Geological Engineering

İnşaat, İnşaat Sektörü, Fiziksel Risk Etmenleri, Risk, Tehlike, İş Güvenliği, İş Kazası, Risk Analizi, Fine Kinney metodu, İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği, Occupational Health and Safety, İş Güvenliği Uzmanlığı, İş Güvenliği Uzmanı, Mühendislik, Engineering, İş Kazaları, İşçi Sağlığı, İnşaat Sektörü,  İstanbul, Türkay Ercan Şengöz (Türkay Ercan Şengöz tarafından yayımlanan her çeşit harita, bilgi ve belgelerin her hakkı saklıdır. Her ne şekilde ve amaçla olursa olsun bu bilgi ve belgelerin kaynak belirtilmeden kullanılması, yazılı izin alınmadan elektronik, optik, mekanik veya diğer yollarla dağıtılması, çoğaltılması, basılması, değiştirilmesi, paylaşılması, kopyalanması ve internet sitelerinde kullanılması durumunda gerekli hukuki yollara başvurulacak ve yasal işlem başlatılacaktır. Önemle duyurulur. Bu platformda veya diğer platformlarda paylaşmış olduğum tez veya akademik kapsamdaki çalışmalarımın içerisindeki bütün bilgilerin etik davranış ve akademik kurallar çerçevesinde elde edilerek sunulduğunu, akademik çalışmalarımın tez yazım kurallarına uygun olarak hazırlandığını hatırlatıyor, bana ait olan her türlü ifade ve bilginin kaynağına eksiksiz atıf yapılması gerektiğini bildiriyor, sevgi ve saygılarımı sunuyorum.)

Indonesia merupakan negara maritim yang kaya akan sumber daya laut (SDL), wilayah pesisir dan lautan merupakan daerah yang mempunyai potensi sumberdaya alam yang besar dan dapat dimanfaatkan untuk meningkatkan perekonomian, Beberapa sumber daya tersebut misalnya sumber daya perikanan tangkap dan perikanan budidaya, hutan bakau yang yang terdapat di sepanjang pantai atau muara sungai, terumbu karang yang sangat produktif dan khas terdapat di daerah tropis dan sumber daya lainnya. Namun demikian dalam pengelolaan wilayah pesisir dan lautan masih menghadapi masalah-masalah yang tidak mudah beberapa masalah mendasar yang dihadapi dan masih sulit diatasi seperti sarana dan prasarana di sebagian besar wilayah pesisir yang masih sangat terbatas dan kurang mendukung pada kegiatan pengelolaan di wilayah tersebut. Sehingga sangat sulit bagi kita untuk melakukan upaya dalam memanfaatkan potensi sumber daya laut yang ada. Salah satu upaya untuk memperoleh informasi tentang potensi sumberdaya wilayah pesisir dan lautan dalam rangka untuk mengoptimalkan pengelolaan wilayah pesisir dan lautan adalah penggunaan teknologi penginderaan jauh dan sistem informasi geografis (SIG) atau sering disebut GIS (geographyc information system), pemanfaatan data SIG telah banyak dilakukan dalam kaitannya dengan wilayah pesisir dan lautan khususnya sektor perikanan dan pengelolaan wilayah pesisir dan lautan.

https://www.ijert.org/geo-environmental-research-study-by-application-of-integrated-techniques-to-evaluating-determining-and-monitoring-the-geo-hazard-of-karst-features-and-its-deposits-in-selected-sites-situated-over-carbonate-karst-environment-in-kuala-lumpur-and-selangor-peninsular-malaysia

https://www.ijert.org/research/geo-environmental-research-study-by-application-of-integrated-techniques-to-evaluating-determining-and-monitoring-the-geo-hazard-of-karst-features-and-its-deposits-in-selected-IJERTV9IS020277.pdf

This geo-Environmental research study focuses on due to irregular distribution of pinnacles and gutters in these evaluating, determining and monitoring the potential geo-chosen karst environments region. Under data analysis could hazard of various classes of carbonate karst features and its affecting the accuracy of integrity and reliability of the deposits, extend in the surface and subsurface of selected ex-technique. mining sites that situated over covered carbonate karst An ERT with 05 m electrode spacing will provide a environment in Kuala Lumpur and Selangor, West Malaysia, sufficient resolution that will allow pinpointing the exact via the integration of geological, geophysical, structural, locations of the in-filled Buried sinkholes, cavities, channels satellite imaging and environmental techniques. and other geophysical anomalies. The interpretation of the Several sites selected for this study, located in Kajang, resistivity data indicated that the reactivated sinkholes have Bangi and Sentul not mentioned in this study due to badly-caused due to present of large cavities, and most of the soil in behaved in the instrument reading and keep on the other sites these sinkholes appears to have flowed into the subsurface via as will mentioned. The first selected site is situate next to a solution-widened system of joints or fractures. Many Jalan Universiti, Tasik University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, sinkholes and these cavities have detected underneath the while the second selected site is located at Parlimen Street, surface in the ER Tomography sections in the chosen sites, also in Kuala Lumpur. The third selected site is located in proving the fact that all of these cavities are pre-existing Batu Caves, Selangor, and finally, the fourth selected site is features that rapidly filled with clay, and the only reason they located in Petaling Jaya, Selangor. have recently detected were due to collapses or subsidence. The subsurface karst feature is one of the main Samples from 20 borings holes in the designated sites characteristics in the development process of karst areas, have collected using a hand auger having a maximum length especially when these features contain sediments such as clay, of 12 m for analysis and auger machine until depth between sand and mineralized materials. This study concentrates in 20-22m. The borings was conducting in an unconsolidated the development of karst features in these selected sites. material over a karstified limestone environment. The soil Several subsurface karst features were identifying in these borings have used to define certain karst features, small sites during the utilization of a high-resolution geophysical cavities and a few secondary processes spatial deposits. The technique. depths of the boring holes were approximately 02m, 05m, 10m The Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) was and 11m. employed in order to realize the research objectives, image the Cassiterite minerals (Tin-bearing alluvium) found subsurface karst features across several sites as a main stage, accumulated in rich deposits of clastic sediments, silty sand understand the origin of these karstic features, recognize their with a small amount of clay and covered by a layer of sand, deposits, and finally, to estimate its depth. The tomography and gravelly sand. The Tin is dark in color, with a grain size data from different profiles has interpreting with using of the of less than 300 µm. It also contains an abundance of elements extracted boring samples by auger in order to improve the that are characteristic of specific granites and other possible results of (ERT). The resistivity data from the multi-electrode passageway finder elements such as, Bi, B, Cu, Pb, and Zn. measurements collected from several profiles have plotted in These mineral deposits were present in soil pipes and the the tomography sections. fractures at shallow depths. These deposits have probably The resistivity maps imaged many features in the trapped by the buried irregular surface of a carbonate karst anomaly of different shapes. The interpretation of the environment. resistivity data has used to generate the geological model of The clay-filled fractures and caves, or small cavities, the selected sites, which consists of karstified limestone unit of have represented by zones of high-conductivity and low bedrock from the geophysical survey, with varying depths resistivity in the Wenner ERT sections. Furthermore, the soil relative to the ground surface. The geological variation was pipes are associated with zones containing low-medium International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) ISSN: 2278-0181 http://www.ijert.org IJERTV9IS020277 (This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.) Published by : www.ijert.org Vol. 9 Issue 02, February-2020 702 resistivity in the Wenner ERT sections. All of these karst features are above the water table, so the low resistivites may be due to the infilling by clay, soil, high conductivity minerals deposits  in the construction of the housing structure requirement to development a technique for remove of radon gas from outdoor and indoor air streaming and other contaminants that affected the breathing and present in the air within the buildings and housing complex in these karst regions.

Blasting is a process of breaking the rock mass to excavate the ore and materials. Many open blasting operations are faced with the apparently conflicting requirements of providing large quantities of fragmented rock and of minimizing the amount of damage inflicted upon the surrounding slopes. A slope in strong hard rock is not necessarily stable, nor is a slope in weathered weak rock necessarily unstable. In some cases the reverse is true, depending on the geometry of joints and weak planes. Many slope failures in hard rock occur with no or very little warning. Detection and monitoring may not be feasible, or require sophisticated instruments and procedures that are not practical at some locations. An important element in avoiding catastrophes is to study the site geology for dangerous conditions, implement the types of blasting procedures that minimize failures, and evaluate the potential use of reinforcement or other mechanical stabilizing procedures. Apart from undesired profile of excavation, the conventional blasting damages the surrounding rock mass and structures like buildings, etc. These damages can be minimized by use of controlled blasting technique. The controlled blasting technique (CBT) is used to produce the desired stability of pit walls / slope. The CBT used for slopes is specifically termed as wall controlled blasting technique (WCBT). WCBT includes buffer blasting, trim blasting, line blasting and pre-splitting. Among these, the pre-splitting is the most commonly used technique. This technique has several advantages such as minimum damage from back-break, enhanced carrying capacity, higher structural stability and stable final pit walls or slope at the designed angle thus improving overall safety of wall / slope.

In the oil province of southern Iran like other hydrocarbon zones, thorough understanding and risk management resulting from the rock mass deformation, can be of great help in executing operational processes such as the stabilization of the borehole wall, controlling the sand production in the borehole and hydraulic fracture. In oil well excavation operations, determining maximum and minimum horizontal stresses helps in designing the excavation route in the minimum stress direction so that collapsing of the borehole wall and drilling tube blockage against the rocks is avoided. The aim of this study was removing the main excavation problems especially of the diversion wells through exact geomechanical calculations in the Darian lime formation depth range in the understudy field. In order to develop the geomechanical model, first the bulk, the shear and the Young's modules, the Poisson coefficient and Vp/Vs ratio were calculated using the visual log data integrated with the geomec...

In the oil province of southern Iran like other hydrocarbon zones, thorough understanding and risk management resulting from the rock mass deformation, can be of great help in executing operational processes such as the stabilization of the borehole wall, controlling the sand production in the borehole and hydraulic fracture. In oil well excavation operations, determining maximum and minimum horizontal stresses helps in designing the excavation route in the minimum stress direction so that collapsing of the borehole wall and drilling tube blockage against the rocks is avoided. The aim of this study was removing the main excavation problems especially of the diversion wells through exact geomechanical calculations in the Darian lime formation depth range in the understudy field. In order to develop the geomechanical model, first the bulk, the shear and the Young's modules, the Poisson coefficient and Vp/Vs ratio were calculated using the visual log data integrated with the geomec...

On March 20, 2019, Wednesday, at 09: 34 (TS), a damage-destructive earthquake of Mw 5.5 lasting 11 second at a depth of 9.72 km stroke Ucarı-Yeniköy (Acıpayam, Denizli) region. The earthquake is located between Ucari and Yenikoy, 6.5 km east of the center of Acipayam. From 02 to 20 March 2019, 50 earthquakes ranging from 0.9 <Mw <3.7 and about five hours before the main-shock, Mw 3.7 earthquake occurred in the Acıpayam basin. The earthquake, which was effective in 21 villages, severely damaged the villages of Ucarı, Kırca, Karahüyük and Apa. Buildings in the Acıpayam city center were not damaged. The earthquake caused 44 houses to collapse, 303 heavily and 225 lightly to damage. Totally 572 masonry houses without engineering service more than 50 years old built of adobe and rubble stone with mud mortar in the rural area collapsed and heavily to lightly damaged. In general, the northern and southern walls of the masonry houses in the villages located in the north-nortwest of the epicenter damaged and collapsed. A few mosques built of rubble with mud mortar were severely damaged and the minarets of a mosque was toppled. There was no damage to the buildings with engineering services and wooden carcasses. There were no casualties and injuries in the earthquake. The earthquake caused the death of a cow and injured a few cattle. Peak accelarations of 361.24g at K-G component, 184.42g at D-B component and 142.94g at the vertical component were measured at the Acıpayam strong-ground mtion station, which is 10 km away from the main shock. The maximum intensity of the earthquake was assigned as I 0 = VII (MSK). The earthquake was located in the region close to the intersection of NE-SW and NW-SE trending faults in the Acıpayam-Serinhisar graben of the left lateral strike-slip Fethiye-Burdur Fault System. The Acıpayam basin is a graben with approximately 5-15 km wide and 30 km long bounded by NW-SE trending normal faults in both margins. An N-S trending elongated ridge composed of Pliocene clayey limestones and bounded by approximately 15 km long fault on the western side is located in the middle part extending from Bedirköy, Yeniköy to Ucarı of the Acıpayam basin. The epicenter is is located at the intersection between NW-SE trending normal fault bounding the SW margin of the basin and subsegment lying between Ucarı and Yeniköy of the N-S trending fault. The focal plane solution of the main shock was determined N50W trending and dipping 42 0 to NE dip-slip normal fault with rake angle of-89 degrees. 100-150 m long and discontinuites, N10E striking en-echelon surface cracks ranging from 1.0 m to 10 m with right steps developped in 7 km east

This study involves the construction of a three-dimensional (3D) geologic model of Paleozoic strata that are part of an underground gas storage field in northern, Illinois, USA. The Pecatonica Anticline trends 60W and plunges gently to the southeast. It is 10 km long and 3 km wide, and verges to the NE. Six water wells and 22 gas wells were used to create the 3-D geologic model in Petrel using well tops as determined from wire-line logs. The following horizons were created for the Cambrian and Ordovician strata: the Ancell, Trempealeau, Franconia, Ironton-Galesvilles, Eau Claire Proviso A and B, Eau Claire Proviso C “Ligthsville (top), and Eau Claire Proviso C “Lightsville (bottom). The horizons, edges, and intersections were then color-coded and an initial model was created. In the model area, the “Lightsville”, which is the principal layer used for gas storage, has about 10 m of closure over 0.80 Km2 with a volume 199x10-3 km3. No faults or other structural discontinuities that may influence gas migration are evident in the model area.

Stochastic modeling methods and uncertainty quantification are important tools for gaining insight into the geological variability of subsurface structures. Previous attempts at geologic inversion and interpretation can be broadly categorized into geostatistics and process-based modeling. The choice of a suitable modeling technique directly depends on the modeling applications and the available input data. Modern geophysical techniques provide us with regional data sets in two-or three-dimensional spaces with high resolution either directly from sensors or indirectly from geophys-ical inversion. Existing methods suffer certain drawbacks in producing accurate and precise (with quantified uncertainty) geological models using these data sets. In this work, a stochastic modeling framework is proposed to extract the subsurface hetero-geneity from multiple and complementary types of data. Subsurface heterogeneity is considered as the "hidden link" between multiple spatial data sets. random field models are employed to perform three-dimensional segmentation, which is the representation of the "hidden link". Finite Gaussian mixture models are adopted to characterize the statistical parameters of multiple data sets. The uncertainties are simulated via a Gibbs sampling process within a Bayesian inference framework. The proposed modeling method is validated and is demonstrated using numerical examples. It is shown that the proposed stochastic modeling framework is a promising tool for three-dimensional segmentation in the field of geological modeling and geophysics.

— Designing an efficient Distributed Database System (DDBS) is considered as one of the most challenging problems because of multiple interdependent factors which are affecting its performance. Allocation and fragmentation are two processes which their efficiency and correctness influence the performance of DDBS. Therefore, efficient data fragmentation and allocation of fragments across the network sites are considered as an important research area in distributed database design. In this paper presents an approach which simultaneously fragments data vertically and allocates the fragments to appropriate sites across the network. Bond Energy Algorithm (BEA) is applied with a better affinity measure that improves the generated clusters of attributes.

Slope stability at open pit mining system for safety and economics element is critical issue with employees and equipment damage due to danger of slope failure at the mining environment. Commonly uncertainty on slope stability analysis consist of physical properties, mass movement, and structural geology. Slope stability monitoring with mass movement (displacement) considered to determine the stability of slope wall. Measurable real-time data monitoring provided to reduce risk of unstable slope wall involved with employees, equipment, and economics at the mining environmental. Slope Stability Radar as a monitoring instrument used in several of indonesian open pit mining. Accuration, realibilitation, intensity of SSR monitoring considered very realible to represent " real deformation " of slope wall. On Slope stability Radar data analysis, trend of graphics behaviour is " the key " of monitoring. Combined of trend deformation, velocity and inverse-velocity provide threshold with early warning system purpose. Geology structures fold and thrust fault deleterious stability of slope wall which a lot of case succeed as a " triggers " of failure occurs. By velocity and inverse-velocity rate represent the acceleration of the area with structural geology involved change rapidly. The case study conducted as an effort to help engineer boost " confident " to determine characteristic of failure by the data of slope stability radar and trend particularly with structural geology involved. Variety of graphics characteristic from 15 analysis data purpose to determine " threshold alarm " and proposed as reference on SSR monitoring system for the risk management program at coal mining environmental.

Las actividades detalladas a continuación se enmarcan dentro del contexto del programa
de exploración avanzada del Proyecto Mirador, que actualmente esta en ejecución. La
exploración avanzada se deriva de anteriores programas, que abarcan desde la
prospección geoquímica de sedimentos en quebradas, estudios geoquímicos de suelos, así
como también mapeo de unidades litológicas regionales y a detalle,  hasta definir zonas
de anomalías de cobre, oro y otros metales de interés económico. Posterior a este proceso
se planifica el programa de perforación que tiene como fin generar los testigos, los cuales
son tratados y preparados para el logeo geomecánico y logeo geológico, que una vez
interpretados por los geólogos, arrojan datos para evaluar los recursos, tanto medidos,
indicados e inferidos, estos datos a través del modelamiento geológico, genera la forma
del yacimiento en 3D, datos que servirán también para el diseño de la mina. El programa
de exploración actual tiene como fin la recategorización de las reservas antes señaladas.

 Abstract— Distribution design involves making decisions on the fragmentation and allocation of data across the sites of a computer network. Multiple vertical splitting is the process of subdividing the attributes of a relation to generate fragments. In this paper, we propose an analysis for multiple vertical splitting algorithm using Slop Based Partitioning Algorithm (SBPA). This approach starts from the attribute affinity matrix and generates initial clusters based on the affinity values between attributes. Then, it uses the database according to optimal splitting solution to produce final groups that will represent the fragments. Then we analyzed these fragments according to their contribution level. The result is generated that shows how to find optimal solutions.

— Thermo-physical properties of butter, hydrogenated fat, palm oil, coconut oil, sunflower oil, and groundnut oil were examined. Experimental results revealed the highest slip melting point (38oC) and specific gravity for hydrogenated fat whereas the lowest slip melting point (-18oC) and hardness values for sunflower oil. However, sunflower oil showed the highest refractive index. The consistency of butter and hydrogenated fat was reported acceptable plastic and spreadable. Palm oil was found soft and spreadable. The melting curve of palm oil, butter, and hydrogenated fat showed two endothermic peaks. However, coconut oil, sunflower oil, and groundnut oil showed only one peak. The solid fat content (SFC) of butter, hydrogenated fat, palm oil, and coconut oil were found within the recommended range for baking performance. Melting enthalpy was strongly correlated to hardness (r = 0.8604, P < 0.001) of fat and oil samples. Correlation coefficient (r) of 0.8977 (P < 0.001) was found between SFC and hardness. The results strengthen the premise that hardness of the fat is not dependent solely on the SFC and as the results demonstrated that the melting enthalpy also plays a key role in influencing the hardness of fats and oils.

Abstract

Administratively the research area is located in Samigaluh District, Kulon Progo Regency, Special Province of Yogyakarta, precisely at the coordinates (UTM-WGS84-Zona 49S) 404090 mT to 412090 mT and 9147980 mU to 9151980 mU. The purpose of the research is to find out the characteristics and zones of vulnerability of soil movements that are influenced by the physical conditions of the research area. The research method used is deterministic method (SNI 8291: 2016). Identification of the vulnerability zone of land movement in Samigaluh district was carried out by analyzing the data in the form of overlaying slope parameter maps, geology, geological structure, and land use using geographic information systems (GIS). Data collection is done both primary and secondary data. Primary data includes the location of soil movements, dimensions of ground motion, geological conditions, morphological conditions, hydrological conditions and geotechnical soil. While secondary data includes geological maps, slope maps, land use maps, rainfall maps, and DEM data. The type of ground movement from the study is divided into 3, namely rock topple, nendatan (slump), and earth flow. The results showed that Samigaluh district had three levels of vulnerability to land movements, namely, low, medium and high. Most landslide locations are in areas with moderate to high levels of land movement vulnerability such as in Purwoharjo Village, Sidoharjo Village, Pagerharjo Village, and Ngargosari Village. Analysis of classification results shows that the trigger factors for the landslide movement are strongly influenced by the slope. Soil movements occur in areas with land use with little vegetation, steep slopes to steep, and in the constituent lithology of Tertiary volcanic products.
Keyword : GIS, Mass Movement, Samigaluh,Susceptibility

Current research focus on using Generic Mapping Tools (GMT) cartographic scripting toolset for geodata processing aimed to visualize and compare geomorphic cross-section profiles of two trenches. Study area: Yap Trench (YT) and Palau Trench (PT), two hadal trenches located in south-west Pacific Ocean. Study aim: to do automatic geomorphological modelling by digitizing profiles in a fast and precise way. This was possible using GMT based automatic data processing through modules: “grdtrack”, “psxy” and “convert”. The methodology consisted in extracting raster dataset from the SRTM15_PLUS, automated digitizing of the cross-sectional profiles on the selected segments, plotting profiles graphs for two trenches and statistical analysis on the bathymetry showing depth distribution. The results are the following. YT reaches -7,000 m, PT -6,200 m, that means that PT is shallower. YT has more abrupt slope and steep gradient of the profiles oceanward comparing to PT. For the diapason of -7000 m to -6000 m YT has 68 samples, while PT has 34 samples. PT has more samples below -6000 m, but YT has dominating depths at deeper values. In general, PT has more gentle geomorphic slope land and oceanwards, while YT has steeper slopes and deeper records. Topographic pro- files of the axis of the YT have sharp V-shape while PT has U-shape which indicates more flat bottom of the YT with thin sediment cover of the axis. Development of the machine learning explains the importance of the geodata automatization. Automated cross-sectioning by GMT is more accurate, fast and less error-prone comparing to the manual process of digitizing by hand in traditional GIS. This paper demonstrated a GMT based methodology for the geomorphic modelling that can be applied both for submarine and terrestrial areas in similar works. The paper contributes to the development of the cartographic methodologies.

Rainfall induced landslide has become a common phenomenon in Bangladesh causing huge loss of life and properties almost every year. As landslide phenomenon in Chittagong City commonly takes place in the rainy season, it is worthy to find out other factors that affect slope stability rather focusing solely on rainfall. We investigated some engineering parameters like grain size, cohesion, and angle of internal friction of slope materials where the devastating landslides in 2007 and 2008 took place. Grain size analysis revealed that the slope material is composed of 83-98% sand, 2-17% silt and little or no clay particle. Results from direct shear test showed that cohesion of slope materials is very low ranging from 0.0459 to 0.0801 kg/cm 2 , whereas internal friction angle varies from 26.83 o to 34.30 o . But, original slope angle of that particular sites are much higher extending up to 84 o . Hence, higher percentage of sandy materials, low cohesion value and greater original slope a...

In Singapore, surface rock outcrops and exposures are rare due to thick residual soil cover and intensive urbanization. This makes geological and geotechnical studies difficult and inevitably depends largely on deep drilling and geophysical methods. Therefore, deep excavations for underground infrastructure constructions in Singapore carry scientific value as they provide large scale fresh rock exposures for geological observation. Under the Deep Tunnel Sewerage System Phase 2 (DTSS2) Project, deep shaft excavations are carried out at numerous locations in the south and south-western part of Singapore. Depth of excavations range from 30 to 80m, depending on location and topography. Open face mined tunnelling methods are also used in the DTSS2 Project to construct connection adits and Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM) launch chambers. Geologically, DTSS2 Project area is covered by various rock units of Jurong Formation, which was recently refined into Group with different stratotypes and new formations by the Building and Construction Authority (BCA), in accordance with the standards of International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS). Since the rock type, geological structure, hydrogeological and engineering geological features are properly mapped and documented during the DTSS2 excavation works, it may be of interest to relate and interpret within the BCA’s new stratigraphic framework. This paper intends to share some detailed accounts of geological observations from DTSS2 excavation works for references in future planning and geological investigation works.

İş Güvenliği, İş Sağlığı, İşçi Sağlığı, İş Sağlığı ve İş Güvenliği, İSG, Dünya'da ve Türkiye'de İSG, Dünya'da ve Türkiye'de Asbest, Dünya'da ve Türkiye'de Asbestin İş Sağlığı ve İş Güvenliği Açısından İncelenmesi, Yüksek Lisans Projesi, İş Güvenliği Uzmanı, Türkay Ercan Şengöz (Türkay Ercan Şengöz tarafından yayımlanan her çeşit harita, bilgi ve belgelerin her hakkı saklıdır. Her ne şekilde ve amaçla olursa olsun bu bilgi ve belgelerin kaynak belirtilmeden kullanılması, yazılı izin alınmadan elektronik, optik, mekanik veya diğer yollarla dağıtılması, çoğaltılması, basılması, değiştirilmesi, paylaşılması, kopyalanması ve internet sitelerinde kullanılması durumunda gerekli hukuki yollara başvurulacak ve yasal işlem başlatılacaktır. Önemle duyurulur. Bu platformda veya diğer platformlarda paylaşmış olduğum tez veya akademik kapsamdaki çalışmalarımın içerisindeki bütün bilgilerin etik davranış ve akademik kurallar çerçevesinde elde edilerek sunulduğunu, akademik çalışmalarımın tez yazım kurallarına uygun olarak hazırlandığını hatırlatıyor, bana ait olan her türlü ifade ve bilginin kaynağına eksiksiz atıf yapılması gerektiğini bildiriyor, sevgi ve saygılarımı sunuyorum.)

İnşaat, Risk, Tehlike, İş Güvenliği, İş Kazası, İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği, Occupational Health and Safety, İş Güvenliği Uzmanlığı, İş Güvenliği Uzmanı, Mühendislik, Engineering, İş Kazaları, İşçi Sağlığı, İnşaat Sektörü, İnşaat Sektöründe Yaşanan İş Kazaları, İnşaat Sektöründe Yaşanan İş Kazaları ve Nedenleri, Yargıtay Kararları, İş Kazası Örnekleri ve İlgili Yargıtay Kararları, İstanbul, Türkay Ercan Şengöz (Türkay Ercan Şengöz tarafından yayımlanan her çeşit harita, bilgi ve belgelerin her hakkı saklıdır. Her ne şekilde ve amaçla olursa olsun bu bilgi ve belgelerin kaynak belirtilmeden kullanılması, yazılı izin alınmadan elektronik, optik, mekanik veya diğer yollarla dağıtılması, çoğaltılması, basılması, değiştirilmesi, paylaşılması, kopyalanması ve internet sitelerinde kullanılması durumunda gerekli hukuki yollara başvurulacak ve yasal işlem başlatılacaktır. Önemle duyurulur. Bu platformda veya diğer platformlarda paylaşmış olduğum tez veya akademik kapsamdaki çalışmalarımın içerisindeki bütün bilgilerin etik davranış ve akademik kurallar çerçevesinde elde edilerek sunulduğunu, akademik çalışmalarımın tez yazım kurallarına uygun olarak hazırlandığını hatırlatıyor, bana ait olan her türlü ifade ve bilginin kaynağına eksiksiz atıf yapılması gerektiğini bildiriyor, sevgi ve saygılarımı sunuyorum.)

Un promedio de 37% de los accidentes fatales en la mediana y gran minería en Perú son resultado de desprendimientos de rocas y derrumbes o deslizamientos. Para la minimización de estos accidentes y la reducción de las pérdidas por daños a la infraestructura minera, es necesario implementar un sistema de alerta que permite la identificación de zonas vulnerables para tomar las medidas preventivas correspondientes. Una herramienta potente en este marco es el monitoreo microsísmico que permite monitorear pulsaciones instantáneas de baja intensidad en el macizo rocoso, generando información dinámica en tiempo real de la ubicación, extensión y magnitud de inestabilidades geológicas.

Rainfall induced landslide has become a common phenomenon in Bangladesh causing huge loss of life and properties almost every year. As landslide phenomenon in Chittagong City commonly takes place in the rainy season, it is worthy to find out other factors that affect slope stability rather focusing solely on rainfall. We investigated some engineering parameters like grain size, cohesion, and angle of internal friction of slope materials where the devastating landslides in 2007 and 2008 took place. Grain size analysis revealed that the slope material is composed of 83-98% sand, 2-17% silt and little or no clay particle. Results from direct shear test showed that cohesion of slope materials is very low ranging from 0.0459 to 0.0801 kg/cm 2 , whereas internal friction angle varies from 26.83 o to 34.30 o. But, original slope angle of that particular sites are much higher extending up to 84 o. Hence, higher percentage of sandy materials, low cohesion value and greater original slope angle than internal friction angle were the main attributes that severely affected slope stability that, in turn, triggered landslides in the study area. Moreover, different human activities like hill cutting that make the slopes more vulnerable were also responsible for landslide hazard in Chittagong City in 2007 and 2008.

This paper examines the geology of the Lagrasse area, southern France. The stratigraphy in the area ranges in age from 72ma-52ma with recent Quaternary superficial deposits noted. All the strata in the region are calcite bearing, this along with tectonic influences in the area forms the rugged valley filled landscape around Lagrasse. The area is located in the Pyrenean foothills and has noticeable deformation throughout many units especially the Ribaute Limestone, likely deformed during the Eocene. The tectonic processes before the Eocene that led to the formation of the Pyrenees are also responsible for the depositional environments of the strata. The depositional settings are controlled by related processes such as foreland basin formation. The rugged landscape created makes the region prone to flooding with narrow valleys that have to share waterways and roads making natural disasters ever present in the area such as disastrous floods in 1999 and 2014.

This paper presents an empirical model for estimating rock mass hydraulic conductivity of fractured Hawkesbury Sandstone in the Sydney basin. The hydraulic conductivity of a fractured crystalline rock mass can be a critical factor in tunnelling projects and dewatering designs. The Lugeon test (commonly known as the "packer test") is a common test used to estimate the in-situ permeability of a rock mass. The Packer test is carried out over a specific length (typically 3-6 m) within a borehole to reduce the range of variation of the affecting parameters. To construct a detailed profile of hydraulic conductivity through the rock mass a relatively large number of Packer tests are often required which can be costly and time consuming. The new rock mass classification system called the "HC system" was proposed by Hsu et al. (2011). The HC-system assists with the hydraulic modelling of a rock mass and is based on 4 parameters which can be readily assessed from borehole logs and borehole Televiewer data, namely Rock Quality Designation (RQD), Depth Index (DI), Gouge Content Designation (GCD) and Lithology Permeability Index (LPI). A modified new rock mass classification system called the "HC-system" or HC model has been specifically developed for Hawkesbury Sandstone in the Sydney basin. Regression analysis was conducted to assess the correlation between the calculated HC value (using the HC model) and the corresponding hydraulic conductivity from the in-situ packer tests. To confirm the feasibility of the proposed empirical HC model, the model was subsequently used to estimate the hydraulic conductivity of similar Hawkesbury Sandstone boreholes from a range of projects that also have corresponding Packer test data for comparison. This empirical HC model may assist with two important hydrogeological applications. The first application is to estimate hydraulic conductivity of fractured sandstone of similar geological set up based on HC-values. By using this approach, hydraulic conductivity data in a given site can be estimated from borehole data, which increases the reliability and confidence of the packer testing. Secondly, for in-situ aquifer tests the HC-system is a valuable new rock mass classification system for estimating the degree of permeability of a borehole. The results obtained confirm the validity and flexibility of the empirical approach to handle cases of onshore and offshore data sets, in relation to data acquisition and data reduction (optimisation).

Keywords:
Lugeon, hydraulic conductivity, Rock Quality Designation (RQD), Depth Index (DI), Gouge Content Designation (GCD), Lithology Permeability Index (LPI), Regression analysis.

For Citation:
Jembere D & Yihdego Y (2019) An empirical model to correlate rock mass classification and hydraulic conductivity, geotechnical engineering data acquisition and reduction perspective. In H. Khabbaz, A. Parsa, AHMK. Zaman & C. Rujikiatkamjorn., 2019 (eds.). INNOVATIONS IN GEOTECHNICAL CONSTRUCTION & DESIGN. Australian Geomechanics Society (AGS). PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2019 AGS SYMPOSIUM. Sydney, Australia. November 15 2019. Pages: 66-77.

URL:
https://australiangeomechanics.org/meetings/2019-sydney-symposium/

INNOVATIONS IN GEOTECHNICAL CONSTRUCTION & DESIGN. The Australian Geomechanics Society sponsored by Engineers, Australia & The Australasian Institute of Mining & Metallurgy (AusIMM)

The classification of coal resources generally is based on geometric factors and the complexity of geological structures. The classification has not considered coal quality factors such as ash content, sulphur content, caloric value. The development of international classification standards has required a geostatistical analysis for the estimation and classification of coal resources. The purpose of this research is to apply geostatistics method to determine optimal drill hole distance, and to analyze classification of coal resource based on data of coal quality and quantity. Based on global estimation variance (GEV) approach from geostatistics, relative error value was obtained. Drill hole spacing analysis (DHSA) results in optimal drill hole spacing on each coal seam for the coal resources classification. Estimation using kriging block results in the value of kriging relative error. Coal resources classification was based on relative error of 0-10% for measured resources, 10-20% for indicated resources and > 20% for inferred resources. Based on a case study in a coal field consisting of three coal seams, the geostatistical approach produced the smallest distance on seam-3 as the optimal borehole range in the research area. This classification yields a greater area of influence than the SNI standard on simple geological complexity.

Industrial (technical) applications of geophysical methods used by the Archeo-geophysics laboratory in construction, plumbing, geotechnical engineering, engineering geology, mining, electricity power suply, transportation, military, criminology, security and ecology.


The fields of application of the Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) are:
CONSTRUCTION APPLICATIONS
Designing buildings, roads, airports, oil and gas pipelines requires comprehensive study the geological structure of the ground and rocks in the area for construction. Using of geophysical methods for exploration for construction, especially in complex engineering geological conditions of the construction site, provides additional information about the structure of the ground and improves the quality of project solutions.

Non-destructive location, determination of the depth and mapping of:
- Gaps (fig.1, 2) and defects in buildings
- landslides, failures, subsidence (Figure 3), faults and other hazards (Figure 4) for buildings in the design of new residential complexes and buildings
- Invisible cracks in buildings
- Areas of degradation of reinforced concrete due to corrosion of reinforcement
- Corrosion of the connections of the panels
- Wiring and reinforcement (Figure 11) in the floors, walls and ceilings
- Elements of floor heating
- Septic tanks and channels (Figure 20);
- Caves (Figure 5), caverns (Figure 6) and other karst formations causing subsidence of the ground
- Underground reservoirs (fig.30)
- Buried and build in tubes (Figure 20), cables (Figure 21), etc .;
- Tunnels (Figure 7), catacombs and channels
-Underground power, telephone or other cables that could be damaged in excavations for constructions or repair, which would lead to a short circuit, cable breaks or even accidents at work. This prevents their destruction during construction works and accidents with them.
Non-destructive localization and identification of underground pipes of metal, plastic, ceramics, concrete and asbestos concrete.
Non-destructive evaluation of the status and monitoring of the stability of the ground, floors and foundations.
Assessment of amortization of:
buildings, towers, terraces, garages, balconies, panels, iron and concrete structures.
ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS
GPR replaced the X-ray in flaw detection of large constructions due to harming, high price, time consuming and limitations of X-ray flaw detection.

Non-destructive locating, determination the depth and mapping of:
- Walls (Figure 8), supports (Fig 1, 2, 9, 10), reinforcement (Figure 11), and other supporting structures;
- Built-in components and systems in structures (Figure 8, 13-14).
- Gaps (fig.1,2) and defects in structures;
- Tubes (Figure 15, 16), cables and wires in structures (Fig. 17)

Determination of:

- Thickness of pavement, foundations, asphalt, concrete, etc .;
- Thinning, distortion and other types of wearing of surfaces, foundations, etc .;
- network of wires, metal or plastic pipes
Non-destructive testing, evaluation of the situation and monitoring of:
pavement, platforms, foundations, plates, supporting and bearing constructions and others structures.

COMMUNICATIONS, OIL AND GAS LINES, PIPELINES, WATER-CONDUIT AND SEWERAGE
Non-destructive locating, determination of the depth and mapping of:
- Buried and build in tubes (Figure 15, 16), channels (fig.16,18), cables (Figure 17), tunnels (Figure 7),etc.;
- Underwater pipes, cables, etc.
- Leaks in pipes (water, gas, etc.).
APPLICATIONS IN TRANSPORT
Non-destructive locating, determination of the depth and mapping of:
- Cracks, collapses, cavities and other defects in the foundation and pavement of roads, runways, railway lines and other transportation constructions;
- Cracks, collapses, cavities and other defects in tunnels and tunnel structures;
- Thinning, distortion, cracks, voids, and other defects in bridges and bridge constructions.
Non-destructive thickness measurement of:
bridge roadways, pavements, new and old asphalt, foundations, drainage and others.
Non-destructive testing, evaluation and monitoring of the state of:
roads, runways, railway lines, tunnels, bridges, etc. constructions.
Evaluation of amortization of bridges, runways, tunnels, overpasses, multi- level parking, etc.

HYDROLOGICAL APPLICATIONS
Non-destructive locating, determination of the depth and mapping of:
-Underground rivers
-Groundwater (Figure 19)
Non-destructive determination of the depth of the water level of groundwater
GEOLOGICAL AND GEOTECHNICAL APPLICATIONS
The use of the method of subsurface radar sounding (GPR) in engineering geology explorations increased dramatically in the practice of over the past decade.
Unlike the traditional geophysical methods (electric resistivity survey, seismic survey, etc.), GPR survey allows extremely high resolution along the trace and in depth, highly-detailed surveys, along with possibility to obtain information about the structure of the studied section and visualization of results during the measurement. All this is resulting in high performance of the GPR exploration.
Mapping of sections and study the structure of:
- Rocks;
- Sediments;
- Underwater sediments;
- Rock surfaces in sedimentary rocks
- Rock-bottom and bottom deposits in fresh water bodies (lakes and rivers) - Figure 12
- Soils;
- Groundwater;
- Water horizons (Figure 19);
- Karst formations (caves (Figure 5), caverns (Figure 6), whirlpools, potholes, etc.);
- Failures, faults, landslides (Figure 3), etc .;
Non-destructive stratification and stratigraphic mapping of:
- Sediments;
- Soils;
- Water horizons (Figure 19);
Detection and mapping of the structural discontinuities in a section (karst, tectonic discontinuities, contact between lithological different rocks, areas of wedging of the rock layers, rock inclusions in sedimentary environment, etc.);
Sounding and measurement of peat and sapropel deposits
Non-destructive testing, evaluation and monitoring of the status of groundwater resources, geological and hydrogeological situation
Non-destructive determination of:
- Thickness and density of the snow and ice cover
- Depth of bedrock
Characterization of cracks and faults

MINING APPLICATIONS
Non-destructive localization and mapping:
- Hazardous areas in open pits and mine galleries.
- Old underground mining galleries.
- Coal layers;
- Ore deposits;
- Salt deposits;
- Bauxites;
Non-destructive testing, evaluation and monitoring of the deposits and hazardous areas.
MILITARY APPLICATIONS
Non-destructive locating, determination of the depth and mapping of:
- Bunkers, shelters, underground warehouses, caves and other strategic underground sites;
- Anti-infantry and antitank mines;
- Unexploded mines, shells (Figure 20) and grenades;
- Defects in bunkers, polygons, tunnels, roads, runways, bridges, etc. strategic sites
- Cables (Figure 17), pipelines (fig.15-16) tunnels (Figure 7) and other communications;
Geophysical methods are applied effectively even in intelligence!

CRIMINOLOGY (FORENSIC) AND SECURITY APPLICATIONS
Non-destructive locating, determination of the depth and mapping of:
- Walled in safes, (Figure 21) and hideouts
- Hidden single and mass graves (Figure 22, 23);
-Tunnels dug under banks, prisons, vaults, galleries, museums, warehouses (Figure 24) and other buildings for robbery or escape from prison
- Buried, built in, and otherwise hidden clues, weapons (Figure 25), ammunition (Figure 20), hazardous substances and others.
-  bugging devices

Non-destructive testing, evaluation and monitoring of the status of objects, subject to criminal investigation or special security measures.

ENVIRONMENT
Conductive contamination of groundwater strongly absorb signal of GPR, and therefore it is an effective tool for mapping the distribution of such contaminants (Figure 26).

Non-destructive locating, determination of the depth and mapping of:
- Leaks and spills of pollutants (Figure 26);
- Septic tanks and channels;
- Buried, walled in, or submerged pollutants;
- Underground reservoirs (Figure 27) and storage of pollutants;
Non-destructive testing, evaluation of the state and monitoring of contaminated sites, groundwater, reservoirs and storage of hazardous waste, and protected natural sites or monuments.
AGRICULTURAL APPLICATIONS
Non-destructive locating, determination of the depth and mapping of:
- The level of groundwater (Figure 19)
- Drainage pipes and equipment
- Tree roots

APPLICATIONS FOR RESCUE OPERATIONS
Non-destructive localization of people and objects buried by avalanches.

ABSTRAK Sungai comal yang berada di Kabupaten Pemalang ini bermuara di Pantai Utara Jawa. Berdasarkan studi data sekunder yang menggunakan penelitian Citra Landsat 7 ETM+ hasil rekaman tahun 2002 menunjukan bentukan delta muara sungai Comal yang mengalami perubahan membentuk " cuspate ". Genesa bentukan delta cuspate ini bisa disebabkan Sungai Comal tersebut mengangkut material sedimen yang disebarkan di Laut Jawa dan diendapkan kembali di sepanjang garis pantai oleh aktivitas gelombang laut mengakibatkan kawasan pesisir utara Pulau Jawa mengalami akresi atau pengendapan. Kemudian dalam beberapa periode, bentukan delta Sungai Comal mengalami beberapa perubahan bentukan. Hal ini terjadi diperkirakan karena arah muara sungai Comal yang selalu berpindah-pindah sesuai dengan pasokan air dari anak-anak sungai dan inflluks sedimen yang dibawa, serta adanya pengaruh iklim dan aktivitas gelombang arus. Maksud penulisan paper ini adalah unutuk mengetahui genesa bentukan delta cuspate di Sungai Comal berdasarkan influx sedimen. Serta penulisan paper ini bertujuan untuk memberika gambaran mengenai perubahan morfologi delta muara sungai Comal pada periode tertentu yang dapat dijadikan acuan dalam perencanaan tata ruang dan penggunaan lahan kawasan tersebut. Paper ini ditulis dengan menggunakan studi kasus pada data-data sekunder dari paper yang telah ada.

On the 26th April 2014 a rock block of approximate volume 15m3 (about 40MT) fell on the B9 Road at Macondé, south west of Mauritius. The site is located on the sea shore, in the area of the Rivière du Cap and Baie du Cap.
The consultancy services for Mitigation for Rockfall at Macondé (Procurement MPI/QU 39 of 2014) were awarded by the Ministry of Public Infrastructures, National Development Unit, Land Transport & Shipping (MPI) to GEoTechnical Services Ltd (GETS).
A literature review of rockfall engineering is provided in the report.
The preliminary identification of unstable rocks and boulders has been carried out until 29th May 2014. A first report has been submitted accordingly, estimating about 200MT to be removed from the cliff. The areas to be cleared are 220m on the western slope and 80m on the eastern slope, the height of the cliff varying from 25 to 50m.
Purging works have been carried out by ROCS SARL with an estimate of about 460MT eventually removed.
Following purging, recommended works that remain to get implemented are:
The creation of a rock falls trap at the northern part of the western cliff
- The implementation of a fencing to restrict access to the foot of the western cliff on its southern part, to discourage pedestrian walking and car-parking on this side of the road
- The re-alignment of the B9 road on the eastern side of Macondé
- The implementation of protective netting at the apex of the cliff.

Buffer area on the eastern side to be landscaped accordingly to increase road protection.
- Preventive purging could be considered as the cost effective method to mitigate rock falls, but not providing permanent protection and involving uncertainty regarding required frequency. Preventive purging could be performed off peak hours (10AM-3PM) within 8 working days, with full closure of the road, for a budget estimate of Rs1.5M for each intervention.
- Implementation of permanent protective netting is also considered for a total area covered of 3,100m2, involving at least 9 weeks works with single lane traffic required. Budget estimate for this works is evaluated to Rs8.6M for a lifetime of about 20 years, which therefore becomes also economically favourable on the long term. Purging should however been considered for areas not covered by permanent protective equipment, as a way to monitor the evolution of weathering and fracturation processes.

Revista Geociencias UO Vol. 4 Núm. 1 Julio 2021

Presentación ---  Dr. Emilio Alberto de Ygartúa Monteverde, Rector Univ. Olmeca, A. C., p. 04

Inversión de onda completa multiescala para la estimación de modelos acústicos de velocidadesen el ejemplo del Cinturón Plegado y Cabalgado Norte Cubano --- Héctor Abel Fernández Hernández, Emilio R., Escartín Sauleda y Eimy Ramírez Ponce., p. 05

Fracturamiento hidráulico mediante disparos y redisparos --- Xenia Judit Berttolini Villagómez., p. 17

Parámetros de la inversión que modifican la calidad de la imagen en la tomografía eléctrica. Caso de estudio. --- Héctor Manuel Fernández Núñez y María Amelia Pereira de Barros da Silva., p. 24

Ajuste de densidades de control para la perforación de formaciones fracturadas de forma natural, mediante el análisis de la presión estática de yacimiento en pozos de desarrollo. --- Ángel Suárez Rodríguez., p. 40

Minería de datos para el análisis de la continuidad de las propiedades del reservorio en las escamas Veloz 1, 2 y 3 del yacimiento Yumurí-Seboruco, Cuba. --- Ariel García Martínez, Odalys Reyes Paredes y Milton García Borroto., p. 52

Su, Su Sondajı, Su Sondajı Nasıl Yapılır? Su Sondajı Yapımında Dikkat Edilmesi Gerekenler, Su Sondajında Çıkarılan Suların İnsan Sağlığı Üzerine Etkileri, Suyun ve Su Kaynaklarının İslam Dinindeki Yeri ve Önemi, Su Sondajı ve Sondajın Tarihçesi ve Gelişimi, Su Sondajına Başlamadan Önce Yapılması Gereken Resmi İşlemler, Su Sondajı Neden Yapılır Veya Yaptırılır? Kaliteli Su Sondajı İçin Gerekli Şartlar Nelerdir? Su Sondajı-Yeraltı Suları-Kuyu Yeri Seçimi ve Kuyu Tasarımı İlişkisi Nasıl Olmalıdır? Su Sondajı Yöntemleri Nelerdir? Su Kuyusu Açma Yöntemleri Nelerdir? Su Sondajının Yapım Aşamaları, Sondaj Açarken Suyun Çıktığını Nasıl Anlarız? Sondaj Suyunun Debisinin Ölçümü, Sondaj Çalışmaları Sırasında Karşılaşılan Sorunlar ve Çözümleri, Sondaj Takım Dizisinin Sıkışması, Sondaj Takım Dizisinin Kopması, Sondaj Takım Dizisinin Çözülmesi, Sondajda Boru Kopmaları, Sondaj Çalışmalarında Kurtarma İşlemlerinin Yapılmasının Nedenleri, Sondaj Çalışmalarındaki Doğal Güçlükler Ve Kurtarma Çalışmaları, Sondaj Çalışmalarında Meydana Gelebilecek Kazalar Ve Alınabilecek Önlemler, Sondaj Çalışmalarında Kullanılan Kurtarma Aletleri, Sondaj Bittikten Sonra Teslim/Teslim Alma ve Metrajın Tespiti, Su Sondajının Maliyeti Ne Kadardır? Nasıl Hesaplanır? Sondaj Kuyusundaki Suyun Azalmasının Nedenleri, Sondaj Bakımı ve Geliştirme, Sondaj Kuyularının İşletmeye Hazır Hale Getirilmesi, Su Sondajı Raporu Örneği, Konya, Jeoloji, Jeoloji Mühendisliği, Jeoloji Yüksek Mühendisi, Türkay Ercan Şengöz. (Türkay Ercan Şengöz tarafından yayımlanan her çeşit harita, bilgi ve belgelerin her hakkı saklıdır. Her ne şekilde ve amaçla olursa olsun bu bilgi ve belgelerin kaynak belirtilmeden kullanılması, yazılı izin alınmadan elektronik, optik, mekanik veya diğer yollarla dağıtılması, çoğaltılması, basılması, değiştirilmesi, paylaşılması, kopyalanması ve internet sitelerinde kullanılması durumunda gerekli hukuki yollara başvurulacak ve yasal işlem başlatılacaktır. Önemle duyurulur. Bu platformda veya diğer platformlarda paylaşmış olduğum tez veya akademik kapsamdaki çalışmalarımın içerisindeki bütün bilgilerin etik davranış ve akademik kurallar çerçevesinde elde edilerek sunulduğunu, akademik çalışmalarımın tez yazım kurallarına uygun olarak hazırlandığını hatırlatıyor, bana ait olan her türlü ifade ve bilginin kaynağına eksiksiz atıf yapılması gerektiğini bildiriyor, sevgi ve saygılarımı sunuyorum.)