Ethnic Turks in Bulgaria

This research looks at the Medeniyet, a Turkish newspaper, launched in 1933 in Bulgaria. The goal is to show historical and political contexts of the newspaper , published in Ottoman language and opposing to Kemalists in Turkey, and discover main topics of its first ten issues. Research draws upon primary sources, never examined thoroughly before. At the end, all titles of the issues are given in modern Turkish transcription and in translation to English.

Elinizdeki kitap Doç. Dr. Bülent YILDIRIM’ın muhtelif tarihlerde Bulgaristan ve Bulgaristan Türkleri ile ilgili kaleme aldığı makale ve tebliğlerden oluşmakla birlikte kronolojik olarak okuyucunun zihninde bir bütünlük sağlayacak şekilde yeniden düzenlenmiştir. Balkan Savaşları dönemini ihtiva eden birinci bölümde Türkiye’de ilk defa yazar tarafından 2010 yılında Bulgaristan Askeri Tarih Arşivi belgeleri ve Türk Arşiv belgeleriyle mukayeseli olarak ortaya konan Balkan Savaşlarında Bulgar Ordusundaki Gönüllü Taşnak Ermeni Bölüğü ele alındıktan sonra Balkan Savaşları sırasında Bulgar Ordusunun Rodoplar, Batı ve Doğu Trakya’daki harekâtları ile buralarda yaşanan olaylar iki  ayrı başlık halinde incelenmiştir.  Eserin ikinci bölümünde ise Atatürk döneminde Bulgaristan’daki Müslüman Türk azınlığın göçleri, uğradıkları baskılar, suikastlar, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin Bulgaristan Türklerinin sorunları ve uğradıkları baskılara karşı diplomatik çabaları, buradaki Türk azınlığın Türkiye ile birlikte Latin harflerine geçiş sürecinde Türkiye’nin aynî ve nakdî yardımları gibi hususları ihtiva eden konular ile ilgili çalışmalara yer verilmiştir.

• The paper examines aspects of a key question in Bulgarian public education: rethinking and restructuring multicultural education through new experiments with bilingual education for ethnic minority pupils whose home language is not Bulgarian. This means attention in the main to the literacy needs (and language rights) of ethnic speakers of Turkish and Romani, seeing them as “emergent bilinguals,” and as marginalized minorities, in need of “literacy with an attitude” (Finn, 1999), firmly grounded on their own home language, Mother Tongue First! I argue that the time is ripe, after 26 years of ‘transitional’ chaos within capitalist ‘democracy’ restored on the ruins of Bulgarian socialism, for a paradigm shift in language policy in the schools, also rethinking multicultural education for identity-building and mutual tolerance within the context of class conscious pedagogies for social change. In Bulgaria, such multicultural values face a formidable challenge given the powerful anti-Ottoman narrative on which Bulgarian national history and modern identity are grounded.

Съдържание Предговор / 13 Част първа. Външна миграция в България / 23 1. Външномиграционни политики на централната власт в България и тяхното въздействие върху механичното движение и териториалното (пре)разпределение на населението по време на войните и през 20-те години на ХХ в. / 23 1.1. Задачи и извори на изследването / 24 1.2. Миграционна ситуация / 35 1.3. Външномиграционни политики / 43 Имиграционни политики по решаването на проблемите с българите бежанци / 44 Имиграционни политики, засягащи руските и арменските бежанци / 56 Емиграционни политики по изселване на гръцкото и турското население / 62 Външномиграционни политики, засягащи трудовата миграция / 65 1.4. Количествени измерения на въздействието на българските външномиграционни политики върху механичното движение и териториалното (пре)разпределение на населението / 73 Етническа структура на имиграционния поток и нейното въздействие 73 Динамика на имиграционните потоци / 89 Пространствена насоченост на бежанските потоци от българско етническо население / 93 Концентрация на бежанците и имигрантите / 114 Въздействие на политиките, засягащи трудовата имиграция / 119 Въздействие на споразуменията за размяна на население с Гърция и Турция / 120 Въздействие на Закона за емиграцията върху обема на трудовата емиграция / 126 1.5. Заключение / 133

The Ottoman Empire faced mass land losses in the Balkans especially in the 19th century. Newly established nation states were not tolerant towards Muslim and Turkish population who had been living the region for more than 5 centuries. One of the questions that young Turkish Rebublic inherited from the Ottoman Empire was protecting the rights of Turkish population that remained beyond its borders. Besides, the Muslim-Turkish minority’s adoptation of the reformation and novelties made in Turkey in the Balkans was thought to be essential in order to maintain cultural ties with them. In this study the transition of Turks in Bulgaria, which has the highest percentage of Turkish minority, to Latin alphabet was analysed scanning Prime Ministry Republic Archive and related literature.
Keywords: Republic of Turkey, Bulgaria, Latin Alphabet, Union of Turkish
Teachers

After leaving the administration of the Ottoman Empire, the Turkish population in Bulgaria had encountered a variety of oppression, intimidation and displacement methods during the separation process during the Ottoman Russian War of 1877- 1878 and later on. The situation of Turkey, which was relatively good in the early years of
the Republic of Turkey after World War I, began to deteriorate from the late 1920s on account of the hostile aggressive attitudes of the ultra- nationalist Bulgarian organizations. In this period, especially the leaders of the Turkish minority were targeted and numerous assassinations took place. However, when we look at today, about most of these murders have not received enough information. It was possible to conduct research about three assassinations we investigated in our work, because of the presence of archival materials and, in part, their
reflection on the press. In addition, these assassinations took place in the Rhodopes region in southern Bulgaria, where the mojority of the Turkish population is located. Hasan and Fevzi Beyler, who are in the position of the head of the township, and Hüseyin Galibov a deputy in the Bulgarian parliament of the time, were tried to be illuminated in the direction of the sources of return.
Key Words: Assassination, Turkish Minority in Bulgaria, Hasan Efendi, Feyzi Efendi, Hüseyin Galibov, Thracian Organization

K. Popek, Remarks on the Theories on the Origin of Muslims in Bulgarian Lands – Nineteenth-Century and Present Perspectives, „Studia z Dziejów Rosji i Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej \ Studies into the History of Russia and Central-Eastern Europe” (Warszawa) 2020, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 125–141. | The paper is aimed to present selected nineteenth-century theories about the origin of Muslims living in Bulgarian lands and to confront them with the present state of knowledge. The paper also presents concepts regarding two ethnic groups: the Bulgarian-speaking Muslims (the so-called Pomaks) and Turks.

Bu sempozyumun ana gerekçesi ani, kısa sürede ve kitlesel olarak gerçekleşen bir travmatik olayın boyutlarını zamanın mesafesinden yeniden ve bilimsel olarak değerlendirmektir. Amacımız nefret duygularını uyandırmak değil, bir daha bu gibi acıların yaşanmaması için olayları anmak, anlatmak, gelecek nesillere aktarmak ve yeni gelecek nesiller için kayıt altına almaktır.