History of Early Modern Times

The Prague towns and with them the entire urban estate in Bohemia experienced a relatively quick decline in their political importance beginning with the ascent of the Jagiellonian dynasty up until the Battle of White Mountain. The space for the independent activity of the originally Utraquist urban elite in royal towns gradually contracted: their power was restricted and they were subordinated to royal offices staffed by members of the aristocratic estate – on the level of political and economic rival towns and the urban estate. Catholic burghers were a large presence on town councils. With the radicalisation of the religious-political situation in the last two decades leading up to the Battle of White Mountain, the urban estate led by the Prague towns became more
an object of estate politics and not a subject.
This development meant the withdrawal of the Prague towns and the urban estate from the position of confident partners of the king in political negotiations. In the ambivalent position of town councils in royal towns as, on one hand, representatives of royal power and, on the other, representatives of local government, the first of these functions began to predominate.

Η Βρετανία πρωταγωνίστρια των εξελίξεων του 18ου και 19ου αιώνα αποτελεί κατά κύριο λόγο τη χώρα που ταυτίζεται με το φαινόμενο της Βιομηχανικής Επανάστασης. Η Βιομηχανική Επανάσταση και στις δύο διακριτές της φάσεις αποτελεί μία ιδιαίτερη περίοδο κατά τη διάρκεια της οποίας ο κοινωνικό-πολιτικός χάρτης της Ευρώπης αλλάζει ριζικά. Σκοπός αυτής της εργασίας είναι να εξετάσει τα ποιοτικά χαρακτηριστικά αυτού του περίπλοκου μετασχηματισμού που συνομολογούν ότι αυτή η επανάσταση είναι τελικά αποτέλεσμα μιας εξελικτικής διαδικασίας που εντοπίζεται σε βάθος χρόνου.

The article deals with the transformations of tableware vessels (ceramic, wooden, metal, glass) which took place in the late medieval Silesian towns in connection with various aspects, such as legal changes, colonization, urban development etc.

http://writing.igh.ru/index.php?id=novye-vyzovy

Распространение за последние два года онлайн конференций и рост числа выложенных в Сети видеозаписей научных докладов по истории, в частности по медиевистике, требует от научного сообщества осмысления и регулирования этой новой формы подачи и публикации результатов научных исследований. В тексте рассматриваются перспективы развития этого нового формата, проблемы в области авторских прав, каталогизации и доступа к научным видео.

New challenges of our times: scientific video publications.

The expansion of online conferences over the past two years and the increasing number of video recordings of academic presentations in history, in medieval studies in particular, posted on the Web, requires the scholarly community to comprehend and regulate this new form of publication of research results. The text discusses the prospects of the
development of this new format, some problems of copyright, cataloging, and access to academic videos.

Lids made of brick clay exist as archaeological finds for instance in some regions of Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and Austria from the 12th until the 17th century. They were not produced by potters, but by brickmakers as a supplemental product that differs from ceramic lids in terms of manufacturing technology, shape, weight, decoration and function. They are solid and heavy objects, with large handles and very plain undersides; they are mostly richly ornamented. Until recently, the function of these objects remained unclear; as far as we know there are no historical paintings or prints showing them in use. Addressing these lids in the context of underfloor heating, as some published sources present, is neither useful nor possible. This paper presents some well-studied examples from Germany with all their special attributes and proposes a hypothesis for their original function. brickware lid-brickyard-cooking-underfloor heating-supplemental product-Early Modern period

In this paper, the early modern miracle narratives of the Austrian pilgrimage site Maria Luggau are in the focus of attention. The overall collection consists of 1.111 reports (mainly from the 18 th century) of which 134 cases deal with childbirth and the resurrection and baptism of stillborn babies. The analysis of the descriptions of physical and emotional sensations of pain and anxiety, of the everyday life and the world of ideas of the people portrayed illuminates that miracle narratives prove to be a fruitful source, especially for historians with a special interest in the social history of medicine.

"This article is about a maritime archaeological site in the outer archipelago of the Åland Islands, Finland. The site is very complex in
nature and consists of two islands: Rödön and Gloskär. The site is
part of an ongoing research project at Uleåborg University in Finland.
The site has been excavated for three seasons. The 2007 excavation
was the first that had participants from Georgia and Sweden. Previous
research declared the site as a chapel from the Middle Ages in
Scandinavia (thirteenth and fourteenth centuries). The authors discuss that in the light of the new results it is time to reassess the site
and its function in society in its own time and context. Based on the
results from the 2007 expedition, the authors suggest a new approach
to the site and state it as a complex context for an inn that has its roots
in the Middle Ages."

In: Ulrich Veit/Matthias Wöhrl (Hrsg.), Donnerkeil – Opfermesser – Thränengefäß. Die archäologischen Objekte aus der Sammlung der Leipziger Apothekerfamilie Linck (1670–1807) im Naturalienkabinett Waldenburg (Sachsen). Leipziger Forschungen zur Ur- und Frühgeschichtlichen Archäologie 8 (Leipzig 2014) 26–37.

A comienzos de julio de 1599, el primer superintendente de la justicia militar del ejército de Flandes, don Fernando Carrillo (1595-1599, solicitó el concurso del gobernador interino de los Países Bajos, el cardenal Andrés de Austria (1598-1599), para la apertura de los trámites que debían poner fin a su comisión en las provincias 1 . El propósito de Carrillo era regresar a España en cuanto los archiduques Alberto e Isabel Clara Eugenia se hallaran en Flandes ejerciendo como nuevos soberanos territoriales. La pareja archiducal había embarcado en Barcelona el 7 de junio para dirigirse a las provincias, por lo que su entrada en Bruselas aún se demoraría unos meses, plazo que don Fernando necesitaba para dar por concluida su comisión, como luego se verá.

Wasted tan bark was used around 1385 AD in large quantities as filling material on the new built vaults of the town hall in Stralsund, NE Germany. In a multidisciplinary study the archaeological, archaeobotanical and zoological results are discussed.

Дзярновіч, А.І. «Слоўнік палона-славенскі» Сімяона Полацкага і фармаванне славістычнай калекцыі Упсальскага ўніверсітэта
[in] Сімяон Полацкі: светапогляд, грамадска-палітычная і літаратурная дзейнасць : да 390-годдзя Сімяона Полацкага (матэрыялы V Міжнароднай навуковай канферэнцыі 21–22 лістапада 2019 г.). Мінск : Нацыянальная бібліятэка Беларусі, 2019. С. 61—71.

The analyzed pipe collection cames from the research of the Management of the Renewal of the Wawel Royal Castle in Krakow, conducted from 1973 to 1976. This collection consists of 36 items of bowls being one of the components of the so-called stub-stemmed pipes. The developed items are characterized by considerable diversity both in terms of typology and decorative methods used. All bowls are preserved with defects, sometimes significant parts of the head-bowl or neck. They were made in two-piece moulds, while various types of clays were used as raw material (e.g. ferruginous or kaolinic). It can been seen that the most commonly used decorative motif is an ornament using various types of plant-geometric details, with mould impression. Less often there appear less technically complicated ornaments made by hand, in the form of incised or punctures. Currently conducted studies on modern tobacco smoking accessories may suggest dating the collection for the period from the second half of the 17th to 19th century. The presented collection of clay pipes is a reflection of the existence of both in a short time the splendor of the castle and the period in which the residence began to gradually fall into ruin. Specimens with the earliest chronology, referring to the 17th century, can also be associated with participants in technical works, which take many years of construction, with a high degree of probability. Items from the 18th and 19th centuries, on the one hand, suggest inhabiting (probably only some of its parts) of the castle, while on the other hand, they are evidence of the penetration of the ruins of Krzyżtopor by bystanders (especially already in the 19th century).

A Magyar Királyság 16. századi szétesése azzal a következménnyel is járt, hogy új karrier-, illetve vagyonosodási lehetőségeket nyitott meg. A középkori Magyarország területén két egymással versenyző hatalomközpont szerveződött, ami kedvezett az eliten belüli átrendeződéseknek és előléptetési kísérleteknek, akár a Habsburg jogar alatt, akár a Szapolyaiak oldalán. Több kutatás bizonyította, hogy ebben a folyamatban gyakran jelentős szerephez juttottak a külföldről érkezők. A politika és diplomácia területéről olyan kiemelkedő példák említhetőek, mint Lodovico Gritti, Fráter György vagy Hieronim Łaski. Ezt az utat rajtuk kívül még több, talán kevésbé ismert szereplő is követte. A jelenségnek voltak előzményei, amelyet számos késő középkori példa bizonyít lengyel magyarországi karrierek esetében, tekintettel a világi és egyházi pályákra egyaránt.

The article is devoted to the publication of the late Middle Ages – Modern Times monuments of the
burial mound, located on the Kuban river right bank. There is a description of the six similar dugouts with the
stoves and a few pits located around hypothetical center.
Small dugouts were designed for two people and were used for a short time, and the minor concentration
of mass archaeological material (bones and pottery) evidences to it. Each dugout had a stove located in the
entrance’s opposite side of rectangular trench over its floor. All stoves had a domical vault without chimney, a
narrow furnace opening, calcined furnace walls and a flat smeared with clay bottom. There also was a narrow slot
below the stove mouth and further to the entrance. The ditch in the center of the dugout’s floor was filled with
coal and ashes.
Despite the dominance of “Crimean” group of glazed and non-glazed pottery, the pieces of the fish and pig
bones give us the idea about no Muslim worship of the local residents. A flint stone and the lead spherical bullet are
often interpreted as common findings in the Russian colonist’s settlements dated by the 17th-18th centuries. Than
the dugouts were often used as the seasonal Cossack’s dwellings for fishing, one of their main avocations. The
construction features of the dugouts have the ethnographical analogies in the Don region. A small settlement with
the circular layout was named “kuren”.
The analysis of the excavations’ results let us identify the peculiarities of the Cossacks’ adaptation on the
colonizing territories of the Kuban region and trace the traditional house-building features in the end of the 17th and
at the beginning of the 18th centuries.

For Lviv’s Ukrainians Ruska Street was the only “legal” place to settle in the town centre. As shown by the municipal books, after conflagrations in 1527 and 1571 the Ukrainian district consisted of 23 plots, on which stood mostly good-quality stone buildings, which constituted approximately 10% of all the housing in the centre of the town.
Most of the Ukrainians who owned property at Ruska Street were merchants. They gathered capital to reinforce the legal position of the Ukrainian community, marked by privileges, accorded constructions and the reconstruction of the church in Ruska Street. Almost all artisans arriving in Lviv rented workshops in the suburbs, and only the richest were able to buy houses in Ruska Street.
The legal and economic subsoil of the Ukrainian community of Ruska Street facilitated
successful reforms in community life in the 16th century, when the famous Dormition brotherhood in 1586 was reorganized on new principles. The brotherhood initiated many successful reforms in the cultural and educational life of the Ukrainian community in many Ukrainian and Belorussian lands.

The article examines the tendencies of the secularization of the idea of sacrifice for faith, rooted in the Christian tradition, among the authors of the second half of the 16th – 17th centuries. Disgraced intellectuals, as well as representatives of spiritual and secular power, resorted to literary topics and allusions to sacrifice for faith, using the same techniques of positioning themselves or other subjects of this discourse as victims, incl. martyrs for their faith. The conflict with the authorities in the writings of Andrei Kurbsky and Patriarch Nikon, on the one hand, acquired an extremely sacred character, and on the other, both deliberately constructed a sacrificial self-identity in relation to the authorities. The article analyzes rhetorical methods of influencing the participants in military operations through the ideas of salvation and the acquisition of a martyr's crown and calls to sacrificial death for the state and the sovereign. In connection to the deep experience of church reform as a tragedy of faith, the perception of the victim as the most important component of self-identity is growing. Protopope Avvakum, through the creation of his "Life" and the experience of suffering for the faith, overcomes the actual confessional context of this idea, thus becoming a unique model for his contemporaries.

В статье исследуются тенденции секуляризации укорененной в христианской традиции идеи жертвы за веру у авторов второй половины XVI – XVII в. Опальные интеллектуалы, как и представители духовной и светской власти, прибегали к литературной топике и аллюзиям на жертву за веру, используя те же приемы позиционирования себя или иных субъектов данного дискурса как жертв, в т.ч. мучеников за веру. Конфликт с властью в сочинениях Андрея Курбского и патриарха Никона, с одной стороны, получал предельно сакральный характер, а с другой – оба намеренно конструировали жертвенную самоидентичность по отношению к власти. Анализируются риторические приемы воздействия власти на участников военных действий через идеи спасения и обретения мученического венца и призывы к жертвенной смерти за государство и государя. В связи с глубоким переживанием церковной реформы как трагедии веры усиливается восприятие жертвы как важнейшей составляющей самоидентичности. Протопоп Аввакум через создание своего «Жития» и переживание страданий за веру преодолевает собственно конфессиональный контекст использования этой идеи, став уникальным образцом для современников.

This contribution tries first and foremost a precise evaluation of the monographic study Hans-Werner Goetz, Die Wahrnehmung anderer Religionen und christlich-abendländisches Selbstverständnis im frühen und hohen Mittelalter (5.–12. Jahrhundert), Bd. 1–2 (Berlin 2013). For this end, further important scientific publications have been taken into consideration, especially those that before, simultaneously and after Goetz’s publication assessed critically the use of ‚religion‘, a modern term of Enlightenment, for the qualification of religious phenomena in Antiquity, the Middle Ages and early Modern Times. In doing so, the contribution can appraise adequately a strong trend in current internationalised Medieval Studies and stress the methodological challenges and risks connected with this multi-disciplinary research.

Money Boxes from Archaeological Excavations in Krakow The article is an overview of a set of money boxes acquired in the course of excavations conducted in the Old Town of Krakow. The artefacts come from both intact objects (cesspits), as well as from redeposited layers. The money boxes are made of clay and were formed on the potter's wheel; a low-speed or high-speed potter's wheel in particular cases. The simplest objects are of a rotund or bulbous shape, but the most impressive one resembles a cup on a stem with a foot topped with a kind of " lid ". The decorative elements of the money boxes are limited to a color (monochrome) or neutral glazing, engraved horizontal lines or protruding clay strips imprinted with oval depressions (fingerprints). All of these artifacts have been more or less damaged. Their destruction probably occurred while removing the coins deposited inside; this was done by breaking out the upper part of the object using some kind of tool (e.g. a knife) placed in the slot for inserting coins. Dating of objects was based on morphological features, and, where it was possible, even on the cultural context. On this basis it was found that the collection includes objects both from medieval and modern times.
KEY WORDS: money box, Krakow, Middle Ages, Modern Times, toys

die beiden polygonalen Türmchen, die zur Randbebauung des Hofes gehören sowie das heute stärker zerstörte Wohngebäude mit angebautem Treppenturm. Da es sich um eine ausschnitthafte Wiedergabe der Situation handelt, ist die mächtige turmartige Schildmauer nicht erkennbar. 005 I Martin von Neumann, Die Schlösser des bayerischen Rheinkreises, wie sie waren und wie sie sind

Let p ∈ (1, ∞), κ ∈ (0, 1) and w ∈ A p (C). In this article, the authors obtain a boundedness (resp., compactness) characterization of the Buerling-Ahlfors commutator [B, b] on the weighted Morrey space L p, κ w (C) via BMO(C) [resp., CMO(C)], where B denotes the Buerling-Ahlfors transform and b ∈ BMO(C) [resp., CMO(C)]. Moreover, an application to the Beltrami equation is also given.

Статья посвящена испанскому придворному эмблематическому пространству XVI века. Анализ портретов представительниц
испанской королевской семьи второй половины XVI века – дочерей,
жён, сестёр, а также представительниц высшей испанской габсбургской аристократии (как правило, тесно связанных с королевской семьёй кровными узами или обязанностями клиентелы) показал, что, несмотря на востребованность гербов, и всеобщую геральдизацию испанского общества, портреты женщин испанской королевской семьи и придворной аристократии за редким исключением не имели гербов или изобразительных девизов. Однако у них имелась общая черта – наличие особого вида аксельбантов, которые использовались как украшения и несли дополнительную смысловую нагрузку. Аксельбанты женской половиной королевской семьи (но не подражавшими им аристократками) передавались по наследству и использовались испанскими Габсбургами как гендерный маркер. Традиция их использования может считаться своеобразным, и возможно уникальным явлением для испанской эмблематики и геральдики в целом. В портретах представительниц испанской королевской семьи и высшей аристократии XVI–начала XVII века мы имеем дело со специальными родовыми знаками в виде особых аксельбантов, системно применявшимися с различными целями, функционально сходными с нашивными изобразительными девизами, которые также могут быть признаны своеобразной разновидностью изобразительных девизов.

Der Burghof war ein Vierseitengehöft mit Längen von 33 Metern an der Wegseite und 38 Metern in die Tiefe. Am Weg lagen das Wohnhaus der Hofbesitzer, ein Torhaus und ein Landarbeiterhaus. Parallel dazu, an der Rückseite, war die Scheune. Im Westen erstreckten sich mehrere Wirtschaftsgebäude und an der Ostseite ein Stall.
In diesem Beitrag soll die Baugeschichte des Burghofes vor allem anhand der im 20. Jahrhundert dokumentierten aufgehenden Strukturen betrachtet werden. Die ältesten bis zum Abriss 1988/89 im Kern erhaltenen Gebäude waren das Wohnhaus, die Scheune, das Torhaus und ein Wirtschaftsgebäude. Für die Erbauung dieser Teile des Burghofes wurde dendrochronologisch das späte 17. Jahrhundert ermittelt.
Wir haben es also mit einem besonderen Gebäude zu tun, denn am Niederrhein sind Häuser selten, die vor 1700 errichtet wurden. Hans-Georg Kirchhoff führt dies auf die verheerenden Kriege des 16. und 17. Jahrhunderts zurück. Am Burghof sind freilich keine komplett im Zustand der Ersterrichtung erhaltenen Gebäude zu finden. Ständige Umbauten prägten das Bild der einzelnen Objekte, wie das der ganzen Anlage.
Gerade die Veränderungen sind von Bedeutung; sie spiegeln einen steten Nutzungswandel wider. Die Untersuchung des Gebäudes soll sich nicht auf Baugeschichte beschränken, vielmehr wird versucht, den Hof als umfassendere kulturgeschichtliche Quelle zu erschließen.