Essential oils

Essential oils are complex mixtures isolated from aromatic plants which may possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of interest in thye food and cosmetic industries as well as in the human health field. In this work, a review was done on the most recent publications concerning their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. At the same time a survey of the methods generally used for the evaluation of antioxidant activity and some of the mechanisms involved in the anti-inflammatory activities of essential oils are also reported.

This paper presents researches regarding the content of essential oils, flavonoids, polyphenolic and phenolic compounds in leaf parsley from an organic culture and the methods of extraction used for determinations. The obtained results highlight the medicinal properties of parsley, both the alimentary and economic importance, as a vegetable aromatic plant used for human consumption worlwide.

Meeting consumer concerns and preferences for fresh and safely processed fisheries products free of chemical and synthetic preservatives is a challenge for the aqua-food industry. As such, natural preservatives from plant and animal origin including chitosan, essential oils (EOs), plant extracts and lactic acid bacteria have attracted considerable interest recently. These preservatives have antimicrobial and antioxidant properties that can retard spoilage, uphold product quality and safety as well as extend the storage shelf-life of fish and seafood. Chitosan and EOs have been successfully used in edible coatings, film wrapping and dipping solutions. The present review focuses on the effectiveness of chitosan, EOs and other natural preservatives intended for prolonging the shelf-life of fisheries products, and maintaining their freshness and quality. Moreover, the mechanisms of action of natural additives, harmful impacts of chemical preservatives and status of aquatic food preserva...

Lantana camara Linn. (Verbenaceae) is used traditionally for its numerous medicinal properties such as antimalarial, antibacterial, anticancer and anti-inflammatory. In the present study, we investigated the chemical composition of essential oil from the leaves of L. camara (LCEO) occurring in the Republic of Benin (West Africa) in comparison with LCEOs from other regions; evaluated its sedative effects in mice via inhalation administration; and identified the compounds responsible for activity. LCEO was extracted by hydrodistillation and chemical analyses of the oil were performed by GC and GC/MS. The oil was dominated by monoterpene hydrocarbons (60.58%) and oxygenated monoterpenes (33.39%), among which sabinene (38.81%) and 1,8-cineole (28.90%) were the most abundant. LCEO administered via inhalation to mice significantly decreased locomotor activity in a dose-dependent manner, mainly at the doses of 0.0004 and 0.04 mg per 400 μL of triethyl citrate (TEC). The oil was fractionated to give two fractions, which were further investigated, and revealed that both sabinene and 1,8-cineole were the principal active compounds. The results of the present study indicated that via inhalation administration, LCEO and its main constituents could be considered as promising candidates for the management of dementia, insomnia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and other central nervous system-associated diseases.

The essential oils from the dried leaves, pseudostems and rhizomes of Alpinia conchigera Griff. (KL 5049), collected from Jeli province of Kelantan, east coast of Peninsular Malaysia, were isolated by hydrodistillation. The collected oils were analyzed by capillary GC and GC-MS. Forty one compounds were identified, among which 13 have not been detected previously. The leaf, pseudostem and rhizome oils afforded 40, 33 and 39 constituents, respectively. The most abundant components in the leaf oil included b-bisabolene (15.3%), b-pinene (8.2%), b-sesquiphellandrene (7.6%), chavicol (7.5%) and b-elemene (6.0%), while b-bisabolene (19.9%), b-sesquiphellandrene (11.3%), b-caryophyllene (8.8%) and b-elemene (4.7%) were the main components in the pseudostem. In the rhizome, 1,8-cineole (17.9%), b-bisabolene (13.9%), b-sesquiphellandrene (6.8%) and b-elemene (4.0%) were the major components. The essential oils were also subjected to antifungal and antibacterial tests, using the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) method. Results revealed weak inhibitions against the microorganisms tested.

This paper explores the number learning in 2006 of over 7000 children in the Ballarat Diocese for the purpose of identifying any issues that may inform the development of a Diocesan professional learning plan. The data for each grade level were examined to find if there were any apparent learning, teaching, or curriculum issues. The study found that there was a spread of knowledge within each grade level, and that there were groups of students who may be vulnerable. In particular, it was found that notable numbers of students beginning Grade 6 were not yet able to read, write, order, and interpret four-digit numbers nor use reasoning-based strategies for calculations in addition and subtraction, and multiplication and division. These findings need to inform the professional learning plan.

The essential oil of Piper majusculum from Piperaceae family was obtained by hydrodistillation technique in a Dean-Stark apparatus. The GC and GC-MS analysis of the essential oil had identified twelve components accounting for 93.79% of the total oil. The major components were β-caryophyllene (17.27%), caryophyllene oxide (14.26%), α-selinene (14.21%) and cis-calamenene (9.62%). This is the first report on the volatile components of P. majusculum.

Essential oils are being increasingly utilised as a biorational element in integrated pest management regimes. Whereas there has been much research on the effects of these oils on mortality and behaviour of pestiferous molluscs, insects and nematodes, there has (to the present authors' knowledge) been no research into their effects on the mortality and behaviour of beneficial nematodes. We address this lacuna by conducting laboratory assays on the behaviour (thrashing assays) and mortality of 13 essential oils plus controls of Tween and water on the malacophagous nematode Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita and two species of entomopathogenic nematodes, namely: Steinernema feltiae and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora. Mortality results showed an "all or nothing" response with only three oils-pine oil, peppermint and lemongrass-displaying intermediate mortalities. Also, toxicity of essential oils was conserved across phylogenetically quite distinct beneficial nematode species with oil toxicity largely being repeated across the three beneficial nematodes. Thrashing assays confirmed the toxic effects of certain oils. We recommend that the effects of essential oils be tested on beneficial organisms in ecosystems before choices are made over which oils should be used. The present paper highlights some oils which are not toxic to beneficial nematodes but may affect their behaviour. Research should focus on these oils as part of a biorational control programme for pestiferous molluscs and insects.

This paper aimed to evaluate the fungicidal activity of essential oil from two Brazilian savannah species (Lippia origanoides Kunth and L. lacunosa Mart. & Schauer) and from clove [Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L. M. Perry], tested against two wood decay fungi (Gloeophyllum trabeum and Trametes versicolor). Additionally, it was tested an adapted diffusion method along with digital images to assess the biological response. Four essential oil concentrations (100, 50, 25 and 12.5%) were tested. It was found that the essential oil from L. origanoides showed the highest fungicidal activity against G. trabeum and T. versicolor in any concentration tested. This activity is attributed to thymol, the major component of L. origanoides, and its several modes of action. L. lacunosa also showed fungicidal activity but dependent on the concentration used. The results showed that, in some cases, the essential oils presented higher inhibitions indexes than a commercial fungicide. The use of digital images has demonstrated the feasibility of making easier biological essays especially those in which there is growth without a specific geometric shape. Besides that, it gives a more sensibility and reliability to the process, since it is more accurate than human visual measurement.

Oregano ( Thymbra capitata and Origanum vulgare) essential oils (EOs), cultivated and extracted in the South-East of Spain, were analysed by GC/MS to determine their composition. ( E)-β-Caryophyllene (0.5–4.9%), thymol (0.2–5.8%), p-cymene (3.8–8.2%), γ-terpinene (2.1–10.7%) and carvacrol (58.7–77.4%) were determined as the main molecules. This characterisation was completed with enantioselective gas chromatography, where (-)-( E)-β-caryophyllene, (+)-α-pinene and (+)-β-pinene were determined as the main enantiomers. Antioxidant activity was evaluated positively by several methods, accounting for activity against free radicals and reducing power. Important inhibitory activity on lipoxygenase (LOX) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was observed supporting potential anti-inflammatory, anti-Alzheimer and insecticidal activities, mainly due to carvacrol. These properties support the potential use of oregano EOs as natural cosmetic and natural pharmaceutical ingredients.

Essential oils are volatile, natural, complex mixtures of compounds characterized by a strong odour and formed by aromatic plants as secondary metabolites. The chemical composition of the essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation from the whole plant of Pulicaria inuloides grown in Yemen and collected at full flowering stage were analyzed by Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Several oil components were identified based upon comparison of their mass spectral data with those of reference compounds. The main components identified in the oil were 47.34% of 2-Cyclohexen-1-one, 2-methyl-5-(1-methyl with Hexadecanoic acid (CAS) (12.82%) and Ethane, 1,2-diethoxy-(9.613%). In this study, mineral contents of whole plant of P. inuloides were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy.

The Centella asiatica is known as Gotukola. The essential oil is extracted by Clevenger apparatus. The oil yield from whole plant C. asiatica is 0.8 mL in 1 Kg. The essential oil is analyzed by GC-MS. There are 43 volatile compounds are identified from essential oil of C. asiatica. P-Cymene-(44%) is the predominant compound in essential oil of C. asiatica.

Agroecological production has been increasing a lot in recent years, confirming the need for safer and more effective measures to control agricultural pests through the use of natural products such as essential oils. This study aimed to evaluate the chemical composition of the essential oil of Bauhinia forficata flowers, its antifungal activity, as well as its effect on the germination of Curcubita maxima seeds. The essential oil was extracted by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-EM). They were later evaluated at different concentrations for antifungal activity against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Rhizopus microsporus and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. In the germination development assay, the seeds of C. maxima were immersed
in different doses of essential oil and their germination and developments were compared with commercial
fungicide Vitavax thiram®. The major compounds identified were guaia-1(10),11-diene (66.17%), α-pinene (14.06%) and β-pinene (4.14%). The essential oil from the flowers of B. forficata at the highest concentrations
inhibited the mycelial growth of the fungi R. Microsporus, C. gloeosporioides and S. Sclerotiorum by 37.71%; 73.7% and 25.74%, respectively. The essential oil from B. forficata flowers at a dose of 30 µL favored germination and seedling development without significant difference compared to the commercial fungicide Vitavax thiram ®,
which implies greater and healthier production. These results indicate that the essential oil of B. forficata has positive aspects for agroecological production, which leads to great evolutionary perspectives for the sustainable environment.

The essential oil of the bark of Cinnamomum altissimum Kosterm. obtained by hydrodistillation was analyzed by capillary GC and GC-MS. The oil was characterized by linalool (36.0%), methyl eugenol (12.8%), limonene (8.3%), a-terpineol (7.8%) and terpinen-4-ol (6.4%). The content of total phenolics in the extracts was determined spectrometrically according to the Folin-Ciocalteu procedure and calculated as gallic acid equivalents (GAE). A total phenolic compound was 50.41 ± 0.98 lg GAE/mg oil. The extract displayed antioxidant activities, with an IC 50 value of 38.5 ± 4.72 lg/ml, using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, and 345.2 ± 14.8 lM Fe (II)/g dry mass using ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) assay.

The biological activity of essential oils and their major components is well documented. Essential oils such as oregano and cinnamon are known for their effect against bacteria, fungi, and even viruses. The mechanism of action is proposed to be related to membrane and external cell structures, including cell walls. This study aimed to evaluate the biological activity of seven essential oils and eight of their major components against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, filamentous fungi, and protozoans. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated by determination of the Minimal Inhibitory Concentration for Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, Salmonella Typhimurium, Shigella sonnei, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus ochraceus, Alternaria alternata, and Fusarium oxysporium, the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) for Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania mexicana, and the median lethal dose (LD50) for Giardia lamblia. Results showed that oregano essential oil showed the best antibacterial activity (66-100 µg/mL), while cinnamon essential oil had the best fungicidal activity (66-116 µg/mL), and both showed excellent antiprotozoal activity (22-108 µg/mL). Regarding the major components, thymol and carvacrol were also good antimicrobials (23-200 µg/mL), and cinnamaldehyde was an antifungal compound (41-75 µg/mL). The major components were grouped according to their chemical structure as phenylpropanoids, terpenoids, and terpinenes. The statistical analysis of the grouped data demonstrated that protozoans were more susceptible to the essential oils, followed by fungi, Grampositive bacteria, and Gram-negative bacteria. The analysis for the major components showed that the most resistant microbial group was fungi, which was followed by bacteria, and protozoans were also more susceptible. Principal Component Analysis for the essential oils demonstrated the relationship between the biological activity and the microbial group tested, with the first three components explaining 94.3% of the data variability. The chemical structure of the major components was also related to the biological activity presented against the microbial groups tested, where the three first principal components accounted for 91.9% of the variability. The external structures and the characteristics of the cell membranes in the different microbial groups are determinant for their susceptibility to essential oils and their major components.

Cymbopogon schoenanthus L. Spreng, is an aromatic herb consumed in salads and used to prepare traditional meat recipes in Tunisia. The chemical composition, antioxidant activities and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory properties of the essential oils from fresh leaves, dried leaves and roots collected from three different locations in southern Tunisia, were evaluated. Essential oils were analysed by GC-mass spectrometry and 13 C NMR. The major components were limonene (10.5-27.3%), b-phellandrene (8.2-16.3%), d-terpinene (4.3-21.2%) and a-terpineol (6.8-11.0%). Antioxidant activity was measured by DPPH assay. The results ranged from 36.0% to 73.8% (2 ll of essential oil per mL of test solution).

Nanocrystals prepared from bacterial cellulose are considered as ‘green nanomaterials’ depending on their renewable nature and ease of production without the involvement of hazardous chemical treatments. It turns out that cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) derived from wood pulp extract can be used to create one of the strongest materials known to man. The material is lightweight, cheap, and abundant.  Found in forest by-products such as sawdust and wood chips, CNC could be used to create materials with applications in military defense, engineering, medicine, and consumer products.
It is reported that a top down approach was followed for the preparation of bacterial cellulose nanocrystals (BCNC) using a commercially available cellulase enzyme so as to retain native properties of bacterial cellulose even in its nano dimensional form. The morphological and dimensional parameters of BCNC had been studied using atomic force microscope (AFM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). Thermal properties of BCNC produced using the novel enzyme treatment and conventional sulfuric acid hydrolysis was compared. The thermal stability of enzyme processed BCNC was almost two fold higher than sulfuric acid processed ones. Further, the activation energy required for decom¬position of enzyme processed BCNC was much higher than the other. Using this enzyme processed BCNC Poly Vinyl Alcohol (PVA) nano-composite films were prepared and characterized. Incorporation of these nanocrystals in polymer matrix resulted in a remarkable improvement in the thermal stability as well as mechanical properties of nano-composite films. These nano-composites exhibited higher melting temperature (Tm) and enthalpy of melting (ΔHm) than those of pure PVA, suggesting that the addition of nanocrystals modified the thermal properties of PVA. The effective load transfer from polymer chains to the BCNC resulted in an improved tensile strength from 62.5 MPa to 128 MPa, by the addition of just 4 wt% of BCNC. Furthermore, the elastic modulus was found to increase from 2 GPa to 3.4 GPa. The BCNC obtained through cellulose treatment under controlled conditions were associated with several desirable properties and appear to be superior over the conventional methods of nanocrystals production. The enzymatic method is expected to contribute the fabrication of high performance polymer nano-composites in a much greener and innovative manner.

Essential oils (EOs) have been traditionally used as ancient remedies to treat many health disorders due to their enormous biological activities. As mainstream allopathic medication currently used for CNS disorders is associated with adverse effects, the search to obtain safer alternatives as compared to the currently marketed therapies is of tremendous significance. Research conducted suggests that concurrent utilization of allopathic medicines and EOs is synergistically beneficial. Due to their inability to show untoward effects, various scientists have tried to elucidate the pharmacological mechanisms by which these oils exert beneficial effects on the CNS. In this regard, our review aims to improve the understanding of EOs’ biological activity on the CNS and to highlight the significance of the utilization of EOs in neuronal disorders, thereby improving patient acceptability of EOs as therapeutic agents. Through data compilation from library searches and electronic databases suc...

La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo evaluar el efecto del aceite esencial de Satureja brevicalyx, " muña del Inka " , usado en aromaterapia junto con la técnica de meditación mindfulness en el tratamiento de la ansiedad. Se realizó un estudio cuasiexperimental pretest y postest, con un muestra de 64 participantes, divididos aleatoriamente en cuatro gru-pos, constituyendo un grupo control y tres grupos experimentales. Los niveles de ansiedad fueron evaluados mediante el cuestionario STAI. Los niveles de ansiedad disminuyeron significativamente al usar la aromaterapia junto con la técnica de meditación mindfulness, encontrándose significancia estadística (p<0.05) en estos resultados.

The potential of the effluent waste produced in the distillation of eucalyptus leaves was evaluated as a natural material for the cotton dyeing. Selected physical-chemical parameters of the effluent and the concentrated were determined. The effluent and its concentrate showed acidic pH, and total solid content of, 3.4% and 48.1 % the content of condensed tannins, were 0.6% and 10.9%, respectively. The dyed fabric dye concentrations of 10 and 50%, based on the mass of the fabrics, had acceptable washing and light fastness according to test method CB-17, ABNT. After washing, the color change was evaluated as 3-4 for both concentrations. The multi-fiber fabric staining was greater than 4 for both concentrations. In the light fastness test, the color change was 2-3 and 3, at concentrations 10% and 50% respectively. The results showed that this solid waste has potential for cotton dyeing, with washing fastness properties acceptable by the textile industry. Further study is required to in...

This paper explores the number learning in 2006 of over 7000 children in the Ballarat Diocese for the purpose of identifying any issues that may inform the development of a Diocesan professional learning plan. The data for each grade level were examined to find if there were any apparent learning, teaching, or curriculum issues. The study found that there was a spread of knowledge within each grade level, and that there were groups of students who may be vulnerable. In particular, it was found that notable numbers of students beginning Grade 6 were not yet able to read, write, order, and interpret four-digit numbers nor use reasoning-based strategies for calculations in addition and subtraction, and multiplication and division. These findings need to inform the professional learning plan.

Tanacetum parthenium L. known as feverfew is a medicinal herb which is found in many old gardens. It has been used in folk medicine for reducing fever. Feverfew is a member of the daisy family; it is used primarily to prevent migraine headaches and to treat rheumatoid arthritis.It hasa colorless essential oil that contains one or more of the sesquiterpene lactones as active principle. Tanasetum parthenium cultivated in Iran, were extracted with hydro-distillation and steam distillation and their chemical essential oils composition were investigated by GC/MS. Major components obtained in hydro-distilled method were camphor (36.2%), isoborneol (20.3%), bornyl acetate (14.3%), champhene (8.1%),p-cymene(5.1%) and in steam distilled method were camphor (20.9%), bornyl acetate (14.24%), isobornyl isovalerate (7.1%), bornyl 2-methylbutyrate (5.9%),p-allylanisole (6.3%). The yield of essential oil with hydro-distillation was 0.05% and for steam distillation were 0.12%.

Fifteen essential oils, four essential oil fractions, and three pure compounds (thymol, carvacrol, and eugenol), characterized by gas chromatography and gas chromatography−mass spectrometry, were investigated for biological and nonbiological antioxidant activity. Clove oil and eugenol showed strong DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free-radical scavenging activity (IC 50 = 13.2 μg/mL and 11.7 μg/mL, respectively) and powerfully inhibited reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in human neutrophils stimulated by PMA (phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate) (IC 50 = 7.5 μg/mL and 1.6 μg/mL) or H 2 O 2 (IC 50 = 22.6 μg/mL and 27.1 μg/mL). Nutmeg, ginger, and palmarosa oils were also highly active on this test. Essential oils from clove and ginger, as well as eugenol, carvacrol, and bornyl acetate inhibited NO (nitric oxide) production (IC 50 < 50.0 μg/mL). The oils of clove, red thyme, and Spanish oregano, together with eugenol, thymol, and carvacrol showed the highest myeloperoxidase inhibitory activity. Isomers carvacrol and thymol displayed a disparate behavior in some tests. All in all, clove oil and eugenol offered the best antioxidant profile.

Background: There is a continuing search for compuounds to improve the chemical plaque inhibitory action of oral hygiene products. Although the antibacterial effects of chlorhexidine (CHX) and essential oils components, citral/ myrcene, have been described, there is contradictory information regarding their cytotoxic effects in host tissues. This study aimed to evaluate the cytotoxic activity of the major components of the oil C. citratus, citral and myr-cene on human periodontal ligament fibroblast (HPLF) cultures and their antimicrobial effect on different bacterial species present in supragingival biofilm. Materials and methods: Cytotoxicity of the compounds to HPLF was determined by MTT assay. Antimicrobial activity was tested against reference strains of Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus rham-nosus and for S. mutans clinical strains by broth microdilution assay. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Games-Howell post-hoc multiple comparison or unpaired t tests were used for inter-and intragroup comparisons. Results: Overall, all of the compounds under study showed a cytotoxic effect to HPLF which varied in a dose-de-pendant manner. Whilst myrcene did not show bacteriostatic activity at tested concentrations, both citral and CHX exhibited bacteriostatic/bactericidal effects to all strains at specific concentrations, being CHX most effective to inhibit bacterial growth at lower concentrations than what observed for citral. Conclusions: Based on these findings, it would possible to conclude that whereas myrcene might be ineffective to control bacterial growth, citral could have a promising antimicrobial activity against dental colonizers with low cytotoxicity, and may be useful for preventing the onset and progression of oral diseases.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the chemical composition and biological activity of the oil from
the  fruits  of Galium  tricornutum subsp. tricornutum,  traditionally  used  in  northern  areas  of  Pakistan  for
treating microbial infections of skin and throat problems and is locally know as Khoug Jeshay. By GC/
MS  analysis,  the  main  components  of  the  hydrodistilled  oil  were  found  to  be  oleic  acid,  eicosyl  ester
(12.7%),  9-octadecanoic  acid  (Z)-,  tetradecyl  ester  (12.3%),  hexadecanoic  acid  (5.6%),  9-octadecanoic
acid  (Z),  2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)  ethyl  ester  (5.5%),  hexadecanoic  acid,  1-(hydroxymethyl)-1,2-ethanediyl ester (5.2%), 4H-1-benzopyran-4-one, 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-6,8-di-a`-D-glucopyranosyl-5,7-dihydroxy-(3.6%)myrtenol (2.3%) and 9-octadecanoic acid (Z)-, tetradecyl ester(2%). The oil was tested
against six stains of bacteria and showed activity against Escherichia coli. Among five fungal strains, Candida
albicanswas susceptible to the essential oil with 20% inhibition. The oil showed no cytotoxicity against
Artemia salinaand a non-significant phytotoxic activity against Lemna minor

This creative nonfiction essay describes a personal oddessy of training in the therapeutic use of essential oils, going in one year from knowing absolutely zero on this topic to 'expert' level. Personal anecdotes are interspersed with technical information, and a case is made for 'aromatic medicine' being the 'medicine of the future'. Includes a discussion of the differences between the 'aromatherapy' of the English-speaking world and the 'aromatic medicine' of France, as practiced by medical doctors as a specialty of medicine.

Context: Physiologically, memory is created by changes in the synaptic conductivity from one neuron to the next neuron, leading to the emergence of new or facilitating pathways to guide messages in the neuronal circuits of the brain. Throughout the life in today’s industrial conditions in which memory impairment is occurring at a faster pace, humans seek to figure out methods that prevent the development of related disorders and improve memory. The role of medicinal plants in learning and memory is one of the areas that have drawn substantial attention. Hence, this study introduces some of the most effective medicinal plants with memory improving properties according to Iranian ethnobotanical documents.

Aim: To analyze some of the most effective medicinal plants with memory-enhancing properties according to the Iranian ethnobotanical documents.

Methods: The data for this systematic review were collected from six popular databases including Institute for Scientific Information, PubMed, Google Scholar, Scientific Information Database, Magiran, and Scopus and included in the search terms the words “memory enhancement”, “ethnobotany”, “herbal drug”, “Iran”, “medicinal plants”, “extracts”, and “essential oils”. The present dataset finally included 43 published articles.

Results: Based on the available evidence of the studies on Iranian ethnobotany, certain medicinal plants such as Achillea wilhelmsii, Avena sativa, Boswellia papyrifera, Erucaria hispanica, Helianthus annuus, Ixiolirion tataricum, Lagochilus acutilobus, Pistacia atlantica, Pistacia khinjuk, Sinapis abyssinica, Spinacia oleracea, and Vicia sativa are among the plants that improve the mind.

Conclusions: According to the findings found in this review, there is evidence that the plants that grow in Iranian territory have beneficial effects on the memory enhancement.

The antibacterial effects of Thymus vulgaris (Lamiaceae), Lavandula angustifolia (Lamiaceae), and Calamintha nepeta (Lamiaceae) Savi subsp. nepeta var. subisodonda (Borb.) Hayek essential oils on five different bacteria were estimated. Laboratory control strain and clinical isolates from different pathogenic media were researched by broth microdilution method, with an emphasis on a chemical composition-antibacterial activity relationship. The main constituents of thyme oil were thymol (59.95%) and p-cymene (18.34%). Linalool acetate (38.23%) and β-linalool (35.01%) were main compounds in lavender oil. C. nepeta essential oil was characterized by a high percentage of piperitone oxide (59.07%) and limonene (9.05%). Essential oils have been found to have antimicrobial activity against all tested microorganisms. Classification and comparison of essential oils on the basis of their chemical composition and antibacterial activity were made by utilization of appropriate chemometric methods. The chemical principal component analysis (PCA) and hierachical cluster analysis (HCA) separated essential oils into two groups and two sub-groups. Thyme essential oil forms separate chemical HCA group and exhibits highest antibacterial activity, similar to tetracycline. Essential oils of lavender and C. nepeta in the same chemical HCA group were classified in different groups, within antibacterial PCA and HCA analyses. Lavender oil exhibits higher antibacterial ability in comparison with C. nepeta essential oil, probably based on the concept of synergistic activity of essential oil components.

05.- Editorial: 10.- Diet, Immunity, and Microbiota Interactions: An Integrative Analysis of the Intestine Transcriptional Response and Microbiota Modulation in Gilthead Seabream (Sparus aurata) Fed an Essential Oils-Based Functional Diet 29.- Carvacrol, Thymol, and Garlic Essential Oil Promote Skin Innate Immunity in Gilthead Seabream (Sparus aurata) Through the Multifactorial Modulation of the Secretory Pathway and Enhancement of Mucus Protective Capacity 48.- Methionine and Tryptophan Play Different Modulatory Roles in the European Seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) Innate Immune Response and Apoptosis Signaling—An In Vitro Study 65.- Dietary Phytogenics and Galactomannan Oligosaccharides in Low Fish Meal and Fish Oil-Based Diets for European Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) Juveniles: Effects on Gill Structure and Health and Implications on Oxidative Stress Status 80.- Oral Administration of Lactococcus lactis Producing Interferon Type II, Enhances the Immune Response Against Bacterial Pathogens in Rainbow Trout. 92.- GAS1: A New β-Glucan Immunostimulant Candidate to Increase Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Resistance to Bacterial Infections With Aeromonas salmonicida achromogenes 108.- Lactococcus lactis Expressing Type I Interferon From Atlantic Salmon Enhances the Innate Antiviral Immune Response In Vivo and In Vitro 124.- The Spleen as a Target to Characterize Immunomodulatory Effects of Down-Stream Processed Cyberlindnera jadinii Yeasts in Atlantic Salmon Exposed to a Dietary Soybean Meal Challenge 136.- Vaccination of Gilthead Seabream After Continuous Xenoestrogen Oral Exposure Enhances the Gut Endobolome and Immune Status via GPER1 153.- Essential Oils Improve the Survival of Gnotobiotic Brine Shrimp (Artemia franciscana) Challenged With Vibrio campbellii 171.- Sinomenine Hydrochloride Ameliorates Fish Foodborne Enteritis via α7nAchR-Mediated Anti-Inflammatory Effect Whilst Altering Microbiota Composition.

Allergies have existed for over fifty years, and different people have different allergens that trigger to an allergy. The body is very sensitive, and it is caused to overreact when something in the environment doesn’t work well with the human body. The disease must be controlled to avoid death occurrence or other worse situations.

Many studies have shown that a large number of terpenoids and aromatic compounds contained in essential oils have significant anticancer activities, both on cell lines and on tumors in animals. The activity of these constituents is related to the activation of cell death (apoptosis) induced by the caspases proteins in cancer cells, with minor modifications of healthy cells. Many phenomena seem to occur, among which are as follows: overexpression and regulation of liver detoxification enzymes, changes in the membrane potential of cancer cells and mitochondria, production of free radicals in cancer cells, inhibition of angiogenesis, and modification of tumor-inducing genes. These active essential oil constituents appear to act synergistically with conventional chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and some clinical studies in humans are beginning to be realized. In this review, we discuss about the antitumoral activity of 13 essential oil components selected among the most studied in the literature, with a focus on their possible mode of action. We also report current data on the anticancer properties of several total essential oils.

The medicinal and preservative uses of clove (syzygium aromaticum) have been claimed for centuries and it was valued by the people of ancient times for its beneficial health effects. This study was conducted to evaluate the antibacterial activity of aqueous extract of clove against clinical and foodborne isolates. In vitro antibacterial activity of different concentrations (40, 35, 30, 25, 20, 15, 10 and 5%) ranged from 400 mg/ml to 50 mg/ml of aqueous extract of clove was investigated against five clinical isolates including Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi and Streptococcus pyogenes and one foodborne isolate Salmonella enterica ATCC 14028. Agar well diffusion assay and filter paper disk diffusion assay were used to determine the growth inhibition. MICs and MBCs/MLCs were evaluated by broth dilution method. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed by Kirby-Bauer Disk Diffusion Susceptibility Test. The aqueous extract of clove exhibited strong inhibition against S. enterica ATCC 14028, E. coli , K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, S. typhi And S. pyogenes. The maximum diameters of zones of inhibition that were measured ranged between 23-20 mm/100 µl in well diffusion assay and 12-11 mm/10 µl in filter paper disk diffusion assay for 40% (400 mg/ml) concentration of aqueous extract. The minimum concentration of extract that checked for growth inhibition was 50 mg/ml and was inhibitory and effective in well diffusion assay. The MBC of clove extract was found to be 40 mg/ml for P. aeruginosa, 70 mg/ml for S. typhi, 80 mg/ml for S. enterica ATCC 14028 and E. coli and 90 mg/ml for S. pyogenes. The MICs were also recorded. In conclusion, since the aqueous extract of clove has bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity against all test isolates that were resistant against various antibiotics tested, so its effective use can be made in therapy for infections caused by these organisms as in recent years multidrug resistance has emerged among pathogenic bacteria against antibiotic therapy. Moreover, as spice extract showed remarkable activity against S. enterica atcc 14028 and E. coli which are pathogenic and important food spoilage organisms so it may also provide an alternative to conventional antibacterial food additives.

Cite this article as: Abd El-Wahab, M.A.; Toaima, W.I.M. and Hamed, E.S. (2016). Effect of different planting locations in Egypt on volatile oil of geranium (Pelargonium graveolens L.) plant. Journal of basic and applied Research 2(4): 522-533 Like us on Facebook-CLICK HERE Join us on academia-CLICK HERE Visit JBAAR on Google Scholar-CLICK HERE

The antimicrobial activity of hydrosols of the leaves and fruit peels of some plants have been assessed. The purpose of this study was to determine the antimicrobial potency of the hydrosols of leaves of Cymbopogon nardus, Chromolaena odorata, Ocimum gratissimum, Cymbopogon citratus, and fruit peels of Citrus sinensis and Citrus aurantifolia against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, Bacillus subtilis and Enterococcus faecalis. The hydrosols were obtained by hydrodistillation of the leaves and peels. The agar well-diffusion method was employed for the determination of antimicrobial activity. The results showed that the hydrosol from fresh fruit peels of Citrus aurantifolia exhibited antimicrobial activity against all the tested organisms. However, Hydrosols from dried Cymbopogon nardus leaves, fresh and dried Citrus sinensis fruit peels, dried Chromolaena odorata leaves, and fresh Cymbopogon citratus leaves exhibited no antimicrobial activity. The nature of the leaf and peel, fresh or dried, had impact on the antimicrobial activity. The results suggests that some of the hydrosols of the plants studied could be exploited for their antimicrobial activity against bacteria and fungi.

Essential oils (EOs) are the volatile lipophilic components extracted from plants. Many EOs have demonstrated strong
antimicrobial properties when tested in in vitro experiments. The commercial applications of these EOs require a suit-
able formulation constituted by biodegradable compounds that protect them from degradation and evaporation at the
same time that allows for a sustained release. The objective of this study was therefore to reduce the rate of evaporation
of the oil via microencapsulation. Alginate microspheres (AMSs) were prepared using emulsion extrusion method. The
AMSs were hardened with a cross-linking agent, calcium chloride. The effects of the three variables: alginate concen-
tration (0.5% - 8%), the amount of cross-linking agent (0.125% - 2%) and time of cross-linking (5 - 30 min.) on loading
capacity and encapsulation efficiency (EE, %) were studied. The effect of the amount of cross-linker was significant on
loading capacity (%) and EE (%). The AMSs under the optimized conditions provided loading capacity of 22% - 24%
and EE of 90% - 94% based on type of EO. The antifungal activity of vapors of microencapsulated and non-microen-
capsulated oils were evaluated against two of pathogenic fungi species for stored grains: Aspergillus niger and Fusa-
rium verticillioides. The optimized MSs were observed to have a sustained in vitro release profile (50% of the antifun-
gal activity was maintained at the 8th day of the study). In conclusion, encapsulation in Ca-alginate microspheres may
effectively reduce the evaporation rate of essential oils, thus increase the potential antifungal activity.

The study examines the interaction and feedback mechanism between agricultural and oil sectors with output in Nigeria from 1981 to 2012, using vector auto regression (VAR) methodology. Output response to OIL revenue innovation was only additive in the shortest. Output response to agriculture output exhibited positive effect of economic development through investing in the agricultural sector even from the gains from the oil sector in as oil shock showed positive response in the agricultural sector in Nigeria. Conclusively, the three economic variables are vital economic mix for economic development in Nigeria and policies and planning be optimised for economic progress.

Countries in the elite of European medicinal plants growers, use technologies that involve a high degree of mechanization/automation of operations based on modern machines in order to increase productivity and obtain quality vegetable material. Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L., fam. Lamiaceae) is a perennial Mediterranean plant, well acclimatized in Romania. The quality of the hyssop vegetal production obtained is influenced by a series of pedoclimatic factors, the quality of the material used for the establishment of a crop (seedlings, cuttings, etc.), the varieties and the chemical used, etc. In addition, agricultural practices such as spacing and harvesting have a critical effect on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of this species, resulting in plant growth and development as well as yields. This paper presents, on the one hand, the experimental researches carried out within INMA Bucharest regarding the mechanized harvesting technology of hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L., fam. Lamiaceae), using low-capacity equipment for small plots. On the other hand, it is presented the technology of processing the obtained raw material, to evaluate the possibilities of use, to find new directions of application and exploitation (e.g.: ecological agriculture, plant protection, etc.). The proposed method of efficiency for the exploitation of hyssop is based on the application of a process based on pressure water to produce essential oil and hydrosol (floral water), products with high market value. Preliminary tests on oil and hydrosol (floral water) obtained from hyssop have shown their antimicrobial capacity on phytopathogenic bacteria and/or fungi. 47. SIMPOZIJ AKTUALNI ZADACI MEHANIZACIJE POLJOPRIVREDE Prethodno priopćenje Preliminary communication

The present study focused on inhibitory activity of freshly extracted essential oils from three legal (THC b 0.2% w/v) hemp varieties (Carmagnola, Fibranova and Futura) on microbial growth. The effect of different sowing times on oil composition and biological activity was also evaluated. Essential oils were distilled and then characterized through the gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Thereafter, the oils were compared to standard reagents on a broad range inhibition of microbial growth via minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay. Microbial strains were divided into three groups: i) Gram (+) bacteria, which regard to food-borne pathogens or gastrointestinal bacteria, ii) Gram (−) bacteria and iii) yeasts, both being involved in plant interactions. The results showed that essential oils of industrial hemp can significantly inhibit the microbial growth, to an extent depending on variety and sowing time. It can be concluded that essential oils of industrial hemp, especially those of Futura, may have interesting applications to control spoilage and food-borne pathogens and phytopathogens microorganisms.