Foundation

Modern dönemde bilim ve teknolojideki yeniliklerin edebiyatı da etkilemesinin bir neticesi olarak ortaya çıkan Bilim kurgu edebiyatı, günümüzde dünya çapında takip edilen ve popüler kültürde kendisine yer bulan bir tür olmuştur. Bilimkurgu, her ne kadar bilim ve teknolojiye dair öngörüler ve hayal gücü çerçevesinde tesis edilse de bu tür aynı zamanda toplumsal bilimlere yönelik söylemler de ortaya koymaktadır. Bilim kurgu edebiyatının en çok bilinen ve sevilen serilerinden biri olan Isaac Asimov’un Vakıf Serisi de bu doğrultuda bilimkurgu ögelerinin yanında ve onlara göre daha fazla olacak şekilde toplum ve siyasetle alakalı söylemler inşa etmiştir. Asimov’un, Edward Gibbon’un Roma İmparatorluğunun Gerileyişi ve Çöküşü serlevhalı eserinden mülhem bir şekilde kaleme aldığı Vakıf Serisi, bu manada bir bilimkurgu eseri olmanın yanında siyasetname olarak da okunabilecek niteliğe bürünmektedir. Bu hususta Asimov’un hususi katkısı, onun Vakıf Serisi’nde ürettiği ve toplumsal hareketlerin matematiksel bir dille formüle edilmesine dayandırdığı psikotarih bilimi çerçevesinde ortaya koyduğu zihniyette kendisini göstermektedir. Vakıf Serisi’nde insanlık dünyadan çıkmış, evrenin her yerindeki gezegenlere yerleşmiş ve bütün evren bir imparatorluk olarak yönetilir hâle gelmiştir. Bireylerin değil fakat toplumların tarihsel süreç içerisindeki değişim
ve dönüşümlerini matematiksel olarak ortaya koyan psikotarih bilimi doğrultusunda evreni yöneten imparatorluğun yok olacağı gözlemlendiğinden medeniyetin devam ettirilebilmesi amacı ile evrenin iki noktasındaki gezegenlere “Vakıf” adı verilen yapılar kurulmuştur. Bu yapılar öncelikli olarak diplomasi, din, bilim ve ticaret gibi ögeleri kullanarak başlangıçta varlıklarını muhafaza etmiş; ardından etkinlik alanlarını genişletmiştir. Bu doğrultuda çalışma, Asimov’un Vakıf Serisi’nin temel metni olan ve 1951-1953 yılları arasında neşredilmiş üçleme ile sınırlandırılmış ve bu seride siyaset ve toplum üzerine ortaya koyulan söylemlerin söylem analizi yöntemi ile tetkik
edilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmanın neticesinde varılan sonuç, edebiyat sahasındaki akademik çalışmalarda görece ihmal edilmiş bir tür olan bilim kurgu edebiyatının fantastik ögelerin yanında siyaset ve toplum gibi alanlar üzerine söylem ürettiği ve Asimov’un Vakıf Üçlemesi’nin bu hususta özel bir örnek teşkil ettiği olmuştur.

A shallow urban tunnel for public transportation, built in difficult subsoil conditions with EPB tunnel boring machine, was instrumented to monitor its geotechnical behavior during construction. The parameters that define soil response were measured before, during and after the construction process. Herein the instrumentation used for the tunnel is described, as well as the implementation of new measurement systems. Relevant charts are shown. Immediate tunnel deformations were monitored and used to verify the shield tunneling process. Using the gathered data, correlations were developed to assess the confining influence on the surrounding soil and to describe the stress state during TBM advance. Subsidence on nearby buildings was appraised and related to the grouting support effect. Relevant conclusions regarding instrumentation, grouting and soil subsidence are provided.

During these days, tall buildings have been widely used in semi-urban and urban areas of developed and developing countries, as they provide large space for commercial or residential use. The last two decades have seen a remarkable increase in construction of residential and commercial buildings. A significant number of these buildings have been constructed in the central region. There are a number of characteristics of buildings that can have a significant influence on foundation design, including such as the building weight increases non-linearly with increasing height, and thus the vertical load to be supported by the foundation, can be substantial by soil. Since the parameters are vary from place to place or different locality of earth crust. It is necessarily to evaluate and analysed this parameters The paper consist the study and prepared the summarised report based on different past research on analysis & design of foundation, assessment on soil bearing capacity and building design requirements. The research concluded that concern on foundation design is necessary due to soil strata are varying with zone and place to place. The type of foundation depends on the building capacity and soil strata. The stability of building can be achieved with respected the SBC and foundation strength of a particular construction place.

For the derivation of the axial resistance of driven sheet piles empirical calculation procedures are given in the recommendations of the working groups "Ufereinfassungen" (EAU, 2004) and "Baugruben" (EAB, 2006), which does not always lead to consistent results. Hence, sev-eral static and dynamic load tests on driven sheet piles were evaluated using statistical meth-ods and the resulting characteristic axial resistance are verified on the basis of the approach of the working group "Pfähle" (EA-Pfähle, 2007). The examined load tests had been carried out in North Germany, hence the resulting characteristic axial resistance of driven sheet piles are first presented as preliminary result for North German underground conditions and compared with the present empiric calculation procedures. Further investigations on axial resistance of driven sheet piles, especially the consideration of restraining effects in dependence on the cross section of the sheet pile profile, are running at the present at the University of Kassel.

This article presents results from the first statistically significant study of cost escalation in transportation infrastructure projects. Based on a sample of 258 transportation infrastructure projects worth US$90 billion and representing different project types, geographical regions, and historical periods, it is found with overwhelming statistical significance that the cost estimates used to decide whether such projects should be built are highly and systematically misleading. Underestimation cannot be explained by error and is best explained by strategic misrepresentation, that is, lying. The policy implications are clear: legislators, administrators, investors, media representatives, and members of the public who value honest numbers should not trust cost estimates and cost-benefit analyses produced by project promoters and their analysts.

Publicado en Gerión 7, 1989, págs. 149-205, con figs. y láms.N.B.- Por un incomprensible error editorial, sus tres mapas explicativos con mis propuestas, el general sobre el territorio emeritense (fig. 1) y los de detalle de sus praefecturae Turgaliensis y Mullicensis (figs. 2-3), se publicaron en versión borrador, a lápiz. Los mapas corregidos pueden consultarse ahora en https://terraeantiqvae.com/photo/albums/el-territorio-de-m-rida-y-sus-prefecturas-los-mapas-de-1989-2 , donde se añaden las dos láminas (I-II) de los Gromatici Veteres (pp. 178-179), agrimensores utilizados entonces por primera vez en España para aclarar un problema histórico-arqueológico y territorial, pero publicadas también con mediana calidad. En otro momento añadiré ibid. las fotos del oppidum vetón y lusitano de Lacimurga, en el Cerro de Cogolludo (págs. 183-188 y láms. V-VII), y sus hitos terminales de Mojongordo (láms. III-V).Resumen

This analysis aim to obtain variation of bearing capacity of soil foundation for the same case based on methods is Terzaghi, Meyerhof, Vesic, Hansen and Ohsaki. And gets comparison of bearing capacity value from some the methods. Method Terzaghi and Ohsaki to have bearing capacity value of soil foundation which approximately equal. Method Hansen and Vesic also has value tending to same, only Meyerhof having different value x'self. For incline load, method Hansen, Vesic is tnding to same and just Meyerhof tending to value differs in. But method Hansen and Vesic at various foundation breadth ( B) at foundation square and circular that is B > 0,5 m happened decrease of bearing capacity of soil foundation and at B ≥ 1,5 m increases returns to its the value.

Öz
Osmanlı şehir mimarisi, devletin zirvesi başta olmak üzere hanım sultanlar, paşalar, beyler, askeri ve zengin kesim tarafından oluşturulmuştur. Bu mimari; han, hamam, kervansaray, köprü, çeşme, imaret, cami, mescit, beden, kale vesaire gibi halka hizmet edecek yapılardan oluşmaktaydı. Vakıf statüsünde vücuda getirilen bu mekânsal yapıların varlıklarını devam ettirmeleri, kesintisiz akarlarla desteklenmelerine bağlıydı.
Bu araştırmada, Genç Osman’ın kısa saltanatı sürecinde Tuna Nehri kıyısına inşa ettirdiği vakfının tanıtımı yapılmıştır. Sultan Osman Han Evkafı içindeki en önemli yapı, şüphesiz kaledir. Tuna’nın kuzeyinden gelebilecek saldırılara karşılık veren bu askeri üs, aynı zamanda Dobruca’nın savunulmasını kolaylaştırmaktadır. Bununla birlikte Osmanlı kültüründe ibadet mekânı özelliğinin yanında bir sosyalleşme aracı olan cami de bulunmaktadır. Türk kültürünün önemli yapılarından olan hamam ve eğitim konusunda bilgi veren bir mektebin varlığı bilinse de daha ziyade kale ve cami üzerinde durulmuştur. Temeline arşiv kaynakları konularak hazırlanan bu çalışma ile vakfın kurulduğu coğrafya, çalışanları ve sosyo-ekonomik boyutu irdelenmiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Sultan Osman Han, Tuna Nehri, İsakçı, Vakıf.

Abstract
The Ottoman city architecture was created by sultans, pashas, gentlemen, military and wealthy people, and especially, by the top governmental personnel. This architecture consisted of structures that served the public such as inns, baths, caravanserais, bridges, fountains, soup kitchens, mosques, masjids, walls, castles, etc. The maintenance of these spatial structures, which were created with the status of foundations, depended on the support with uninterrupted revenue.
In this study, the foundation that was built on the banks of the Danube River during the short reign of Osman II was introduced. The most important building in the Sultan Osman Han Foundation is undoubtedly the castle. This military base, which encountered attacks from the north of the Danube River, also facilitates the defense of Dobruja. Nevertheless, there is also a mosque, which is a socialization area in Ottoman culture besides its quality of being a place of worship. Although the presence of the bathhouse, which is one of the most important structures of Turkish architecture, and the school, which provides information about education, are known, the castle and the mosque were emphasized more. With this study, which was prepared based on the archival sources, the geography, employees, and socio-economic dimension of the foundation were investigated.
Keywords: Sultan Osman Han, The Danube River, İsakçı, Foundation.

Bridge approaches provide smooth and safe transition of vehicles from highway pavements to bridge structures. However, settlement of the bridge approach slab relative to bridge decks usually creates a bump in the roadway. The bump causes inconvenience to passengers and increases the cost of maintenance and repairing of the distressed approach slabs. Typically, the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) spends millions of dollars annually to mitigate the bump problem across the state. The present research aims to better understand the mechanisms that cause the bump problem, to review currently used methods to mitigate this problem around the world, and to develop the methods that are appropriate for researching them in real field conditions. As a part of this research, a synthesis was prepared by conducting a comprehensive literature review of the past research on the subject and also by conducting a survey with all 25 districts to understand the local conditions that contribute to the bump problem in the bridges. The literature review also identified several technologies that were used to mitigate the problem. All these details along with district wide surveys are covered in this synthesis report.

Back cover text: Megaprojects and Risk provides the first detailed examination of the phenomenon of megaprojects. It is a fascinating account of how the promoters of multi-billion dollar megaprojects systematically and self-servingly misinform parliaments, the public and the media in order to get projects approved and built. It shows, in unusual depth, how the formula for approval is an unhealthy cocktail of underestimated costs, overestimated revenues, undervalued environmental impacts and overvalued economic development effects. This results in projects that are extremely risky, but where the risk is concealed from MPs, taxpayers and investors. The authors not only explore the problems but also suggest practical solutions drawing on theory, experience and hard, scientific evidence from the several hundred projects in twenty nations and five continents that illustrate the book. Accessibly written, it will be the standard reference for students, scholars, planners, economists, auditors, politicians and interested citizens for many years to come.

Purpose of site Exploration: Ø The purpose of site exploration is to assess the suitability of a site for a particular project Ø To investigate the cause of failure of an existing structure. Objectives of site Exploration 1. To determine the nature of the soil deposits. 2. To determine the depth and thickness of the various soil strata and their extent in their horizontal direction.

The article first describes characteristics of major infrastructure projects. Second, it documents a much neglected topic in economics: that ex ante estimates of costs and benefits are often very different from actual ex post costs and benefits. For large infrastructure projects the consequences are cost overruns, benefit shortfalls, and the systematic underestimation of risks. Third, implications for cost–benefit analysis are described, including that such analysis is not to be trusted for major infrastructure projects. Fourth, the article uncovers the causes of this state of affairs in terms of perverse incentives that encourage promoters to underestimate costs and overestimate benefits in the business cases for their projects. But the projects that are made to look best on paper are the projects that amass the highest cost overruns and benefit shortfalls in reality. The article depicts this situation as ‘survival of the unfittest’. Fifth, the article sets out to explain how the problem may be solved, with a view to arriving at more efficient and more democratic projects, and avoiding the scandals that often accompany major infrastructure investments. Finally, the article identifies current trends in major infrastructure development. It is argued that a rapid increase in stimulus spending, combined with more investments in emerging economies, combined with more spending on information technology is catapulting infrastructure investment from the frying pan into the fire.

This article is focused on answering the question to what extent one can be a sceptic. Sextus Empiricus’s Outlines of Scepticism serves as a guide. In section 1, it is investigated whether three logical laws have a certain foundation or are subject to doubt. In section 2, Sextus’s way to deal with these laws is examined; the question arises how dogmatic his approach is. After that, a possible ‘reply’ by Sextus to the criticism receives attention. Section 3 is concentrated on a possible alternative to Sextus’s approach. Besides logical laws, some important methods are concerned.

Lee Frantantuono, reviewing Blackwell version in CJ Online 5.10.2012 (posted on Rogueclassicism): “Indeed, Lowrie’s paper is, I would venture to say, a new classic of Aeneid criticism, one which blends the best of old and new tools of literary study, a provocative study whose implications go beyond the geographic and temporal boundaries of this section of the collection.”

En este artículo se exponen los resultados de la actividad arqueológica preventiva consistente en el control de los movimientos de tierra realizados en el solar 49-51 de la calle San Rafael en Cádiz. Los trabajos arqueológicos han permitido realizar una aproximación a la evolución histórica de la ciudad de Cádiz y del Canal Bahía-Caleta en particular.

AIBO-ról, a Sony gyártotta robotkutyáról szinte mindenki hallhatott már valamit. Megismeri a gazdáját, tud labdával játszani, sőt a vizelést is remekül imitálja, ráadásul, ha lemerül az akkumulátora, képes rácsatlakozni a saját töltőjére. És persze kicsike, hogy véletlenül se félhessen tőle a gazdi. A kis háziállat akár Isac Asimov egy korai novellájának hőse is lehetne. A klasszikus sci-fi hőskorában is szerepeltek "kezdetleges" robotok, ám az írói képzelet rögtön megjutalmazta őket pár tízezer év fejlődéssel, hogy végül vagy minden emberi képességet meghaladó androidokként, vagy egy omnipotens mesterséges intelligenciaként találkozhassunk újra velük. A robot ('robotics') kifejezést, Capek után Asimov használta először 1941-ben a robotipar megjelölésére. Alig volt ekkor még 21 éves, és végzős kémikusként inkább az írás, a meseszövés "alkímiájával" foglalatoskodott. Már 1938-tól a science fiction hivatásos művelőjének számított, s novelláit egyre nagyobb lelkesedéssel fogadta John Cambell az Astounding magazin szerkesztője. 1942-ben-beszéli el a szerző-a robottörténetek mellett egyszer csak egy hatalmas vízió, egy vég nélkül hömpölygő eposz, egy mindent átfogó Isteni Színjáték bukkant fel képzeletében. Illetve még csak az ötlete, hisz több mint tíz év kellett, hogy egy novella-sorozatból felépüljön egy jövőben játszódó történelmi regény, az ALAPÍTVÁNY-trilógia (ALAPÍTVÁNY, ALAPÍTVÁNY ÉS BIRODALOM, MÁSODIK ALAPÍTVÁNY). A későbbiekben Asimov írásai-és a kortárs sci-fi szerzők munkái-a kor tudomány iránti bizakodásának köszönhetően többszörösére duzzasztották a sci-fi olvasók táborát. Egyes művei tizenkét-tizenhárom kiadást, s több milliós példányszámot is megérnek. Nem csoda, ha a 60-as évektől Asimovot elárasztják a különböző elismerések és díjak, bár meg kell hagyni, ő maga sem lebzsel: félelmetesen sok és különböző műfajú könyv kapcsolódik a nevéhez. A novellákon, regényeken kívül ír tudományos ismeretterjesztést, történelmi munkákat, az Ó-és Új Testamentumot kommentáló művet, könyveket szerkeszt, antológiákat állít össze, de elkövet pár írást a szerves kémia és csillagászat területén is, hogy aztán kilazulva rövid bökverseknek (limerickeknek) szentelhesse idejét. Műveinek számát 500 fölöttire becsülik. "Ha az orvosom azt mondaná, hogy már csak hat perc maradt hátra az

The contents of this report reflect the views of the authors/principal investigators who are responsible for the facts and the accuracy of the data presented herein. The contents do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) or the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT). This report does not constitute a standard, specification, or regulation.

XIX əsrdə Rusiyanın nəzarəti altındakı bütün müsəlman-türk ölkələrində olduğu kimi Qarabağ bölgəsində də mərhələli müasirləşmə prosesi başlandı. Bu özünü, ilk növbədə təhsil sahəsində göstərirdi. Çar Rusiyasının işğalından sonra Azərbaycanda açılan rus-tatar məktəbləri ilə başlayan müasirləşmə prosesi daha sonra cədidçilərin açdıqları milli xarakterli məktəblərlə davam etdirildi. Nəticədə, XX əsrin əvvəllərində Qarabağda kifayət qədər təsirli intellektual kütlə formalaşdı ki, onlar da Azərbaycanın mədəni-ictimai həyatında mühüm rol oynadılar. Tarix boyu Qarabağ bölgəsi təlim-tərbiyə mərkəzlərinə sahib olub. XVI-XIX əsrlərdə fəaliyyət göstərən bu mərkəzlər Qarabağın elmimədəni, sosial-ictimai inkişafında böyük rol oynayıblar. Rus işğalından sonra da mövcudluğunu davam etdirən həmin ənənəvi təhsil ocaqları Qarabağda elm adamları və ədiblərlə birlikdə çoxlu sayda sənətkar da yetişdirib.


In the 19th century, the Garabagh region, like all Muslim-Turkish countries under Russian control, underwent a gradual process of modernization. This process manifested itself primarily in the field of education This process, which began with the Russian-Tatar schools opened in Azerbaijan after the occupation of Tsarist Russia, was continued with the national schools opened by the Jadids. As a result, at the beginning  of the twentieth century, a highly influential intellectual group was formed in Garabagh, which made its presence felt in the cultural and social life of Azerbaijan. Throughout history, there have been training centers in the Garabagh region. These centers, operating in the XVI-XIX centuries, played an important role in the scientific,  cultural, social and public development of Garabagh. These traditional educational institutions, which continued to exist even after the Russian occupation, trained many artists in Garabagh along with scientists and writers.

As megaprojects have become ubiquitous, their real benefits and costs have come under increased scrutiny. We interviewed Bent Flyvbjerg, who has extensively studied megaproject development. Flyvbjerg has found systematic problems in the development process: by intentionally misrepresenting information and deliberately disregarding risks, proponents instigate projects that result in fewer benefits and higher costs than promised.

GEOTILL Engineering (www.geotill.com) is Geotechnical Services Provider of comprehensive, and cost effective Civil and Geotechnical Engineering services for clients located throughout the Midwest in Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Ohio, Kentucky and Missouri. Provides Geotechnical Engineering - onshore, nearshore and offshore foundations; excavations, slopes, retaining structures, tunnels, ground improvement.  Numerical Analysis in 2D and 3D for the optimized design and assessment of ground displacements and soil-structure interaction.
Tunnel Engineering – investigation, planning, design, documentation and construction supervision of tunnels for roads, rail, power supply, water supply and sewerage systems.

The Supplementary Green Book Guidance on Optimism Bias (HM Treasury 2003) with reference to the Review of Large Public Procurement in the UK (Mott MacDonald 2002) notes that there is a demonstrated, systematic, tendency for project appraisers to be overly optimistic and that to redress this tendency appraisers should make explicit, empirically based adjustments to the estimates of a project’s costs, benefits, and duration. HM Treasury recommends that these adjustments be based on data from past projects or similar projects elsewhere, and adjusted for the unique characteristics of the project in hand. In the absence of a more specific evidence base, HM Treasury has encouraged departments to collect data to inform future estimates of optimism, and in the meantime use the best available data. In response to this, the Department for Transport (henceforth DfT), has contracted Bent Flyvbjerg in association with COWI to undertake the consultancy assignment "Procedures for dealing with Optimism Bias in Transport Planning". The present Guidance Document is the result of this assignment.

"Over budget, over time, over and over again" appears to be an appropriate slogan for large, complex infrastructure projects. This article explains why cost, benefits, and time forecasts for such projects are systematically over-optimistic in the planning phase. The underlying reasons for forecasting errors are grouped into three categories: delusions or honest mistakes; deceptions or strategic manipulation of information or processes; or bad luck. Delusion and deception have each been addressed in the management literature before, but here they are jointly considered for the first time. They are specifically applied to infrastructure problems in a manner that allows both academics and practitioners to understand and implement the suggested corrective procedures. The article provides a framework for analyzing the relative explanatory power of delusion and deception. It also suggests a simplified framework for analyzing the complex principal-agent relationships that are involved in the approval and construction of large infrastructure projects, which can be used to improve forecasts. Finally, the article illustrates reference class forecasting, an outside view de-biasing technique that has proven successful in overcoming both delusion and deception in private and public investment decisions.

This article presents results from the first statistically significant study of traffic forecasts in transportation infrastructure projects. The sample used is the largest of its kind, covering 210 projects in 14 nations worth U.S.$59 billion. The study shows with very high statistical significance that forecasters generally do a poor job of estimating the demand for transportation infrastructure projects. For 9 out of 10 rail projects, passenger forecasts are overestimated; the average overestimation is 106%. For half of all road projects, the difference between actual and forecasted traffic is more than ±20%. The result is substantial financial risks, which are typically ignored or downplayed by planners and decision makers to the detriment of social and economic welfare. Our data also show that forecasts have not become more accurate over the 30-year period studied, despite claims to the contrary by forecasters. The causes of inaccuracy in forecasts are different for rail and road projects, with political causes playing a larger role for rail than for road. The cure is transparency, accountability, and new forecasting methods. The challenge is to change the governance structures for forecasting and project development. Our article shows how planners may help achieve this.

This study would not have been possible without the support of a good number of people.We are grateful to Laura Manni and Sofka Barreau for some analysis and advice; Sandra Mathers for training of researchers on the ECERS R, ECERS E and CIS observational instruments; Helen Taylor for the analysis of ECERS R, ECERS E and CIS observational data and Daniel Tiplady the Welsh translation during the project and of the final report. We are particularly grateful to the pilot settings, their staff and parents for responding to our requests for information and all the advisors, EYDCPs, Directors of Education and governors who completed questionnaires and gave of their time so generously. We are also grateful for the information we received from the non-maintained sector Associations and the Welsh Assembly Government, Foundation Phase Team. Curriculum and Pedagogy 47 6.

Do different types of megaprojects have different cost overruns? This apparently simple question is at the heart of research at the University of Oxford aimed at understanding the characteristics of megaprojects, particularly in terms of how they are established, run and concluded. In this study, we set out to investigate cost overruns in the Olympic Games. To do so, we examined the costs of the Games over half a century, including both summer and winter Olympics. We looked at the evolution of final reported costs and compared these to the costs established in the Games bids, submitted to the International Olympic Committee (IOC) up to seven years before the Games occurred. In so doing we established the largest dataset of its kind, and documented for the first time in a consistent fashion the costs and cost overruns for the Olympic Games, from 1960 to 2012. We discovered that the Games stand out in two distinct ways compared to other megaprojects: (1) The Games overrun with 100 per cent consistency. No other type of megaproject is this consistent regarding cost overrun. Other project types are typically on budget from time to time, but not the Olympics. (2) With an average cost overrun in real terms of 179 per cent – and 324 per cent in nominal terms – overruns in the Games have historically been significantly larger than for other types of megaprojects, including infrastructure, construction, ICT, and dams. The data thus show that for a city and nation to decide to host the Olympic Games is to take on one of the most financially risky type of megaproject that exists, something that many cities and nations have learned to their peril. For the London 2012 Games, we find that: (1) With sports-related real costs currently estimated at USD14.8 billion, London is on track to become the most costly Olympics ever. (2) With a projected cost overrun of 101 per cent in real terms, overrun for London is below the historical average for the Games, but not significantly so. (3) The London cost overrun is, however, significantly higher than overruns for recent Games since 1999. London therefore is reversing a positive trend of falling cost overruns for the Games.

As megaprojects have become ubiquitous, their real benefits and costs have come under increased scrutiny. We interviewed Bent Flyvbjerg, who has extensively studied megaproject development. Flyvbjerg has found systematic problems in the development process: by intentionally misrepresenting information and deliberately disregarding risks, proponents instigate projects that result in fewer benefits and higher costs than promised.

The awesome coins found in Almodóvar del Río (Cordoba, Spain), --between 3th and 1st centuries BC, show lyres of, at least, five strings. These instruments could come either from Phoenicia or Nubia perhaps.

This is one of the topics I analyze in my research: "Music in Ancient Iberia: From Tartessos to Hispania" (2012).

Stabilization is the main aim, to reduce the bearing capacity of expansive soil by using coated yarn geogrid. The supporting power of a soil or rock is referred to as its bearing capacity. Reinforced earth is a composite material, a combination of soil and reinforcement suitably placed in layers to resist tensile stresses. In case of soft soils geogrid is one which redistributes the stresses internally with locally available backfill materials. Ground improvement technique using geosynthetic material i.e. geogrid is done below foundation .Using this technique; we can improve stability of available expansive soil, and increase the load bearing capacity. With this it also controls the earthquake vibrating forces. Reinforcement of soil to improve the ground (weak soil) using a polymeric geosynthetic material i.e. coated yarn geogrid is applied below a square footing. To reduce the foundation settlement, bearing capacity of soil increased. This can also be implemented to many such weak places as road, railway ballast, airways, slopes, tunnels, etc. in various ways.

Offshore drilling refers to a mechanical process where a wellbore is drilled in the seabed. It is classically carried out in order to explore for and subsequently extract petroleum which lies in rock formations beneath the seabed. Piled foundations are the most common foundations for offshore constructions. Driving the piles into the seabed is the standard method of installation. Different foundation concepts have been presented and applied to offshore ocean rig design and constructed everywhere the world. The selection of the foundation concept for an offshore ocean rig is governed by several factors, which comprise of soil conditions, the water depth at the location, the erosion, the weight of total structure, the foundation cost etc. The paper addresses the key designs of pile tip. Due to impact of pile tip on the sea bed, the tip of pile gets deformed. So optimization of tip was done of different tip designs. The modeling was done using solid works and CATIA, analysed using ANSYS software.

Back cover text: This book aims to enlarge the understanding of decision-making on mega-projects and suggest recommendations for a more effective, efficient and democratic approach. Authors from different scientific disciplines address various aspects of the decision-making process, such as management characteristics and cost-benefit analysis, planning and innovation and competition and institutions. The subject matter is highly diverse, but certain questions remain at the forefront. For example, how do we deal with protracted preparation processes, how do we tackle risks and uncertainties, and how can we best divide the risks and responsibilities among the private and public players throughout the different phases of the project? - Presenting a state-of-the-art overview, based on experiences and visions of authors from Europe and North America, this unique book will be of interest to practitioners of large-scale project management, politicians, public officials and private organisations involved in mega-project decision-making. It will also appeal to researchers, consultants and students dealing with substantial engineering projects, complex systems, project management and transport infrastructure.

Réplica al artículo de D. Ruiz Mata, de 16-3-2012, en el mismo diario. Reply to the article of D. Ruiz Mata, 16/03/2012, in the same newspaper: http://www.lavozdigital.es/cadiz/prensa/20120316/opinion/fundaron-fenicios-gadir-1100-20120316.html- http://www.lavozdigital.es/cadiz/v/20120403/opinion/fenicios-fundaron-gadir-hacia-20120403.html (La Voz Digital, Cádiz, 3-4-2012). Cf. http://trahistant.blogspot.com.es/p/debates-y-discusiones.html (Las columnas de Melkart, UCM).

This paper focuses on problems and their causes and cures in policy and planning for large infrastructure projects. First, it identifies as the main problem in major infrastructure development pervasive misinformation about the costs, benefits, and risks involved. A consequence of misinformation is massive cost overruns, benefit shortfalls, and waste. Second, the paper explores the causes of misinformation and finds that political-economic explanations best account for the available evidence: planners and promoters deliberately misrepresent costs, benefits, and risks in order to increase the likelihood that it is their projects, and not the competition's, that gain approval and funding. This results in the "survival of the unfittest," where often it is not the best projects that are built, but the most misrepresented ones. Finally, the paper presents measures for reforming policy and planning for large infrastructure projects, with a focus on better planning methods and changed governance structures, the latter being more important.

Weathering is the change of ground materials under influence of the Earth atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, biosphere, and by nuclear radiation, mostly causing hard ground to become soft ground. Landslides and instable cut slopes are the most obvious results of weathering but also soil and rock in tunnels may weather and jeopardize tunnel stability. Completely buried ground below foundations of surface structures may weather due to percolating groundwater and air causing a gradual degradation of the geotechnical quality of the ground under a foundation. Under some conditions, weathering may have a reverse effect and cause an increase in ground strength when forming hard layers.
Weathering in most grounds is normally a fairly slow process taking long (geological) times to weather a large volume of ground, but it should be realized that small changes of very small quantities of material of a ground by weathering happening in a relatively short time span already may jeopardize an engineering construction. For example, the rock on both sides of a joint plane after excavation being exposed to a new environment may weather by a depth of tens of a millimeter in a couple of days, months, or years after excavation. Then the shear strength of the joint plane may be significantly reduced due to weathering of the asperities on the joint plane and forming a thin layer of low shear strength infill material (e.g., clay) in the joint. Such reduction in shear strength is often enough to allow sliding of a rock block where that would not have been the case along the unweathered joint plane.
Weathering also allows loss of structure of ground. The geotechnical quality of ground is to a certain extent due to a tight structure of particles and blocks of ground material. The tightness of the structure is reduced if weathering causes removal of part of the material or reduces the strength of particles or blocks. The reduction in tightness, among others, allows displacements in the ground, reduction of stresses in the ground, reduction of shear strength between particles and blocks, and hence the overall geotechnical quality of ground. Therefore, weathering and the change of geotechnical properties with time during the lifetime of an engineering construction have to be incorporated in the design of any construction on or below the Earth surface.
Weathering is often assumed to be restricted to the Earth surface, but active weathering may take place deep under the surface, for example, around faults with percolating groundwater down to thousands of meters deep, and at surface weathered material may have moved down into the Earth crust by tectonic and sedimentary processes. Moreover, weathered material may be a relic of weathering under a past climate or environment that has changed since long. Hence, any weathered material can be encountered anywhere at the surface or in the subsurface of the Earth.

Risk, including economic risk, is increasingly a concern for public policy and management. The possibility of dealing effectively with risk is hampered, however, by lack of a sound empirical basis for risk assessment and management. This article demonstrates the general point for cost and demand risks in urban rail projects. The article presents empirical evidence that allow valid economic risk assessment and management of urban rail projects, including benchmarking of individual or groups of projects. Benchmarking of the Copenhagen Metro is presented as a case in point. The approach developed is proposed as a model for other types of policies and projects in order to improve economic and financial risk assessment and management in policy and planning.

Resumen: El siguiente trabajo analiza, tanto desde un punto de vista arqueológico como histórico, ciertos aspectos del poblamiento rural en época bajoimperial romana y tardoantigua entre las localidades de Mérida y Alange (Badajoz). Se trata de un territorio ribereño constreñido por Occidente por el Iter ab Hispali Emeritam, y por Oriente por uno de los principales ríos de la Península Ibérica, el Guadiana, lo que crea las condiciones ecológicas y geográficas idóneas para el poblamiento humano ya desde el Paleolítico en adelante. Además, en sus diferentes villae rusticae asistimos a una interesante secuencia diacrónica de
ocupación, que vendrá relacionada con las fases históricas meritenses y sus dinámicas económicas, sociales y políticas.

"Palabras clave: Hispanias romanas, Guadiana, Augusta Emerita, Alange, mundo rural, villae rusticae, élites locales, pervivencias temporales, reocupación de espacios, villulae


Abstract: This paper is focused on certain aspects of the countryside and the Late Roman and Late Antique settlement on the territory between Mérida and Alange (Province of Badajoz, SW Spain), with both archaeological and historical views. Is a riverside territory placed between the Iter ab Hispali Emeritam and by the Guadiana, one of the main rivers of the Iberian Peninsula, with excellent ecological and geographical conditions in order to grant a continuous human settlement from the Paleolithic period onwards. Also, in the several Roman villae
rusticae sited in this territory we behold an interesting occupation process, linked with the near Emeritan History and its economical, social and political dynamics.

Keywords: Roman Hispaniae, Guadiana river, Augusta Emerita, Alange, countryside life, villae rusticae, local elites, time pervivences, spatial reoccupation, villulae"

ÖZET Göynük'te bulunan tımar, zeamet ve mukataa gelirleri çoğunlukla bir yıllığına iltizama verilmiştir. Göynük' ün belli başlı mukataalar, kahve ve aded-i ağnam mukataası, Mihal Bey Mukataası, Göynük ve tevabii mukatası ve Etmekçi Başı Ocas Mukataası'dır. Göynük'e ait gelir kaynakları mültezimler aracılığıyla idare edilmiştir. Bunlar içerisinde aded-i ağnam ve etmekçi hassı mukataaları malikaneye dönüştürülmüştür. Şer'iye sicilleri gerek malikane konuları gerekse bunlar arasındaki ihtilaflar hakkında bizi bilgilendirmektedir. Tımar, zeamet ve mukataaların belgelere yansıyan belli başlı gelir kaynakları cerime dediğimiz cezalar ve zorunlu tüketim maddelerinden alınan sıradan vergi kalemleridir. Bunlar içerisinde belki de en önemlisi, " öşr-i harir " olarak tanımlanan ve bölgede ipek böcekçiliğinin yapıldığının göstergesi olan vergidir.

ABSTRACT The incomes of timar, zeamet and mukataa were granted to the iltizam for a period of one year mostly. Among the mukataas in Göynük are kahve and ağnam mukataa, Mihal Bey Mukataa, Göynük and tevabii mukataa and etmekçibaşı Ocas mukataa. Sources of income in Göynük were managed by the tax collectors (mültezim). And of them all, adedi ağnam (tax of sheep) and etmekçi hassı mukataas (state-owned source of revenue) were trasformed to be malikane. (state lands held by a private owner). The şeriye siciller (registers kept by qadis) provide information on both the subject of malikane, as well as the conflicts among them. Some of the income resources documented by Timar, Zeamet and mukataas were the fines called cerime and tax items taken from basic needs of obligatory consumption. Perhaps the most remarkable one among them was the one taken from silk called öşr-i harir indicating that silk production was made in the town.

This paper develops what we can call a first approach into a "possible communication epistemology" through certain conceptions from Serres. These conceptions are characterized by an open perspective that breaks the notions of limit, frontier, barrier and competence that have distinguished epistemological perspectives through time based on an original human disposition to generate order and construct reality.

Out-of-control information technology (IT) projects have ended the careers of top managers, such as EADS CEO Noël Forgeard and Levi Strauss’ CIO David Bergen. Moreover, IT projects have brought down whole companies, like Kmart in the US and Auto Windscreen in the UK. Software and other IT is now such an integral part of most business processes and products that CEOs must know their IT risks, which are typically substantial – and overlooked. The analysis of a sample of 1,471 IT projects showed that the average cost overrun was 27% — but that figure masks a far more alarming “fat tail” risk.  Fully one in six of the projects in the sample was a Black Swan, with a cost overrun of 200%, on average, and a schedule overrun of almost 70%. This highlights the true pitfall of IT change initiatives: It’s not that they’re particularly prone to high cost overruns on average – it is that there are a disproportionate number of Black Swans. By focusing on averages instead of the more damaging outliers, most managers and consultants have been missing the real risk in doing IT. In conclusion, the article outlines ideas as to what can be done to avoid Black Swans.

The Declaration's claim to straight baselines violates the provisions of UNCLOS on the determination of baselines. Specifically, China is not an archipelagic state, so China is not allowed to draw baselines in the Paracels. Especially violating the sovereignty of the State of Vietnam over the Hoang Sa archipelago, because the Hoang Sa archipelago is the sacred territory of the State of Vietnam, China does not have any right to draw baselines in the archipelago. Hoang Sa.