Grapevines

ÖZET Bu araştırma, Van ekolojik koşullarında Sultani Çekirdeksiz, Hamburg Misketi, Cardinal, Royal, Hatun Parmağı ve Yalova İncisi çeşitlerinin Etkili Sıcaklık Toplamı (EST) gereksinimlerini belirlemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Tesadüf parselleri deneme desenine göre, 4 tekerrürlü ve her tekerrürde 3 omca olacak şekilde planlanmış olan denemede üç yıllık (2005, 2006 ve 2007) vejetasyon devresinde, uyanma başlangıcı, tam çiçeklenme, ben düşme başlangıcı ve hasat tarihleri kaydedilmiş; uyanma başlangıcından, hasat tarihine kadar olan dönem için ise ayların ortalama sıcaklık değerinden 10 0 C çıkartılmış ve o aylara ait gün sayısı ile çarpılıp; bulunan rakamlar toplanarak, EST değerleri gün derece (gd) olarak hesaplanmıştır. Çeşitlerin uyanmasından hasadına kadar geçen sürede üç yıllık ortalama EST değerleri, 420A ve 110R anaçlarına aşılı olmak üzere sırasıyla; Sultani Çekirdeksiz için 1264.5 ve 1363.9 gd, Hamburg Misketi için 1300.0 ve 1335.8, Cardinal için 1172.0 ve 1228.3, Yalova İncisi için 1112.6 ve 1186.9 gd olarak tespit edilmiştir. Royal ve Hatun Parmağı için ise, 2006 ve 2007 yıllarına ait EST ortalaması sırasıyla 1293.0 ve 1440.3 gd bulunmuştur. EST isteği en fazla olan çeşidin 1440.3 gd ile Hatun Parmağı olduğu, en düşük EST isteğinin ise 420A anacına aşılı Yalova İncisi (1112.6 gd) çeşidinde görüldüğü, bunu aynı anaca aşılı Cardinalin (1172.0 gd) takip ettiği görülmüştür. Ele alınmış olan çeşitlere ait fenolojik gözlemlere dayanılarak yapılan hesaplamalar sonucu, Van İli için EST değerlerinin 1112.6 gd ile 1440.3 gd aralığında değiştiği belirlenmiştir. ABSTRACT This study was conducted in order to determine the Effective Heat Summation (EHS) values for 6 fresh table cultivars (Sultani Çekirdeksiz, Hamburg Misketi, Cardinal, Royal, Hatun Parmağı, and Yalova İncisi) in Van ecological condition. The experiment was designed as randomized plots with three replications, each having 3 plants for three-year-vegetation periods (2005, 2006, and 2007), and bud-break, full bloom, verasion, and harvest dates were recorded. EHT values were calculated as degree-day (dd) by extracting 10 C 0 from average monthly temperatures from bud-break to harvest periods and multiplying with the day number in each month and adding the obtained values to each other. The mean three-year EHS values for Sultani Çekirdeksiz, Hamburg Misketi, Cardinal, and Yalova İncisi on 420A and 110R rootstocks were found as 1264.5 and 1363.9 dd; 1300.0 and 1335.8 dd; 1172.0 and 1228.3 dd; and 1112.6 and 1186.9 dd, respectively. For Royal and Hatun Parmağı, the mean EHS values for 2006 and 2007 were found as 1293.0 and 1440.3 dd, respectively. It was observed that the highest EHS (1440.3 dd) was in Hatun Parmağı, while the lowest EHS (1112.6 dd) was in Yalova İncisi on 420A rootstock, followed by Cardinal on the same rootstock (1172.0 dd). As the result of calculations based on the phenological observations of the mentioned cultivars, EHS values for Van Province ranged from 1112.6 dd to 1440.3 dd.

GİRİŞ Bağ alanları ve üzüm yetiştiriciliği bakımından 2013 verilerine göre ülkemizde 4 670 929 hektar bağ alanından 4 175 356 ton yaş üzüm üretilmiştir. Üretilen üzümün 2 166 749 tonu sofralık, 445 127 tonu şaraplık, 1 563 480 tonu kurutmalık olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Ülkemizde üretilen toplam meyvenin %21'lik kısmını oluşturan üzüm, meyve üretiminde ilk sırada yer almıştır [1]. Üzümden çok farklı şekillerde faydalanan Anadolu insanı, asmanın yapraklarından da yararlanmayı düşünerek zekâ ve kültürlerinin yüksekliğini bir kez daha göstermiş ve mutfaklarına yeni bir ürün katarak zenginleştirmişlerdir. Asma yaprağı dolma, cevizli bat, pide iç harcı yapımı yanında ekstraktı da geleneksel tıpta kullanılmaktadır[2,3]. Ülkemizde salamuralık asma yaprağı üretimi özel-likle Manisa ve Tokat illerinde çok eskiden beri yoğun bir şekilde yapılmaktadır. Asma yaprağının ticari getirisinin yüksek olmasıyla birlikte, ülkemizde taze ve salamura asma yaprağına olan talep hızla artmaktadır. Ticari sarmalık yaprak üretiminde öne çıkan iki üzüm çeşidimiz Sultani (Ege Böl-gesi) ve Narince (Tokat)'dir. Bunların yanı sıra, her yörenin ince ve yumuşak yapılı, az dilimli, ince damarlı yapraklara sahip olan yerel çeşitleri de (Trakya'nın Yapıncak çeşidi gibi) bu amaçla yaygın olarak değerlendirilmektedir[3,4]. Özet Teminat kapsamındaki bitkisel ürünler TARSİM tarafından dolu ve don risk paketleri ile poliçelendirilmektedir. Dolu paketi kapsamındaki riskler; dolu, fırtına, hortum, yangın, heyelan, deprem, sel ve su baskınını içermektedir. Ülkemizin en önemli ticari bitkilerinden asmada; asma fidanı ve üzüm sigorta kapsamında yer almaktadır. Son yıllarda, Tokat, Manisa, Denizli gibi bazı yörelerde asma yaprağı ticari açıdan önemli bir ürün haline gelmiştir. Ülkemizde salamuralık olarak daha çok Sultani Çekirdeksiz ve Narince çeşidine ait yapraklar ticari olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Ülkemizde son 4 yılda bağcılık sektöründe sigorta bedelinde % 621, prim üretiminde %791 ve poliçe sayısında % 326 lık artış gerçekleşmiştir. Asma yaprak hasadı döneminde bağlarda yaşanan dolu zararları, üreticileri mağdur etmekte ve dolu riski TARSİM teminatı içerisinde yer almamaktadır. Son yıllarda asma yaprağının Devlet Destekli Tarım Sigortası kapsamına alınmasına yönelik çalışmalar başlamış olup, henüz bu ürüne yönelik ekspertiz raporu hazırlanmış değildir. Bu çalışmada asma yaprağının sigortalanabilmesi için ekspertiz raporunda gerekli olan verilerin oluşturulması amaçlanmıştır. Tokat ilinin farklı yörelerinde yer alan bağlarda yıllardır asma yaprağı üretimine yönelik yapılmış bilimsel çalışmalardan yararlanarak; asma başına, budama yüküne, hasat dönemlerine, terbiye sistemleri ve dikim sıklığına göre ekspertiz raporunda yararlanılabilecek parametreler hazırlanmıştır. Asmalarda yaprak hasadı 5-10 dönemde gerçekleşmektedir. Toplanan yaprak miktarı, çeşide, hasat dönemlerine, budama yüküne, gübreleme, sulama vb uygulamalara göre değişmektedir. Yaprak verim parametresi olarak, asmadaki sürgün sayısı, sürgün başına toplanan yaprak miktarı ve ortalama yaprak ağırlıklarından yararlanılması önerilmiştir. Poliçede yaprak verim ve fiyat bedelleri bölgelere göre belirlenmelidir. Üretici poliçede hasat dönemlerini ve dönemlere göre verim değerini beyan etmelidir. Hasar dönemi ve zarar oranına göre geçici veya kesin rapor tutulması önerilmiştir. Abstract Crop products in guaranteed coverage have been issued a policy to hail and frost risks packages By TARSIM. Hail package risks have been consist of hail, storm, tornado, fire, landslide, earthquake, and flood. Grape vine is the most important commercial crops in our country; its sapling and grape has been at insurance coverage. In recent years, grape vine leaves have been become an important product for commercial purposes in some regions such as Tokat, Manisa, and Denizli provinces. Sultana Seedless Cv. and Narince Cv. leaves have been mostly used for grape leaves brine in Turkey. In Turkey, insurance costs (621%), premium production (326%), and the number of policies (791%) have been increased at grape vine cultivation sector in the last 4 years. Hail has damaged grape vine leaves in during harvest period and farmers have been suffered from it, and hail damage has not been at insurance coverage by TARSIM. In recent years, some studies has been begun for including grape vine leaves at insurance coverage by TARSIM, whereas expertise report parameters have not been prepared for grape vine leaves yet. This study was aimed to generate an expertise report parameters for insuring grape vine leaves. The expertise report parameters included yield (leaves) per plant, pruning method, harvesting periods, training system, and planting density for grape vine leaves were prepared based on previous studies in Tokat province. Grape vine leaves are harvested around 5 to 10 periods. The yield (leaves) has varied depending on varieties, pruning method, fertilization, irrigation applications etc. The number of vine shoots, the amount of leaves per shoot and average leaf weight are proposed as parameters. The yield (leaves) and prices for policy should be determined according to regions. Harvest periods and yield amount per period should be declared in the policy by farmers. Temporary or final report should be prepared according to damage period and ratio.

Grapevine adaptations to water-stress are described, by focusing on soil/root interactions and root-to-shoot signaling to control both plant water relations and fruit ripening process. Root response to drought, tolerance of available rootstock germoplasm, mechanisms of embolism formation and repair in root, aquaporin control of plant water relations, and abscisic acid biosynthesis and delivery are highlighted, by reviewing recent insights coming from either (eco)physiological literature or viticultural assays addressing vineyard-soil relationships

Spectral-based vegetation indices (VI) have been shown to be good proxies of grapevine stem water potential (Ψ stem), assisting in irrigation decision-making for commercial vineyards. However, VI-Ψ stem correlations are mostly reported at the leaf or canopy scales, using proximal canopy-based sensors or very-high-spatial resolution images derived from sensors mounted on small airplanes or drones. Here, for the first time, we take advantage of high-spatial resolution (3-m) near-daily images acquired from Planet's nano-satellite constellation to derive VI-Ψ stem correlations at the vineyard scale. Weekly Ψ stem was measured along the growing season of 2017 in six vines each in 81 commercial vineyards and in 60 pairs of grapevines in a 2.4 ha experimental vineyard in Israel. The Clip application programming interface (API), provided by Planet, and the Google Earth Engine platform were used to derive spatially continuous time series of four VIs-GNDVI, NDVI, EVI and SAVI-in the 82 vineyards. Results show that per-week multivariable linear models using variables extracted from VI time series successfully tracked spatial variations in Ψ stem across the experimental vineyard (Pearson's-r = 0.45-0.84; N = 60). A simple linear regression model enabled monitoring seasonal changes in Ψ stem along the growing season in the vineyard (r = 0.80-0.82). Planet VIs and seasonal Ψ stem data from the 82 vineyards were used to derive a 'global' model for in-season monitoring of Ψ stem at the vineyard-level (r = 0.78; RMSE = 18.5%; N = 970). The 'global' model, which requires only a few VI variables extracted from Planet images, may be used for real-time weekly assessment of Ψ stem in Mediterranean vineyards, substantially improving the efficiency of conventional in-field monitoring efforts.

To economically evaluate production in terms of quality and quantity in newly reclaimed area of desert under drip irrigation system an investigation was conducted for two consecutive seasons in a vineyard to scrutinize the effects of natural zeolite loaded nitrogen, biochar, biofertilizers, nano rice husk with and without nitrogen and organic fertilizer as well as combination of them in comparison to vines fertilized with chemical recommended dose of NPK as control on growth, and chemical components of Superior seedless grapevine cultivar (Vitis vinifera L). The outcome data revealed that, mixed between natural zeolite loaded nitrogen, biochar, biofertilizers (Bacillus megaterium and Azotobacter chroococcum), rice husk loaded nitrogen and compost in one mixed treatment led to significant increase in vegetative growth as well as chemical ingredients. Moreover, mixed treatment markedly improved soil chemical and physical properties. Present results confirmed that, mixture of zeolite loaded nitrogen, biochar, biofertilizers, nano rice husk loaded nitrogen and organic fertilizers could supply grape with all essential and beneficial nutrients to achieve high yield with desired market criteria alongside reducing economic costs which reflected from evaluation of investment factor and decline pollution of our ecosystem.

Turkey will continue to acting an important role in grape production and raisin exportation in the world because of its large number of grape varieties, favorable ecological conditions and large amount of production areas. Turkey is the one of the gene center of grapevines, for this reason it possesses over 1600 grape varieties. Grapevine varieties are generally harvested by hand; however, the feasibility of using a mechanical harvester is some engineering properties such as physical and mechanical properties must be consideration. In this study, some physical and mechanical properties of grape berries and canes of local variety Şire (Vitis vinifera L. cv.) were determined depend on phenological stages. This research was performed at commercial vineyard in Dicle, the town of Diyarbakır, which is located in the southeastern part of Turkey. Cutting properties were measured by The Lloyd LRX plus materials testing machine. Grape berries length, width, thickness, arithmetic and geometric mean diameter, sphericity, roundness, detachment force (FDF), weight (W), the ratio of FDF/W, skin firmness, total soluble solids content, pH, total acidity and cane of grapevine shearing force, shearing strength, upper yield, shearing energy were determined. The test results indicated that very significant correlations were found between axial dimensions of grape berries, and physical dimensions, mechanical and pomological properties. The ratio of FDF/W decreased depending on phenological stages. Berry weight was lowest at the Veraison (1.60 g). The grape berry skin firmness decreased from 1.174 N to 0.766 N with phenological stages. TSSC values varied from 20.40 to 16.20 %, pH of grape (3.39-3.65) values increased with phenological stages, whereas the total acids were slight changed and reduced from 0.876 to 0.669 %. Cutting properties of Şire grapevine cane has been changed with phenological stages. Shearing force and energy requirement increased with increase internode diameter of canes. Shearing force values changed between 472.38 N and 119.57 N.

Summary

This experiment presents the results of two-year study of productiveness of interspecies hybrid Panonia. The aim of research was to access its productivity in the conditions of Northern Bosnia - Kozara wine growing region. The average yield of 1.2 kg/vine was determined. The average cluster mass was 133.59 g with relatively high sugar content in must (22.96%). Basic elements of productiveness have shown that the cultivar Panonia is suitable for the production of quality wines and is recommended for growing in similar conditions to those of Kozara wine growing region.

Key words: interspecies hybrids, yield, grape quality

Flavonoids are a class of bioactive compounds extremely important in food and wine industry. The development of rapid methods for their quantification in grape berries is one of the modern challenges in viticulture and enology research. Total flavonoid (TF) amount changes during grape ripening and also berry physical-mechanical properties, as evaluated by instrumental texture analysis, change in the same period. In this work, TF and berry physical-mechanical parameters were linked together through predictive models. Models were developed for each of four red wine grape cultivars: Brancellao, Cabernet Franc, Mencía and Merenzao, and another one considered all cultivars together. These models reached high accuracy and allowed to predict TF in grape berries with a low error (RMSE from 0.15±0.07 mg g-1 to 0.35±0.10 mg g-1 in prediction, as evaluated by cross-validation).
Berry weight (BW) was the parameter having the largest influence on TF predictions, and also was the only variable having part in all models. BW and chewiness had a similar behavior and when berry weight was excluded, chewiness was able to substitute its role in all models.
The other physical-mechanical characteristics displayed a different behavior across cultivars.
In conclusion, this work shows that it is possible to predict TF from physical-mechanical predictors in grape berries and that cultivar specific models reach higher accuracy for this purpose than the multi-cultivar model.

Efficient regeneration methods are a priority for the successful application of genetic engineering to
vegetatively propagated plants such as grape (Vitis vinifera L.). An efficient in vitro shoot
micropropagation protocol leading to the regeneration from shoot tip explants was successfully
developed for mass production. Callus was induced from shoot tips and axillary buds on C2D medium
supplemented with 4 mg/l 6-benzyladenine (BA). Bud differentiation from callus was possible on C2D
medium supplemented with 1 mg/l gibberellic acid and 0.1 mg/l kinetin. Bud initials were elongated by
sub-culturing on elongation medium containing C2D salts supplemented with 0.1 mg/l BA and
resulting shoots could be mass micropropagated on C2D medium supplemented with 1 mg/l BA. Shoots
that were regenerated via organogenesis or micropropagation were rooted on C2D medium
supplemented with 1 mg/l indole-3-butyric acid. In this study, regeneration and micropropagation of
grape cv. ‘Spero’ was successfully achieved through shoot tip and axillary bud culture. Such a protocol
would be useful for future use in the strategic improvement of grape using genetic engineering

Articolo consultabile direttamente on-line:

Breve nota informativa sulla prima uva prodotta nella vigna sperimentale nata dal progetto "Archeologia del vino in Italia: un esperimento siciliano" condotto da Mario Indelicato, dall'IBAM - CNR in collaborazione con la cattedra di "Metodologie, cultura materiale e produzioni artigianali nel mondo classico" dell'Università di Catania.

Lang.: PL. A concise paper about agriculture in Slovenia with particular consideration of viniculture. The paper contains short information about country, basic data on main cultivated plants with their area, climate- & soil conditions, organic farming; vineyards area, vine varieties, wine production, divison of viticultural regions.

This study has been conducted with the aim to determine the type of nutrient medium that can be used in micropropagation studies for 'Öküzgözü' and 'Bo˘ gazkere' and to specify BAP concentrations. In the study where ejectors with a length of 0.7-0.8 cm that are obtained with single-node culture are used, it was focused on four different nutrient media such as MS, DKW, QL and WPM and on six different concentrations such as 0.2-0.4-0.6-0.8-1.0-1.5 mg l-1 BAP. Single-node suspension explants which will be used in initiating the culture, are taken into culture in MS nutrient medium and the nutrient medium is supported with 30 g l-1 sucrose, 6 g l-1 agar and 1 mg l-1 BAP. In the trial environment, parameters such as number of shoots, shoot length (cm), number of nodes and callus ratio have been investigated. For both grape varieties, the best outcome was obtained with MS nutrient medium with respect to number of shoots, shoot length, and number of nodes. These values were found as 4.66, 1.24 and 6.39 for 'Öküzgözü' variety respectively, whereas they are determined as 6.28, 1.15 and 6.81 for 'Bo˘ gazkere' variety respectively. In both grape varieties in DKW nutrient medium, starting from the 2nd week of culture, obscuration began to appear on the shoots and after this stage no other development has taken place.

Interpreting plant symbolism in archaeological
artifacts can help us better understand humanenvironment
relationships (Caneva et al. 2014;
Day 2013). In the past, representations of plants
and, more generally, natural elements were not only
decorative or chosen for aesthetic reasons, but they
often had a precise symbolic aim. We argue that in
the past people were able to understand these symbolic
meanings thanks to their deep connection to
and understanding of their environments (Caneva
2010; Caneva et al. 2014).

Potential insect vectors and alternative host plants of the phytoplasmas associated with grapevine yellows (GY) were surveyed in the Fynbos and Succulent Karoo biomes in the Western Cape, South Africa. Aster yellows phytoplasma (16SrI-B), which has been reported infecting grapevine in three regions in the Western Cape, was identified in a plant species belonging to the Aizoaceae. Other phytoplasmas were detected from species belonging to the Brassicaceae, Montiniaceae, Proteaceae and Zygophyllaceae and in a few insect specimens. The information will be used to confirm the insect vector status and the role of the plant species identified as alternative host plants in controlled transmission experiments.

We describe a droplet-vitrification cryotherapy method for the eradication of grapevine leafroll-associated virus-3 (GLRaV-3) from diseased in vitro shoots of Vitis plants. The procedure involved pre-culture of 1.0-mm shoot tips containing five to six leaf primordia (LPs) for 3 days with a pre-culture medium containing 0.3 M sucrose, 0.16 mM glutathione and 0.14 mM ascor-bic acid, treatment of the pre-cultured shoot tips for 20 min at room temperature with a loading solution composed of 2 M glycerol and 0.4 M sucrose and exposure to plant vitrification solution 2 (PVS2), prior to freezing in liquid nitrogen of dehydrated shoot tips contained in 2.5-μL PVS2 droplets on aluminium foil strips. Virus localisation showed GLRaV-3 was not present in apical dome (AD) and LPs 1-4, but it was detected in the basal shoot tip region, approximately 0.5 mm from the AD, as well as in LP 5 and more mature tissues. Histological observations identify that only freezing in liquid nitrogen results in the death of all cells in areas of shoot tips harbouring virus, whereas PVS2 treatment does not. Thus, freezing in liquid nitrogen is a necessary step that eradicates GLRaV-3. This cryotherapy procedure produced shoot regrowth levels that ranged from 43% to 59%, and all plants recovered after cryotherapy were free of GLRaV-3 in two wine, one table and one rootstock cultivars. Thus, this procedure can be considered to be efficient and wildly applicable for eradication of GLRaV-3 from Vitis spp. K E Y W O R D S cryotherapy, grapevine leafroll disease, histological study, shoot tip, virus localisation, Vitis

Characteristic symptoms of Pierce’s disease (PD) in grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) were observed in 2002 in the major grape production fields of central Taiwan. Disease severity in vineyards varied, and all investigated grape cultivars were affected. Diseased tissues were collected from fields for subsequent isolation and characterization of the causal agent of the disease (Xylella fastidiosa). Koch’s postulates were fulfilled by artificially inoculating two purified PD bacteria to
grape cultivars Kyoho, Honey Red and Golden Muscat. The inoculated plants developed typical leaf scorching symptoms, and similar disease severity developed in the three cultivars from which the bacterium was readily re-isolated, proving that the leaf scorch of grapevines in Taiwan is caused by the fastidious X. fastidiosa. This confirmed PD of grapevines is also
the first report from the Asian Continent. Phylogenetic analyses were performed by comparing the 16S rRNA gene and 16S-23S rRNA internal transcribed spacer region (16S-23S ITS) of 12 PD strains from Taiwan with the sequences of 13 X. fastidiosa strains from different hosts and different geographical areas. Results showed that the PD strains of Taiwan were closely
related to the American X. fastidiosa grape strains but not to the pear strains of Taiwan, suggesting that the X. fastidiosa grape and pear strains of Taiwan may have evolved independently from each other.

The article describes the role of southern Gaul in the production and trade of wine, with particular consideration for the Gauloise flat-bottomed amphorae produced in this area. It provides a brief outline of the history of this area of Mediterranean basin, shaped by the political and economic activities of several Mediterranean peoples-Phoenicians, Greeks, Carthaginians, Etruscans and Romans. It discusses the types of archaeological sites where the remains of amphorae for Gallic wine were discovered, exemplary stamps characteristic of southern Gaul and the influence of the Romans on the emergence and development of the culture of producing and consuming wine in southern Gaul.

The availability of and easy access to Vitis genetic resources are essential for future breeding program advances. Cryopreservation is currently considered an ideal means for the long-term preservation of clonally propagated plant genetic resources. When robust methods for cryopreservation of Vitis spp. are available, there is an opportunity to preserve collections for extended lengths of time with minimal cost and labor requirements and a low risk of loss. This chapter describes the droplet vitrification and V cryo-plate protocols that have been shown to be effective for the cryopreservation of multiple V. vinifera genotypes and other Vitis species.

The vine mealybug, Planococcus ficus (Signoret), and the longtailed mealybug, Pseudococcus longispinus (Targioni Tozzetti), are vectors of grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3 (GRLaV-3), one of the most abundant viruses associated with grapevine leafroll disease. To elucidate the transmission biology in South Africa, acquisition access periods (AAPs), inoculation access periods (IAPs) and the retention of the virus in starving and feeding first-to second instar nymphs were determined. The rootstock hybrid LN33 served as virus source and grapevines (Vitis vinifera L., cv. Cabernet franc) served as recipient plants. An AAP of 15 min or an IAP of 15 min was sufficient for Pl. ficus to acquire or transmit GLRaV-3, respectively. Nymphs of Pl. ficus retained the virus for at least eight days when feeding on a non-virus host and grapevine, and for at least two days when starving, and were then capable of transmitting it successfully to healthy grapevine plants. Nymphs of Ps. longispinus transmitted the virus after an AAP of 30 min and an IAP of 1 h. They retained the virus for at least three days when feeding on virus-free vines or starving. The GLRaV-3 infection rates of plants with Pl. ficus as vector varied with AAPs. These were lower (20 to 60%) for AAPs of 12 h or less than for AAPs of 24 h or more (80 to 100%). The findings are of importance for understanding the transmission biology of mealybug vectors and devising management strategies for grapevine leafroll.

This study was conducted to determine the impacts of organic and organo-mineral fertilizers on total phenolic, flavonoid and anthocyanin activities of Bogazkere (Vitis vinifera L. cv.) grapes. Study treatments included organic fertilizers (green fertilizer (vetch), green fertilizer (barley), green fertilizer (vetch + barley), farmyard manure, bactoguard, lifebac NP, humanica) and organo-mineral fertilizers (bactolife quality organo, bactolife high organo, bactolife high organo, bactolife super organo power). The organic, and organo-mineral fertilizer applications positively influenced the total phenolic, flavonoid and anthocyanin productions. The maximum total phenolic production was significantly higher under bactolife buper brgano bower (550.47 μg GAE/mg in pulp) application. The total flavonoid production in berry pulp (45.07 μg QUE/mg), seed (26.76 μg QUE/mg) and skin (20.27 μg QUE/mg) were the highest under the bactolife super organo power. Total anthocyanin content of berry skin and pulp of Bogazkere grape cultivar was the highest under the organic humanica.

During a study of Botryosphaeriaceae species associated with grapevine trunk diseases in North Al-geria, a collection of 67 Neofusicoccum-like strains were isolated from three cultivars (Cinsaut, Alphonse Lavallée and Cardinal) from two different locations. Based on morphology and DNA sequence data (ITS and TEF-1α), four species were identified. Of these, Neofusicoccum parvum, N. mediterraneum and N. australe are known, while N. algeriense is described here as new. These species are reported for the first time from Algeria. In this study, relationships between vascular lesions and Neofusicoccum species isolated were highlighted. The Neofusicoccum spp. were most often isolated from wedge-shaped and yellow soft wood rots and more rarely from central brown necrosis and black streaking. Neofusicoccum parvum was the most frequently isolated (48 isolates) followed by N. algeriense (four), while N. mediterraneum and N. australe were each found only once.

Clonal selection of major rain-fed grape cultivars of Kurdestan province (cultivars " Rasha" and " Khoshnaw") , started since 1997 in Marivan and Baneh regions. After evaluation of vinyards during 3 years (1997-1999), 6 clones of Rasha and 7 clones of khoshnaw were selected.In order to evaluate these clones in the equal environmental condition and also to determine the best clone of each cultivar, this experiment was conducted separately for each cultivar in a randomized complete block design (3 replications) in the rain-fed grape research station of Marivan during 1999 – 2005.According to the results, in Rasha cultivar, the clone SI-16 has the highest yield (16.78 t/ha), berry weight (3.433gr), and berry size (3.238 cm 3).The clone SI-15 has the highest productivity index (yield / total shoot = 0.225) and also has the highest cluster weight (759.3 gr) and berry number per cluster(240 berry/cluster). Thus the clones SI-16 and SI-15 were selected as the best clones of Rasha cultivar, respectively.In Khoshnaw cultivar, the highest yield (46.80 t/ha), productivity index (0.498), cluster weight (367.2 gr), berry weight (3.503 gr) and berry size (3.077 cm 3) were observed in clone K-29 and was selected as the best clone of Khoshnaw cultivar.

Preharvest weight loss of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Shiraz berries may be the result of cuticle disruption leading to high transpiration rates relative to earlier stages of ripening. Scanning electron microscopy showed very few but functional stomata on young berries and wax-filled stomata on older berries and, aside from slight cracks along the stomatal protuberance, did not reveal any fissures in the surface of berries that may lead to increased transpiration rates. Preveraison berry epicuticular wax platelets were defined and intricate, while postveraison and shriveled berry surfaces had large areas of amorphous waxes. Postveraison, the area of amorphous wax relative to intricate wax was not correlated with berry age or degree of shrivel. Extraction of surface waxes revealed that total wax on a surface-area basis decreased during veraison then remained stable as the berries ripened and entered the weight-loss phase. Berry transpiration, estimated from loss of fresh weight of detached berries over time, during this final shriveled phase was 16% of the preveraison rate on a per berry basis. Nevertheless, berry transpiration could account for an average 15 mg loss in fresh weight per berry per day. We conclude that weight loss during late ripening of Shiraz berries was not the result of cuticle disruption or high transpiration rates alone. It is hypothesized that decreased vascular flow of water into the berry combined with continued transpiration leads to the weight loss.

To economically evaluate production in terms of quality and quantity in newly reclaimed area of desert under drip irrigation system an investigation was conducted for two consecutive seasons in a vineyard to scrutinize the effects of natural zeolite loaded nitrogen, biochar, biofertilizers, nano rice husk with and without nitrogen and organic fertilizer as well as combination of them in comparison to vines fertilized with chemical recommended dose of NPK as control on growth, and chemical components of Superior seedless grapevine cultivar (Vitis vinifera L). The outcome data revealed that, mixed between natural zeolite loaded nitrogen, biochar, biofertilizers (Bacillus megaterium and Azotobacter chroococcum), rice husk loaded nitrogen and compost in one mixed treatment led to significant increase in vegetative growth as well as chemical ingredients. Moreover, mixed treatment markedly improved soil chemical and physical properties. Present results confirmed that, mixture of zeolite l...

Grapevine is an important plant species known worldwide, counting more than 10,000 cultivars of Vitis vinifera spread all over the world. There is a strong need for long-term conservation of grapevine genetic resources. With so polymorphic species, it is highly difficult to obtain relevant results considering that cryopreservation protocols were
established testing only few very often specific cultivars. Regarding cryopreservation protocols, many factors are influencing the final result. Research articles processing cryopreservation protocols of grapevine are reporting a percentage of recovery, but a broader application of some protocol on a large range of Vitis vinifera cultivars is limited. How to design an efficient cryopreservation protocol, starting from plant material to the appropriate observation of recovery, will be discussed in this chapter.