History of Anglo-Dutch Relations

“In a fascinating essay, Bremmer discusses Verstegen’s rather inventive portrayal of the pagan Germanic gods allegedly worshipped by the Anglo-Saxons. These include the seven gods whose names are preserved in the names for the days of the week – in Verstegen’s reconstruction, Sun, Moon, Tuisco, Woden, Thor, Friga, and Seater (!) – each depicted in a whimsical engraving of Verstegen’s own manufacture that depends heavily on the conventions of emblem literature. Bremmer argues persuasively that Verstegen’s primary motivation in producing this work was to promote the idea that the Anglo-Saxon ancestors of the Jacobean English were lost until converted to Roman Christianity by St. Augustine. When viewed in the light of contemporary English politics and Verstegen’s own Catholic leanings, the portrayal of the Germanic gods in Verstegen’s Restitution emerges as a thinly veiled but carefully calculated piece of Counter-Reformation propaganda.”
Anglia 121 (2003), 125.

"This book offers annotated translations of documents touching on Dutch admiral Cornelis Matelieff de Jonge and his voyage to Asia between 1605 and 1608. These translations are aimed at a contemporary English-speaking Asian readership interested in the early modern history of European trade, warfare and expansion in Southeast Asia with a focus on Malaysia, Singapore, and Indonesia. Researchers specialising in early European colonialism, international law, international relations, security studies, and diplomatic history will also find that the documents translated in this volume offer new and unfamiliar perspectives. Materlieff’s business acumen, military and diplomataic prowess as well as his vision of empire all have implications for examining not only European expansion into Southeast Asia, but also into other regions at large, including especially south Asia, Africa and the Americas.
Admiral Matelieff was a director of the Rotterdam Chamber of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) formed in 1602. He was appointed fleet commander on one of the company’s first voyages to Asia. Matelieff’s mission was both commercial and military: he launched a major sea-borne attack on the Portuguese colony of Melaka, arranged for the signing of treaties with the rulers of Johor, Aceh and Ternate, and founded the first Dutch fort on the island of Ternate. His endeavours, however, to open the Chinese market for the Dutch company proved unsuccessful.
Following his return to the Dutch Republic in September 1608, Matelieff penned a series of memorials and letters. In these he advanced recommendations for changing the way the company organized its fleets and conducted business. More importantly he offered  his Dutch contemporaries a vision of empire in Asia. The materials contained in this volume offer important observations of a perceptive analyst who was also determined to grasp the political and economic structures of Asia, and also of inter-state relations in across this vast region. At a time of Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, Danish, French and English engagement in Southeast Asia, Matelieff sought to critically assess and strategize on the ways in which Europeans were increasingly engaging with Asian polities and their rulers.

This book will be released for sale in Australasia and Europe in June 2014 and available in the Americas after September 2014
""""

The Singapore and Melaka Straits are a place where regional and long-distance maritime trading networks converge, linking Europe, the Mediterranean, eastern Africa, the Arabian Peninsula and the Indian subcontinent with key centres of trade in Thailand, Indochina, insular Southeast Asia, China, Korea and Japan. The first half of the seventeenth century brought heightened political, commercial and diplomatic activity to this region. It has long been clear to both the Portuguese and the Dutch that whoever controlled the waters off modern Singapore gained a firm grip on regional as well as long-distance intra-Asian trade. By the early 1600s Portuguese power and prestige were waning and the arrival of the Dutch East India Company constituted a major threat. Moreover, the rapid expansion and growing power of the Acehnese Empire, and rivalry between Johor and Aceh, was creating a new context for European trade in Asia.

Drawing on maps, rare printed works, and unpublished manuscripts written in Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch and Latin, Peter Borschberg provides new information on the diplomatic activities of Asian powers, and shows how the Portuguese and Spanish attempted to restore their political fortunes by containing the rapid rise of Dutch Power in the region. Key documents, transcribed and translated into English for the first time, make up a series of appendices.

The product of more than two decades of research in European libraries, archives, The Singapore and Melaka Straits will be of great interest to readers in Singapore, Malaysia and Indonesia, where little is known about this pivotal pre-colonial period. It is also an invaluable resource for historians and other students of early modern Europe and of the European presence in Asia.
"""

MA Thesis in Maritime History (Faculty of Letters, Lisbon University FLUL, 2014) - revised version

The present thesis Shipwrecks of the “Carreira da Índia” (1595-1623) – Sources
for the Study in Portuguese Maritime History deals with factors which caused losses of
ships of the Carreira da Índia which linked the European metropolis Lisbon with its
Goa based Estado da Índia between 1595 and 1623. Although Portuguese-Asiatic
shipping was formally separated from the Habsburg Empire during the Union of the
Two Iberian Crowns (1580-1640), the European policies of the Spanish Kings,
especially towards the United Provinces and the Netherlands had its influence and
effects on the Portuguese side.
Shipwrecks, either on the outward bound or homeward bound voyages had
occurred for various reasons since the early days of the Carreira da Índia yet the
emergence of the two private European Companies, the Dutch United East India
Company (founded in 1602) and the British East India Company (founded in 1600)
were a new momentum by which’s characteristics of concurrence and struggle for
supremacy of the European-Asiatic spice trade, losses of Portuguese ships were caused
by planned and executed military operations as well.
Focusing on the geographical region of the Mozambique Channel in which the
losses have taken place, the thesis combines a historiographical approach with records
of underwater archaeology analyzing questions related to the political environment and
planed military operations in which shipwrecks have occurred as well as causes of
shipwrecks observing ship building and design modifications and effects related to
economic patterns such as the monetary flows of the Portuguese outward bound
shipping during the period of observation.

Naufragios da Careira da Índia (1595-1623)

A native of Bruges (now part of Belgium), Jacques de Coutre was a gem trader who spent nearly a decade in Southeast Asia in the early 17th century. In addition to a substantial autobiography written in Spanish and preserved in the National Library of Spain in Madrid, he wrote a series of memorials to the united crown of Spain and Portugal that contain recommendations designed to reverse the decline in the fortunes of the Iberian powers in Southeast Asia, particularly against the backdrop of early Dutch political and commercial penetration into the region. Translated into English for the first time, these materials provide a valuable first-hand account of the bigger issues confronting the early colonial powers in Southeast Asia, and deep insights into the societies De Coutre encountered in the territory that today makes up Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand and the Philippines.

In September 1701, Henry Bentinck Viscount Woodstock, a son of a Dutch-English nobleman Hans Willem Bentinck, and his Huguenot head-tutor Paul Rapin-Thoyras embarked from The Hague on a Grand Tour across Europe. Such a trip was usually the final stage of the educational curriculum of a nobleman or a rich bourgeois. Woodstock’s father, the Earl of Portland, was a close friend of William III, the Stadtholder of Holland and the King of England, and spent therefore most of his time in England. Careful planning preceded the commencement of the Tour. Letters were exchanged between the father, in England, and his son and son’s tutor in The Hague. The letters written before and during the Grand Tour shed light on various aspects of education and personal relationship between the family and the tutor.

The exact details of the 1623 Amboyna Massacre, the killing of at least 10 Englishmen and others by Dutch agents of the VOC on Ambon Island, remain uncertain. However, the incident clearly affected England's relations with the Dutch in three stages: it sparked English popular outcry against the Dutch; the event was used by the English for propaganda and negotiation in the First Anglo-Dutch War; Amboyna became a rhetorical point for English warhawks and an artistic trope.

The ultimately unsuccessful negotiations for the Spanish match were not just an episode in Anglo-Hispanic relations, but a European event of great magnitude. Under the threat of a general war in Europe, the success or failure of the marriage between the Prince of Wales and the Infanta of Spain was regarded by many as crucial to the development of present and coming continental wars. Would the marriage bring about the pacification James I hoped for? Or would it rather draw England into the Habsburg camp, as the Dutch and the German Protestants feared? In 1619–23, when Frederick V’s acceptance of the Bohemian crown led to the Spanish invasion of the Palatinate and the Bohemian Revolt became entangled with the Dutch war against Spain, the fortunes of Europe seemed at least in part to depend on the outcome of the diplomatic wrestling game in London and Madrid. As such, the match was also an international media event, featuring in numerous newsletters, corantos, broadsheets, and pamphlets, which were published in various languages and read and debated throughout Europe.

This chapter analyses international publicity on the Spanish match and its interactions with English political debate. It focuses on the Dutch
Republic. Of all the European states, the Republic had most
to fear from an English alliance with Spain, especially after the resumption
of the war with the latter, in 1621. Moreover, the Dutch were the only
people in Europe who had thrown in their lot with Frederick V: the Palatine/
Bohemian government in exile resided in The Hague, and acted in close
cooperation with Dutch diplomacy to muster Protestant support in Europe.
Finally, the Dutch Republic occupied a central position in the European print
industry, and was the nexus of Protestant propaganda in Europe. It was from here, therefore, that England’s appeasement with Spain was contested most vehemently; it was from here, too, that news and opinions from England were further disseminated in Germany.

Abstract

The seventeenth century was one of the most eventful period in European political and diplomatic history. During this period, and especially in the next century nearly no year passed that European nations would not be at war with each other (Thirty Years’ War, War of the Spanish Succession, Seven Years’ War, etc.). In the 17th century England and the United Netherlands also fought their wars with each others whose stake was nothing less than the control of the colonies and the overseas trade. The main aim of this study to present the Peace Treaty of Breda (July 31, 1667) and Westminster (February 19, 1674) which ended the Second and the Third Angol–Dutch Wars, respectively. Our secondary objective to analyse the diplomatic and military events of the wars which led to the signing of the above mentioned contracts.

From the back cover:
Jean Rou (1638-1711), was a Huguenot scholar, educator and civil servant. Despite having an established career as a lawyer at the Parlement de Paris, he chose instead to dedicate himself to scholarly publications. After being accused of offending the Catholic Church in his Tables de l’histoire universelle moderne (1675) and consequently imprisoned in the Bastille, Rou had to leave France. Initially, he went to England, where he was employed as a tutor. After a short return to his motherland, where he taught local nobles, he was invited to The Hague, in the United Provinces, to teach the sons of Cornelis van Aerssen van Sommelsdijk, the future governor of Suriname. Finally, in 1689, Jean Rou was appointed as translator of the States-General of the United Provinces.
Based on his memoirs and extensive archival sources, this book offers a biographical study on Jean Rou. It focuses on the means by which he established and managed his career in France and abroad. It also presents a comparative examination of the educational ideas and practices of Jean Rou and his position as a man of letters. Although Jean Rou is in the centre of this book, it offers a fascinating insight into intellectual and social practices of Huguenots at his time from two angles that have been rarely discussed before.

"The aim of the article is to reconstruct the educational practices at the Nassau court in Leeuwarden (Friesland), based on the example of Johan Willem Friso of Nassau-Dietz. It examines not only the educational programme, but also the tutors involved in the education of Johan Willem Friso, many of whom were Huguenots. The resaons for which the Nassau (and Orange) families chose for a Huguenot tutor are explored in this article.  The educational practices are discussed in light of the changes to interests and position of nobility in the Early Modern period, as well as of the particular position of the Stadtholder in Friesland and Holland. The article is based on correspondence, mostly kept in the Royal House Archives in The Hague."

Reviews: NRC-Handelsblad (Dirk Vlasblom), HP-De Tijd (Bart-Jan Spruyt), Reformatorisch Dagblad (Hans Ester), Zuid-Afrika (Gerrit Schutte, Free University of Amsterdam), Werkwinkel (Pawel Zajas, University of Poznan) Mededelingen van de Jacob Campo Weyermanstichting (Karel Bostoen, Leiden University), Tijdschrift voor Geschiedenis (Ineke Kessel, Afrika Studiecentrum), Bijdragen en Mededelingen betreffende de Geschiedenis der Nederlanden (Robert Ross, Leiden University).

This article focuses on the close relationship between the university of Leiden (founded in 1575) and the government of the province of Holland, especially in the first few decades years after the university’s foundation.  Over and above these very close connections (which are well known), this paper argues that in its very early years the university of Leiden might in some aspects be seen as a kind of court near the seat of the government, especially with respect to ‘cultural’, ‘networking’ and ‘patronage’ functions fulfilled by royal courts elsewhere, at a time when these were less available at the seat of Holland’s de facto government itself.

With a focus on the English and Dutch East India Companies, this article seeks to unite the disparate extra-European and European histories of Anglo-Dutch relations and offer a revised interpretation of the impact of mercantile competition.  It accepts the limited geo-political interests of the English and Dutch states which were focussed on European issues, but seeks to demonstrate how mercantile competition in Asia exacerbated growing tensions between the two states and became a source of propaganda.

The article analyses the reception of the motif of the Sibyls and Sibylline oracles from its origins in classical culture and literature, through the Middle Ages, and into the Renaissance, with some reflections on the treatment of this theme in modern literature (notably, TS Eliot's The Wasteland). It takes the methodology of comparative literature and culture to look at how the motif of the Sibyls as prophetesses became coupled in Christian literature to the evangelical topos of the Divine Word, incarnate in Christ (John 1: 14). This is illustrated on examples from various European cultural areas, especially the British Isles and the Netherlands, but also France and Italy. The ancient literary reception and transformation of this theme is discussed on the example, especially, of Virgil's Fourth Eclogue. Artists and poets from the Low Countries, among whom were: the Master of Delft (late 15th c), Martin Droeshout, J. Stalpart van der Wiele, Richard Verstegan (R. Rowlands) (17th c), whose works are analysed in the article, made an important contribution to the reception and transformation of this theme in medieval and renaissance art and literature.

Keywords: prophecy, Sibylline oracle, literary topoi, reception of classical literary topoi during the renaissance, relations between literature and the graphic arts, circulation of literary motifs, religious culture of medieval and renaissance Europe, Virgil, patristic literature, Master of Delft, Johannes Stalpart van der Wiele, Richard Verstegan, Martin Droeshout

This was the Powerpoint on 'British Naval Power and the Political Situation of Indonesia: Hindia Belanda dan Kota Nusantara di Pusaran Sejarah Global, 1795-1942' which I presented at the 2nd Annual Forum of the Journal of Maritime Studies and National Integration at UNDIP on 28 October 2020. The article which accompanies this PowerPoint will be published in JMSNI in December 2020. The paper looks at the role played by the Royal Navy in guaranteeing the security of the Netherlands Indies from 31 January-8 February 1795, when the Dutch Stadhouder (Head of State), Willem V (r. 1751-1806), issued  the so-called 'Kew Letters' from his place of exile in London instructing the heads of all Dutch trading posts east of the Cape of Good Hope to hand their possessions over to the British to prevent them falling into French hands, up to 27 February 1942 when the remaining British naval presence following the fall of Singapore (15 February 1942) was destroyed,  along with the American, Australian and Dutch naval assets in Indonesia at the Battle of the Java Sea by a Japanese fleet under the command of Admiral Takeo Takagi who had been tasked with protecting General Imamura's 16th Army conquest of Java .

Abstract
This article argues that Henry Savile’s widely admired Tacitus of 1591 should not be read as an implied call for a more aggressive English stance against Spanish advances on the Continent (as one recent article suggests), but precisely for a more restrained and prudential approach. Secondly, it calls into question the generally accepted view that Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex played a prominent role in the
composition of the book. It argues that in reconstructing the work's original intellectual context and especially that of the supplement The Ende of Nero and the beginning of Galba, the main emphasis should not be on Essex's political and military career but on that of his stepfather Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester. The article provides an investigation (as far as the surviving information allows) of the background in Continental politics and political thought in relation to the text of The Ende, which suggests that it should primarily be read from the perspective of the unsuccessful English intervention in the Low Countries in 1585-1588.

The influence of Joost van de Vondel on John Milton has been debated in the scholarly community since the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Critics have argued that the similarities between the two are too prominent and specific to be coincidental. It is, however, only in recent decades that critics such as Helmers and Van Dijkhuizen, have offered a different approach to Anglo-Dutch relations, arguing that the intertextuality between the two authors is the result of a shared Anglo-Dutch literary sphere, rather than two separate literary environments or direct connections between the two authors. They claim that the similarities between the two nations – Protestant, Republican and anti-Spanish – led to similar resources being drawn on for the creation of other literary works. The main focus of previous research into Anglo-Dutch relations in Milton and Vondel has fallen on Paradise Lost and Lucifer (1654). In this article, I will demonstrate the value of instead concentrating on Vondel's Adam in Exile (Adam in Ballingschap) (1664) and Paradise Lost, and in particular the depiction of creation in both texts. Vondel's play is an adaptation of Hugo Grotius's Latin play Adamus Exul (1601), which may plausibly have been read by Milton before the composition of Paradise Lost. I follow the approach of Helmers and Van Dijkhuizen, in that I survey the access available in Britain and the United Provinces to some specific texts, such as Lucretius's De Rerum Natura and the philosophy of Empedocles and Democritus, and how these were adapted to specific politico-religious context(s) in England and the United Provinces. Vondel's and Milton's work show conspicuous similarities in their ideas of Creation (i.e. creatio ex material; ether as the fifth element), and their use of De Rerum Natura as a source, despite the fact that Vondel and Milton had opposing religious and political views: Vondel was a Catholic with English royalist views writing from a Republic, whereas Milton was a Puritan and convinced republican writing from a monarchy. My aim is to illustrate how ideas of creation and their classical sources were circulated in a joined literary, religious and even political sphere, and how despite their opposing views, two significant writers chose to narrate similar but unorthodox accounts of creation.

Abstract
This article investigates the Anglo-Dutch scholar and diplomat Isaac Dorislaus's sole published work, Praelium Nuportanum (1640), on the battle of Newport in 1600. After presenting some new or little known information about the work, it discusses PN’s intellectual context and concludes that the work is a reminder of successful Anglo-Dutch cooperation in the past, of Dutch indebtedness to English assistance, and the Republic’s importance as ally for England, all relevant to the negotiations running in 1640 for an Orange-Stuart wedding, and their backgrounds in the British Civil Wars and Anglo-Spanish-Dutch relations at the time.
After the troubles ensuing from Dorislaus's Cambridge lectures on Tacitus in 1627, PN shows the author reconciled with the Court and the Laudian faction. With respect to style and content, PN appears clearly Tacitist in style, with many direct quotations from Tacitus, but this Tacitism operates more on a literary than a political level. Much of PN's historical content is  a reworking of Francis Vere's Commentaries (published 1657).
From the perspective of the Protestant 'Anglo-Scoto-Dutch public sphere' recently discussed in the scholarship, PN might perhaps be read as a warning of the gradual emergence of an Anglo-Dutch Calvinist-parliamentarian 'realm' as a force opposing the Crown.

Trade in goods, and the exchange of information and ideas that resulted, was the backbone and lifeblood of the Chesapeake colonies. Through these formal and informal interactions colonists formed personal and community relationships that defined many aspects of life in 17th-century Virginia and Maryland. Marked or decorated imported clay tobacco pipes and locally-produced mold-made tobacco pipes are one of the most tangible pieces of evidence of these relationships and are the main focus of this study. By combining archaeological and documentary records, the multiple interaction spheres in which residents from 16 archaeological sites in the Potomac River Valley were engaged from 1630 to 1730 are studied to examine the impacts of politics and conflict on trade and exchange. The overarching questions that guide this study of local and trans-oceanic trade are: How did colonists on the periphery use material culture to negotiate their new place within the early modern world, their integration within the Atlantic World, their participation in the emerging capitalist world-system, and ultimately, how did their actions on the periphery help shape the formation of an 18th-century British-Atlantic identity? The formation of social networks based on the trade of goods and the exchange of information at the local, regional, trans-Atlantic, trans-ethnic, and trans-national levels helped Chesapeake settlers establish a new colonial society; a society with foundations not only rooted in English culture, laws, and mores, but one that was also heavily influenced by interactions with new groups of people. While the colonists encountered many different groups of people, all of whom contributed to the formation of this new society, I specifically trace Anglo-Dutch interactions and discuss the influence of political and economic ideologies from the Netherlands on Chesapeake culture. The creolization process was not the same for everyone, and the adoption of a multiscalar, micro-historical approach allows for a discussion of  trade at the household, community, regional, and Atlantic levels and determine why individuals chose to interact with specific people or groups. These differences speak to agency and consumer choice, rather than pure economic or geographic constraints.

Contemporary sources describe the triumphal entry of William III into The Hague in 1691 as the most magnificent spectacle of the so-called Dutch Golden Age. Massive triumphal arches and firework displays were built to mark William’s first return to the Republic since the Glorious Revolution while numerous foreign princes and diplomats travelled from far to meet the new King of England. Seventeenth-century observers focused on William’s representation in the triumphal entry, its temporary architecture and the medals struck to commemorate this occasion, rather than subsequent depiction of these events in prints, which has been the focus of modern scholarship. This thesis defines the triumphal entry as a form of ritual involving people and objects in order to analyze the relation between the event and its cultural and political significance. It argues that its design, purpose and impact can only be understood in the context of the Glorious Revolution and William’s constant struggle against Louis XIV of France. As a successor state, the Anglo-Dutch monarchy required the fabrication of new traditions to sustain an appearance of legitimacy and negotiate the break with the past. But the claims of the triumphal entry were ambiguous and reactions across Europe ranged from exuberant praise to accusations of tyranny and usurpation. French critics pointed out that William’s portrayal as a Roman conqueror revealed the true nature of his ambitions and contradicted the conciliatory promises of his post-revolutionary reign.

The sixteenth century saw the drive to translate foundational mathematical texts into vernacular languages. This was a move that brought about a watershed moment in scientific culture. It brought analytical mathematics, the belief that numerical information could relate directly to the natural world and the made world, to a readership which apprehended the world through their hands, tools and their being in the world, rather than through scholastic endeavour. This much has been well established by historians of mathematics. However, yet to be attempted is an account of the pressure this placed upon language of mathematics itself, both textually and visually. Properly expressed mathematics needed to capture the imaginations of the new readership of mathematical treatises in order to flourish in its new guise as a practically applicable tool. For the first time, this book seeks to demonstrate that mathematics is a cultural product, comparable to other semiotic systems. Its vernacular form is built out of metaphors borrowed from artisanal processes, which early translators such as Henry Billingsley used in order to appeal precisely to these goldsmiths, carpenters, broderers and stonemasons. Far from being simply immaterial, the way in which this kind of mathematics communicates, both verbally and visually, is designed to tantalize with material connotations.

This book takes each geometrical element in turn. Each chapter, dedicated respectively to the point, line, surface and body, examines how Euclid’s elements captured the contemporary imagination. The way in which they achieved this engagement extends beyond the mathematical and into the literary, the visual, and indeed the generally sensory. By highlighting these aspects of early English and Dutch vernacular geometry, this book argues for the fundamental lack of distinction between objects in terms of medium in this period (for example the 21st century distinctions between painting, sculpture, textiles, metalwork). A poem spoke to a painting as much as it did to an embroidered glove or indeed a mathematical textbook. Ultimately, by approaching material, visual and textual artefacts in this manner, this book seeks to reveal how the craftsmen of the sixteenth century built the visual language of mathematics as we know it today.

Martine Julia van Ittersum, ‘Arguing over Empire: International Law and Anglo-Dutch Rivalry in the Banda Islands, 1616-1667’, in: War, Trade and the State: Anglo-Dutch Conflict, 1652-1689, ed. David Ormrod and Gijs Rommelse (Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press, 2020) pp. 248-269.

Jason Lunze (Virginia Maritime Heritage & Conservation Association)The 18th Century Alexandria Ship and the Diffusion of Continental Shipbuilding Traditions to 17th and 18th Century New England.
The recent excavation of the 18th century Alexandria ship throws in sharp contrast the difference from “traditional” English mercantile shipbuilding traditions from those employed to build ship in Great Britain’s North American colonies.  The use on the Alexandria ship of wrought iron longitudinal drift pins to fasten together “master molding frames” of floors and futtocks, which is a typically French and Dutch technique while employing “whole floors” without French half floor structure, utilizing instead traditional “English” “master molding frames” form, highlights the diffusion of Continental traditional shipbuilding to North America either by direct trade with the Continent or diffusion via the Caribbean sugar, tobacco, lumber, and slave trades.  This pattern has been seen before in the form of the 18th c. Reader’s Point wreck.  Unlike the similar Reader’s Point wreck however, the Alexandria Ship possesses transverse trapezoidal cross-section forward stem framing instead of the traditional English “canted” frames found on wrecks like Reader’s Point, and the recently documented World Trade Center Wreck.  The older transverse trapezoidal cross-section forward stem framing is thought to have gone out of fashion with English shipwrights sometime between the Second and Third Anglo-Dutch Wars.  The older technique continuing to be used in shipyards on the Continent and the Baltic into the latter half of the 18th century.  This paper presents the evidence of possible diffusion of Continental traditions in ship construction to the North American British colonies, or possible to beginning of the innovation which lead to the 19th century establishment of an “American” tradition of shipbuilding.  Gunston Hall Symposium of Maritime Archaeology in the Mid-Atlantic 2017.

Abstract

This essay aims to present the development and changes of naval warfare tactics during the Angol–Dutch Wars in the seventeenth century (1652–1674). The main purpose of the study is source presentation and analysis. I would like to present the tactical changes in naval warfare using the contemporary Fighting Instructions, which was edited and annotated by Sir Julian Corbett.
The Anglo–Dutch Wars were important not only in terms of the development of the relationship between the two countries. Thanks to Blake’s instructions the line was adopted as the basic order of battle by every European sailing fleet. The new tactics brought succes for the English in the first conflict. The second and the third wars were characterized by the opposition of the two schools. In the development of naval warfare tactics Horatio Nelson’s thinking brought a new impetus who undertook the risky sea maneuvers – as Monck and Rupert – in order to destroy the entire fleet of the enemy.

This is the list that is used for Dutch stop words in Voyant Tools (https://voyant-tools.org/). Thanks goes to Stéfan Sinclair for adding this list to the program!

NB: I have revised and updated this file soon after adding it originally. The revision mainly involves removing the numerals and special characters at the beginning (they were from TAPORware). I have also added some words to the file after testing it on "Aan het Volk van Nederland" (1781).
...
This .docx file includes a list of common, non-conceptual 21st- and 18th-century Dutch words (including lots of spelling variations). It is useful for computer programs that do text analysis. I developed it in order to experiment with "distant reading" of 18th-century Dutch sources of the sort that are available through dbnl.org and earlydutchbooksonline.nl . I use it regularly with voyant-tools.org.

I'm not a native Dutch speaker, and this resource is a work-in-progress. If you have any suggestions, please let me know.