teórico propuesto y aplicando un método deductivo en la interrelación de la economía y el Derecho, los efectos del régimen de control cambiario vigente en Venezuela desde el año 2003, e igualmente configurar un modelo de predicción sobre las variables que determinan disposiciones normativas y su incidencia en el desarrollo económico, y progreso social de una nación.  

To θέμα της μεταβίβασης της επιχείρησης και της ευθύνης του αποκτώντος αποτελεί αντικείμενο συνεχών επιστημονικών συζητήσεων, που οφείλονται αφενός μεν στην έλλειψη πλήρους νομοθετικής ρυθμίσεως του όλου ζητήματος και αφετέρου στις ανακύπτουσες δυσχέρειες που προκαλεί η αστική νομοθεσία, που εμποδίζει η επιχείρηση να αποτελέσει ως σύνολο αντικείμενο δικαιώματος και στη σύγκρουση των διατάξεων του κοινού δικαίου (ΑΚ 479) με διατάξεις του ειδικού εταιρικού δικαίου. Βασικό ερώτημα της μονογραφίας είναι αν η επιχείρηση ως αναμφισβήτητη οικονομική ενότητα μπορεί να χαρακτηρισθεί και ως νομική ανεξάρτητα από τα απαρτίζοντα αυτή στοιχεία, ώστε να καταστεί αντικείμενο ιδιαίτερων εννόμων σχέσεων και ιδιαίτερης έννομης προστασίας. Αν δηλαδή η επιχείρηση ως υπεραξία μπορεί να θεωρηθεί ασώματο αντικείμενο/άϋλο περιουσιακό αγαθό, που υπερέχει έναντι των άλλων περιουσιακών στοιχείων της, ώστε στη συνέχεια ο μεταβιβάζων αυτή να θεωρείται ότι συμμεταβιβάζει όλη την επιχείρηση. Το όλο ζήτημα της μονογραφίας επικεντρώνεται: στο αν η επιχείρηση μπορεί να μεταβιβασθεί ως νομική και οικονομική ενότητα, ως αυτοτελής νομική ύπαρξη και στην έκταση της ευθύνης κυρίως του αποκτώντος την επιχείρηση.

Intelligence analysis is a decision-making process rife with ambiguous, conflicting, irrelevant, important, and excessive information. The U.S. Intelligence Community is primed for psychology to lend its voice to the "analytic transformation" movement aimed at improving the quality of intelligence analysis. Traditional judgment and decision making research serves as a starting point, though recent developments in decision science advance additional relevant perspectives that are critical to improving intelligence analysis. Naturalistic decision making offers insights into the challenging information world of intelligence analysis and expert judgment. Research on group decision making shows that group processes are often dependent on the distribution of information within the group, while information foraging theory suggests that intelligence analysts may be viewed as "informavores" who use adaptive strategies to form key judgments efficiently. Psychologists should capitalize on these advances in research and theory to engage the intelligence community on its own grounds and take the lead on intelligence analytic reform. A potential research agenda and recommendations to optimize intelligence community effectiveness are offered.

Le cœur de l'ouvrage consiste en une présentation de la prohibition d'exploiter des informations d'initiés en droit américain, en droit européen ainsi que, de façon approfondie, en droit suisse. La partie de droit suisse traite autant l'interdiction du droit pénal (art. 154 LIMF) que du droit administratif (art. 142 LIMF). À cet égard, l'ouvrage couvre en particulier des thématiques brûlantes d'actualité comme la question de l'applicabilité de la prohibition au négoce de tokens cryptographiques, à l'industrie du high frequency trading, aux différentes formes de trading algorithmique ainsi qu'au short selling. Enfin, l'ouvrage se penche également sur la question du caractère justifié de l'interdiction d'exploiter des informations d'initié.

"Cosmopolitanism in international affairs is a body of thinking and practice committed to building a more just and sustainable international order, but it has never been systematically applied to the question or practice of security. This article argues that both a range of transnational (event-based and systemic) insecurities, and state abuses of security discourse to compromise rights and cause insecurity, create a compelling normative and empirical case for a new security paradigm: security cosmopolitanism. It would aim to critique and reform both national and collective security policies and processes: to put better norms and ends to them, redefine their ontological foundations, and generate guiding ethical principles. It does so in the service of a distinctive understanding of global security as a universal good: one in which the security of all states and all human beings is of equal weight, in which causal chains and processes spread widely across space and through time, and in which security actors bear a responsibility to consider the global impact of their choices.

This article lays out the key ontological and ethical frameworks for security cosmopolitanism. These challenge the dominant ontological foundations of national security (and international society) anchored in the social contract between citizen and state. Security cosmopolitanism argues that states cannot contain and immunize the national social body from external threats; rather, insecurity arises in a borderless way from the very histories, choices, powers, and systems of modernity. This generates both a new analytical model for global security and a different – relational, networked, and future-oriented – ethic of responsibility."

ABSTRACT: This paper will examine the institutional structure of financial regulation in the UK and consider whether the UK is adopting an optimal institutional structure through its use of
the ‘twin peaks’ model. An analysis of each of the models of financial regulation used internationally will be performed, drawing on the advantages and disadvantages of each. Additionally, the history of the UK’s institutional structure will be assessed. Issues with the UK’s current ‘twin peaks’ model will be highlighted, particularly in light of the recent reforms introduced under the Bank of England and Financial Services Act 2016. A comparison with other countries and their interpretation of the ‘twin peaks’ model will be made, focusing in particular on Australia’s interpretation. In the interests of improving the efficiency and effectiveness of the UK’s current institutional structure, the following four reforms will be proposed. The Prudential Regulation Authority should be separated from the Bank of England and its responsibilities should be amended to include responsibility for regulating and supervising all firms for their safety and soundness. A flexible ‘soft law’ approach to co-operation should be adopted between the primary regulators, the Bank of England and the Treasury. Two new bodies should also be established: a high level co-ordinating body to ensure effective co-operation between regulators and; an accountability board so parliament may hold the regulators to account and ensure that they are fulfilling their mandates in line with their regulatory objectives.

Phronetic organizational research is an approach to the study of management and organizations focusing on ethics and power. It is based on a contemporary interpretation of the Aristotelian concept phronesis, usually as ‘prudence’. Phronesis is the ability to think and act in relation to values, to deliberate about ‘things that are good or bad for humans’ in the words of Aristotle (1976:1140a24–b12). Phronetic organizational research effectively provides answers to the following four value-rational questions, for specific problematics in management and organization studies: 1. Where are we going with this specific management problematic? 2. Who gains and who loses, and by which mechanisms of power? 3. Is this development desirable? 4. What, if anything, should we do about it?

Chapter 13, Kevin H. Govern: OPERATION NEPTUNE SPEAR: WAS KILLING BIN LADEN A LEGITIMATE MILITARY OBJECTIVE?

My assertion in this chapter is that bin Laden was a legitimate military target, and that the decision-makers involved in his killing had thoroughly considered the range of options available to stop bin Laden from further terroristic acts, and were warranted in the decision to lean towards targeted killing in lieu of a capture operation. I thus conclude that those who carried out the killing were within their scope of authority and responsibility for killing rather than for capturing bin Laden. Th e
structure of the operation, then, and the set of moral prohibitions operating on any such plan, should in theory not require new rules or new law of war prescripts. This holds true, despite the short- and long-term implications of this use of force. What is critical is an abiding and firm moral force underlying this and every other form of warfare, regardless of any minor or significant changes to the legal or operational
framework in which it may be undertaken.
Section I will examine the political and military necessity considerations that gave rise to the Neptune Spear “capture or kill” decision-making process at the very highest echelons of the Executive Branch, with the evolution of political will,
expressed into military directive, reflecting a careful analysis of authority and opportunity to end bin Laden’s reign of terror. This will afford us an opportunity to distinguish between those who can be the permissible subject of “targeted killing”
and those who cannot. Section II considers the operational and legal foundation for undertaking a war against one person via targeted killing. As to the targeted killing of bin Laden, this section will show the operation to be on a continuum
of legitimate, operational options, from pursuit and capture under warrant-based targeting. Section III examines the moral foundations of foregoing war in favor of more isolated military operations, such as is involved in targeted killing. Section
IV concludes with an examination of how the polarizing paradigm of Neptune Spear affects not only current contexts of counterterrorism operations but how it will shape U.S. and international political will to accept targeted killing over capture
and prosecution, not just out of political pragmatism and military necessity, but as an emergent norm of customary international law.

Isaidat Law Review covers all aspects of comparative and transnational law. It is also dedicated to the neighbouring fields of legal anthropology, law and language, law and arts, law and the cognitive sciences, as well as to the dialogue between law and other disciplines. Articles are subject to double blind peer review. La linea editoriale della Isaidat Law Review coinvolge tutte le aree del diritto comparato e transnazionale. Accoglie inoltre articoli sui temi contigui dell'antropologia giuridica, sui rapporti tra lingua e diritto, diritto e arti, nonché sull'apporto delle scienze cognitive al diritto e, più in generale, sul dialogo tra il diritto e le altre discipline. I contributi che appaiono sulla rivista sono soggetti a una procedura di peer review a doppio cieco.

Esta labor personal de investigación, cuyo resultado ha sido publicado en el año 2016 por el Anuario de Derecho Eclesiástico del Estado, tenía por objetivo contribuir al progreso real del conocimiento en España en un tema en que las investigaciones españolas -y europeas- son prácticamente inexistentes. Aunque la «ética» sea objeto de debate (especialmente en el campo de la filosofía) y las «finanzas» sean objeto de análisis (casi siempre en función del derecho positivo), faltaba en España un estudio científico original, riguroso e innovador, que tendiese un puente entre la ética financiera -tema de rabiosa actualidad, resaltada por la crisis económica y financiera mundial- y algunas religiones jurídicamente menos exploradas en España: islamismo, judaísmo, brahmanismo, budismo y sintoísmo. Se ha optado por la metodología propia de las ciencias sociales para conducir este estudio, fruto de la reflexión personal del solicitante. El resultado logrado demuestra que la ética financiera tiende a subsumirse -o incluso diluirse- en el ámbito de una ética general que presenta como denominador común la voluntad de establecer un orden social estable. No obstante, en lo que concierne al «interés», se ha observado durante la evolución histórica un desfase entre los preceptos condenatorios iniciales (en cuatro de las cinco religiones estudiadas) y su aceptación en la práctica operacional. La religión que más ha establecido reglas específicas de carácter económico y financiero -el brahmanismo (mediante el «Manusmriti»)- más que prohibir los intereses, procuró regularlos. El resultado señala que hay una distancia cada vez mayor entre la noción de ética exaltada por las diferentes religiones apreciadas en este artículo y la realidad práctica de las transacciones financieras llevadas a cabo por personas naturales y jurídicas.

The aim of the article is the analysis of the legal framework for conducting business activity by sports clubs in the Polish legal order. First, the author determines the characteristic features of sports market, then attempts to formulate a definition of sports club. Next, the article focuses on discussing the provisions of the Act of 6 March 2018 – Law of Entrepreneurs, which sets out general rules for undertaking and conducting business activity by entrepreneurs, including also sports clubs. The analysis of the regulations leads to the conclusion that the Act of 25 June 2010 on sport, as a lex specialis, refers in a very narrow scope to the issues of commercial activity of sports clubs, introducing only slight modifications in this respect. By virtue of deliberations and conclusionscons made, the author indicates that along with the progressing commercialisation of sport, the nature of activities of sports clubs has also changed, as they have now become active entrepreneurs.

Este artigo possui como objetivo principal abordar as relações entre a inflação e a desigualdade social no Brasil, para ao final esclarecer como a economia e o direito se interseccionam em prol da redução das desigualdades sociais, a partir, respectivamente, de uma teoria econômica clássica (teoria quantitativa da moeda) e da concepção do Supremo Tribunal Federal na delimitação dos conceitos de valor real e do direito fundamental à propriedade. Palavras-chave: inflação; moeda; desigualdade social; análise econômica do direito.

The use of drones and other forms of targeted killings are being increasingly criticized at the international and domestic level. Before the backdrop of the most recent news that the United Nations has launched an inquiry into the overall legality of such a method of warfare and counter-terrorism and its associated loss of civilian life, this article aims to give an overview on targeted killings as a means of warfare. The article asks what constitutes targeted killing and what distinguishes it from assassinations. It reflects on the safeguards, which are necessary to ensure the legality of the targeting process. This article further introduces the reader to an updated account of the use of Unmanned Combat Aircraft Systems, or ‘drones’, in targeted killings, employed as a means of warfare by the US in its ‘War on Terror’. The US drone campaign in Pakistan also raises questions in respect to State Sovereignty and potential violations of this central tenet of International Law. The article will also touch upon another field of global security, so called ‘Hybrid Threats’, where the use of targeted killing may have an operational military benefit as part of a holistic counterstrategy. It concludes with a sobering warning that while targeted killing operations may be an effective means of achieving short term tactical goals within the scope of a wider operational objective, the unregulated and increased use of targeting killings by the US in the ‘War on Terror’ would be both immoral as well as illegal in the long run.

Lahirnya Undang-undangNomor 7 Tahun 1992 tentang Perbankan, yang
mana dalam undang-undang tersebut, bank syariah disebut sebagai bank dengan
sistem bagi hasil. Lalu, pada tahun 1998, disahkanlah Undang-undang Nomor
10Tahun 1998 tentang Perubahan atas Undang-undang Nomor 7 Tahun 1992
tentang Perbankan. Dalam undang-undang perubahan tersebut, digunakan istilah
bank dengan prinsip syariah. Undang-undang perubahan itu juga mengatur
tentang perbankan sistem ganda (dualsystem banking), yaitu konvensional dan
syariah. Istilah bank syariah dipertegas lagi dengan lahirnya Undang-undang
Nomor21 Tahun 2008 tentang PerbankanSyariah.Gadaisyariah yang merupakan
salahsatu Lembaga Keuangan Syariah yang memberikan kemudahan
bagimasyarakat untuk memperoleh dana dengan waktu yang cepat,serta gadai
syariah dapat juga sebagai tempat untuk berinvestasi dengan berasaskan syariah.

Dieser Beitrag behandelt die Herausbildung eines wesentlichen Elements der österreichischen Sicherheitsarchitektur: Des Einsatzkommandos Cobra (EKO-Cobra). Seine Entstehung war eine direkte Folge der Konfrontation Österreichs mit dem internationalen Terrorismus. Unter der Bezeichnung „Gendarmeriekommando Bad Vöslau“ 1973 gegründet, war die Einheit zunächst ausschließlich für den Schutz osteuropäischer Juden zuständig, die über Österreich nach Israel emigrierten. Der RAF-Terrorismus lieferte 1977/78 den Impuls für den Ausbau zum Gendarmerieeinsatzkommando (GEK), einer für das gesamte Bundesgebiet zuständigen Spezialeinheit. Auf Basis von Primärquellen und Interviews mit Zeitzeugen wird diese schrittweise Etablierung von Antiterrorkapazitäten in Österreich  rekonstruiert und in engen Zusammenhang mit der terroristischen Bedrohung in den 1970er Jahren gestellt, um so die Genese vom Gendarmeriekommando Bad Vöslau zur „Cobra“ nachzuvollziehen.

Expert report submitted to the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia regarding the statistical reliability of estimated relationships between the deaths and migration of Kosovo Albanians and the activities of NATO and the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA).  Evaluated statistical reliability of conclusions that Serb and Yugoslav forces were involved in a systematic campaign of murder and deportation of Kosovo Albanians.

Armed groups have distinct personalities as organizations and in an age of "franchise terrorism" where the "brand" associated with a given terrorist group can inspire copycat violence, human rights defenders must engage narratives as well as actions if they wish to remain relevant. A precedent exists in attempts over the past decade to hold transnational corporations to human rights standards. Compelling social science theory and qualitative evidence suggests that by challenging armed group narratives of legitimacy and promise, human rights defenders can effectively erode complicit support for terrorist violence. "We are victims of terrorism because our rights have been violated; our right to life, our right to health, our right to justice and truth. Supporting victims of terrorism means, first, to acknowledge our plight and, secondly, to support us in claiming our rights so that we can rise from being victims to full-fledged right-holders again." 1

The law of political economy is a contentious ideological field characterised by antagonistic relations between scholarly positions which tend to be either affirmative or critical of capitalism. Going beyond this schism, two particular features appear as central to the law of political economy: the first one is the way it epistemologically seeks to handle the distinction between holism and differentiation, i.e., the extent to which it sees society as a singular whole which is larger than its parts, or, rather, as a mere collection of parts. Different types of legal and political economy scholarship have given different types of answers to this question. The second feature of the law of political economy is the way in which it conceives of the relation between hierarchical and spontaneous dimensions of society, i.e., between firms and the market, or between public institutions and public opinion. The two distinctions can, however, be overcome through a third-way, emphasising the strategic role of law in mediating between holism and differentiation and hierarchy and spontaneity. This is demonstrated through a historical re-construction of the evolution of corporatist, neo-corporatist, and governance-based institutional set-ups of political economy.