The Industrial Revolution

Many developing nations wish to have the opportunity to industrialise and fear committing to global climate agreements will reduce that opportunity. They assume that to achieve industrialisation and modernisation requires fossil fuels. This is based on the belief that the Western industrial economies of UK, Europe and the USA achieved their industrialisation largely through access to and the use of fossil fuels. As a result of these concerns, most developing nations have resisted calls for placing a carbon price and joining the Copenhagen Accord (and subsequent international climate agreements), out of fear it would dampen economic growth, jobs growth and development.
However, as the latest climate change science shows, if Brazil, Russia, India, Indonesia and China (BRIIC) nations and developing countries “grow first with fossil fuels” and reduce emissions later, it is going to be very hard for greenhouse gas emissions and related global warming to stay within the 2 degree guardrail to avoid dangerous climate change. So, this thesis reviews whether or not these common myths are true. The thesis integrates the latest studies which
1) Evidences that the first industrial revolution could have technically still occurred with less fossil fuels and more renewable energy over time, just more slowly than it did with abundant fossil fuels. The thesis shows that it was not until the 1830s with the advent of rail in the UK that coal prices fell and use of coal and steam engines really took off. The thesis shows the key role renewable energy therefore played in powering first industrial revolution innovations from 1600s-1820 in the UK such as the revolution in cotton manufacturing, which was water powered.
2) Evidences that fossil fuels, whilst important still for some medium to high temperature industrial processes, are no longer essential to achieve much of the modernisation of developing and BRIIIC economies. The thesis evidences how innovations in energy efficiency (i.e.: more energy efficient industrial processes, building and transport vehicle design) makes it much easier now to power a modern economy on renewable energy and energy storage. (See Chapter 2)
3) Evidences that, if energy efficiency improvements are combined with low carbon energy sources such as wind power and solar PV, low carbon energy systems are no longer more expensive than fossil fuels in many parts of the world. (Chapters 2-4)
4) Shows that it is still possible to further reduce the costs of key renewable energy and other low carbon technologies (Chapters 3-4) and as a result
5) Shows that it is possible to meet society’s needs for key industrialised products whilst reducing emissions. Provides evidence that it is possible to have a 3rdlow carbon industrial revolution and hence technically and economically possible for developing and BRIIC economies now to leapfrog to a low carbon future. (Chapter 2-3)

The thesis also evidences that it was improvements in overall energy productivity through the combination of greater energy efficiency and energy conversion efficiency as well as expansion of energy sources, which drove the price of energy services down, which helped underpin economic growth in the first and second industrial revolutions.
The thesis shows that it is possible again to achieve a step change in energy productivity in how society delivers energy services – through a focus on integrated approaches to energy efficiency, renewables and energy storage – in ways that deliver energy services relatively cheaply in many parts of the world. Hence the thesis shows that it is possible for developing and BRIIC nations to chart a low carbon 3rd industrial revolution and that this is increasingly being understood in China and India and other developing nations. Thus the thesis overall show how to achieve a transition to a low carbon future whilst boosting productivity and economic growth, which is very important and relevant for current debates on climate change policy in developing and BRIIC countries. The thesis finishes (Chapter 5) by showing how a low carbon industrial revolution could create higher economic growth than business as usual using insights and results from earlier chapters

Resumo: Este artigo tem o intuito de analisar a contribuição dos imigrantes alemães na criação da indústria têxtil catarinense a partir do século XIX e seus avanços ao longo dos anos. Neste mesmo período, a Europa, em especial a Inglaterra, já possuía um vasto sistema fabril, tendo como carro chefe a indústria têxtil. Dessa forma, o objetivo é promover uma análise lado a lado do avanço dessa indústria que teve início com a chegada dos imigrantes com a tecnologia já em utilização nos países europeus. Nosso recorte será de 1880, ano de surgimento das primeiras empresas têxteis, até 1920, um ano após o fim da Primeira Guerra Mundial pois o período é um marco importante para o crescimento da indústria catarinense e brasileira. Palavras-chave: Santa Catarina; colonização; indústria têxtil Abstract: This article plans to analyse the contribuition of german imigrants on the creation of the textile industry in the state of Santa Catarina at the 19th century, alongside its progress over the years. At that same time, Europe, mainly England, already possessed a vast industrial system, the textile one being the flagship of it. That said, the object of this study is to promote a side to side analysis of the advances of this industry that began with the arrival of the immigrants with the technology that was already in use in the European countries. The analysed period will be from 1880, year of creation of the first industries, until 1920, a year after the end of the First World War, important period for the growth of the industry.

Each industrial revolution caused changes in several fields, including the human resources in organisations. The aim of the paper is to theoretically summarize the main findings about changes in the requirements on human resources from the point of view of their knowledge and in the context of industrial revolutions. Then analyse current trends in management theories and outline their application in the process of adapting organizations to the industry 4.0 and finally, identify key themes for human resources research in the future as a basis for the identification of requirements on human resources in the context of industry 4.0. The findings show that during the 1st industrial revolution, there was not a formalized education or training (before or after starting a job) and no specific knowledge and skills were required. During the 2nd industrial revolution, suitable candidate for the position was required (physically and mentally) and there was a training after starting a job. During the 3rd industrial revolution, educated candidate was required (before starting a job).

Provision of safe, reliable, and affordable care while improving performance and efficiency remains a challenge in the healthcare sector. This study, therefore, reviews the previous researches on the effect of six sigma and industrial revolution 4.0 technologies (IR 4.0) on sustainability as there is still a paucity of literature on the implementation of the practices in the healthcare sector. Notably, the growing challenges within service organizations have motivated healthcare organizations to upgrade their conventional delivery system to a smart sophisticated system. Thus, this present study makes an attempt to model these practices as integrated with IR 4.0 technologies into achieving sustainability in the healthcare industry. In order to fill the void of this gap, this study intends to investigate the joint effects of six sigma and IR 4.0 technologies on sustainable performance of healthcare delivery services. The study confirms the future direction of the public health sector that is recently employing new technologies in its service systems. The data shall be collected from the top management employees, the health practitioners who are working and familiar with the services and operations of the organization and are familiar with the smart tools to expedite services for healthcare. This study extends the current literature on IR 4.0 technologies and six-sigma as enablers of economic, environmental and social sustainability. This study unfolds the significant contribution of operations management practices and how sustainable performance can be enhanced through performance variation and strategic implementation of modern technologies in the healthcare sector.

Scholarly 'puzzles' about reality are an outcome, not of inherent existential contradictions, but of faulty theories employed by intellectuals. Or by no theory at all. Orthodox histories of the rise and fall of civilisations contain many such 'puzzles', which are incorrectly claimed to be unresolved. The neglect of existing solutions to these puzzles is the outcome of the insular attitudes of scholars in the disciplines concerned.
My purpose in this article is to focus on just one of these historical conundrums--the 'Needham puzzle' (or why China failed to invent either an Industrial Revolution or a 'science revolution'). In this paper, I examine the origin and nature of the Needham Question, the different ways it has been interpreted by subsequent scholars, how my dynamic-strategy theory was employed in the early 1990s to resolve this issue, and why historians are still perplexed. Light is also thrown on China's future global prospects. Also see my related paper "The rise (and fall?) of modern science".

The future society may be and most likely
1. A society without human labor
2. A society of free activities and free time
3. A company dreamed of by Heinz von Foerster, Henri Atlan and Ilya Prigogine
Part 1: Development issues of developed countries
1.1 They have already made and updated their industrial revolution, they are:
• A nano computer revolution that will boost the artificial intelligence foundation of automation and robotics (and aggravation of unemployment)
• A biotechnological and genetic revolution
• And to the revolution of the "service economy" where 65% of the active population produces 70% of national wealth (against 29% and 28% for industry and 6% and 2% for agriculture - France). These are the services that pay the most!
1.2 They have new groups - multinationals - and very active and dynamic social networks.
In this case, the future development for these already developed countries will focus on what? Or what is missing - the "almost" - to the development of today's society.
The perception - relatively widespread and fair - of a more technology-centric development - and its legal owners - than on humans feeds this ... but.
To which the question of "what" will bring about the future development of today's society becomes indeed relevant.

"Artistry and Industry: The Portraiture of George Peter Alexander Healy, 1830-1865." What do antebellum portraiture and industrialization have in common? In a word: Healy. George Peter Alexander Healy (1813-1894), a little-studied portraitist, painted the faces of hundreds of industrialists. Industry functioned in Healy's career as a source of patronage as well as inspiration, sparking the artist to redefine a genre and rethink marketability. The sheer duration and volume of his production (1830-1865), the high intensity of his itinerancy (crossing the U.S. annually from north to south and across the Atlantic), and the speculative nature of his production and exhibition practices make Healy a prime candidate for exploring how industrialization changed the practice of portraiture during the mid-nineteenth century. Existing historical scholarship has examined how industrialization changed people's lives socially, politically and economically, but it has not addressed its impact on art. Healy's career reveals the marriage of various old and new practices in the art system of antebellum America, showing how art benefitted from industrialization in creative ways. In three chapters, this study will look at Healy's production of painted portraits, his commercialization of prints after these portraits, and his use of new materials to understand how he engaged with industrial culture. Healy was an opportunist who quickly learned how to navigate the world of industry unfolding in front of him, applying industrial approaches to creation and marketability and seeking the favor of wealthy patrons. Healy pursued replication practices, attached himself to key industrialists, participated in world exhibitions, and engaged with speculative marketing practices. My dissertation helps reconsider the continued importance and modernity of portraiture, highlighting its groundedness in the historical development of industrialization.

Resum L'objectiu del present treball és desgranar les circumstàncies i caracte-rístiques de la renovació de la maquinària destinada a la producció monetària de la fàbrica de Jubia des de l'antiga tècnica de cilindres a la nova de volants, entre 1818 i 1823. La documentació generada entre la Fàbrica, el Departament de Gravat i la Junta Directiva de Cases de Moneda durant el Trienni Liberal al voltant de l'esmentat canvi ens permet establir una sèrie d'hipòtesis de treball-tant en l'àmbit produc-tiu com de gestió-i reflexionar històricament sobre les relacions entre producció-productivitat i tecnologia-formes de poder. Abstract The aim of this paper is to study the circumstances and features of the renovation of industrial facilities at the mint of Jubia (Galicia, Spain), between 1818 and 1823. The makeover was related to the replacement of the old cylinders minting system for the "novelty" balancier technology. With the records coming from the mint itself, from the Engraving Department and from the new Board of Directors of Mints over the Constitutional Trienum (1820-1823), we have rebuilt the historical process , laid out some working hypotheses and reflected on the historical connection between production and productivity and technology and forms of power. * Universidade de Santiago de Compostela 1. Este trabajo forma parte de nuestra tesis doctoral: «Producción y circulación monetaria en Galicia al final del Antiguo Régimen», (FPU), y del proyecto de investigación «Ciudades, gentes e intercambios en la Monarquía hispánica durante la Edad Moderna» (HAR2012-39034-C03-03).

Whether we like it or not, the world is currently experiencing a series of extremely disruptive technological changes, with tremendous effects on our social and private lives, the so-called Fourth Industrial Revolution. The whole world is adopting and implementing spectacular innovations of great depth and magnitude, in three main domains: physical, digital and biological, which make the limits between these spheres to become blurry. Although the benefits of the Fourth Industrial Revolution for the economic and environmental dimensions of sustainability might be easily measured and quantified, its effects on the social dimension, or the welfare of all individuals, which is ultimately the target of sustainable development, might not as positive as expected. The paper mainly emphasizes the impact of the Fourth Industrial Revolution on the labour market, being focused on the negative aspects of jobs reduction on the social identity of individuals and the "prosperity for all goal o...

This paper examines the legislation on the cotton textile industry and its motivations during the Industrial Revolution. Since the seminal article by North and Weingast (1989), the relationship between institutions and long-term economic growth and whether parliaments foster growth or not have been the crucial subjects of economic history and institutional research. However, most of this literature focused on the 'preconditions' of modern economic growth in the British context. This paper, in contrast, investigates the reaction of the British Parliament after the growth process started, depending on the evolutionary economists' argument that institutional adaptation may play an 'enabler' role during growth. To this end, the study focuses on parliamentary acts and debates on the cotton industry from 1747 to 1815. It exploits the UK Parliament and Hansard archives as its primary historical data sources and uses the qualitative interpretation of the texts supported by quantified data. The paper finds that the British Parliament was mostly supportive of the cotton industry's development with its protectionist policies, avoiding over-taxation and struggling with rent-seeking groups. The main motivations or factors behind these policies were improving the tax base, avoiding social unrest, sustaining international competition, interest group politics, and the political elite's 'enlightened' mindset.

Although largely absent from modern accounts of the Industrial Revolution, watches were the first mass produced consumer durable, and were Adam Smith’s pre-eminent example of technological progress. In fact, Smith makes the notable claim that watch prices may have fallen by up to 95 per cent over the preceding century; a claim that this paper attempts to evaluate. We look at changes in the reported value of over 3,200 stolen watches from records of criminal trials in the Old Bailey court in London from 1685 to 1810. Before allowing for quality improvements we find that the real price of watches in
nearly all categories falls steadily by 1.3 per cent per year, equivalent to a fall of 75 per cent over a century, a rate considerably above the growth rate of average labour productivity in British industry in the early nineteenth century.
(JEL N0, Keywords: Watch prices, Adam Smith, Industrial Revolution.)

When considering whether the technology of the Hellenistic Period was advanced enough, if allow to further evolve, to initiate an Industrial Revolution in Antiquity, one should also assess whether the arguably (latent) Industrial Revolution could have commenced in the late 17th-century without the surfacing of Vitruvius' "De Architectura" and Hero of Alexandria's "Pneumatics" from Antiquity. This book analyzes, in factual detail, manuscripts and artifacts as to how this dialectic enigma might be better answered.
Historians of Technology have failed to include the larger contribution and influence of Ctesibius’ compressor-driven Hydraulis with its pneumatic pumps, keyboard, and organ pipes in the path of critical
preparatory events leading up to the 17-century Industrial Revolution. One should also realize that Ctesibius had all the parts and sub-assemblies on hand to invent the first Steam Hydraulis or Calliope, as
illustrated on the front book cover of this work. From the 'Fertile Crescent' of the Persian Empire to the Hellenistic Library of Alexandria, Vitruvius writing brought the Hydraulis to the Abbey of St. Gall in
1414 during the Renaissance. Its path then took it through Italy, Germany, and the Paris of Louis XIV along the Arch of Industrial Reawakening. This was the Hydraulis 2-millennium path from Antiquity to its return reigniting the 'Latent' Industrial Revolution in 1690.

This article uses over 450 pauper inventories from Essex and Norfolk to examine domestic production and consumption in the homes of paupers. It finds that as the dependent poor obtained more consumer goods from the 1770s, their households were diverse spaces that contained a wide range of small-scale domestic industries such as baking, farming, and spinning. This evidence suggests that there are limits to Jan de Vries’ ‘industrious revolution’ theory, which claims that households specialized and moved away from modest domestic ventures to acquire new consumer goods over the eighteenth century. Pauper inventories indicate that it was only from the early nineteenth century, when numerous consumer goods had already entered the homes of the poor, that domestic production became less prevalent in pauper homes. In doing this, the study also has important implications on other influential historiographical debates, such as the demise of the old poor law, the role of consumer demand, standards of living, and women and children’s work.

As it was the case of all preceding revolutions Industry 4.0 brings changes to the organisational systems which result in the changes of requirements related to relevant human resources. Historically anchored organisational systems have always been supported by the referring education. The study presents the characteristics of selected well-established organisational systems and their supportive systems of education with the aim to link them to the requirements of the developmental phase called Industry 4.0. From this perspective it presents the challenges that the Slovak Republic, especially its education, is facing today.

LACKO, Miroslav. Robotnícke kolónie na Železníku - zabudnutý industriálny skvost [Workers' Lodgings in Železník - A Forgotten Industrial Jewel]. In: Z dějin hutnictví 42 - Rozpravy Národního technického muzea v Praze 219 (2012), pp. 119-150. ISSN 0139-9810. ISBN 978-80-7037-212-8.

Seaside environments in the early nineteenth century were environments of profound instability, strangeness and tension. Lurking behind the façade of pleasure and gaiety were the festering anxieties and conflicts of a nation thrown suddenly open to the forces of industrialism, capitalism, modernity and speculation. Old class distinctions broke down as the aristocracy – who were at first the primary patrons of seaside resorts – began to feel their influence wane, and the ascendant bourgeoisie was propelled ever higher up the social scale. As literary phenomena, seaside towns are crucibles for these societal pressures – places in which latent anxieties are made manifest. The seaside becomes a microcosm for an England at once tearing itself apart and making itself new. This paper considers three relatively obscure primary texts – Samuel Beazley’s little-known farce The Boarding House; or, Five hours at Brighton (1811), Jane Austen’s unfinished fragment Sanditon (1817) and Charles Dickens’s short story “The Tuggses at Ramsgate” (1836). The paper shows that in these texts, the environment of the seaside – whether Brighton, Bognor or Ramsgate – is a place which throws into question totalities and established systems. Systems which are ostensibly fixed, concrete or total – especially systems, such as class or language, which rely on the power of discourse and of networks signs – are pulled apart and scrutinised. Further, it is posited that such systemic crises are themselves both reflective of and inherent in the cataclysmic socio-political changes which pervade early nineteenth century England.

Περιγράφοντας το βιομηχανικό Μάντσεστερ στα 1835 ο πολιτικός στοχαστής Alexis de Tocqueville σημειώνει: «Ένας πυκνός, μαύρος καπνός καλύπτει την πολιτεία. (…) Μέσα από αυτόν τον δυσωδέστατο βορβορότοπο πηγάζει ο μεγαλύτερος ποταμός της ανθρώπινης βιομηχανίας ο οποίος, ακολούθως, γονιμοποιεί την οικουμένη. Από αυτόν τον ρυπαρό οχετό ρέει καθαρό χρυσάφι. Εδώ το ανθρώπινο πνεύμα τελειοποιείται και αποκτηνώνεται. Εδώ ο πολιτισμός παράγει τα θαύματα του και ο πολιτισμένος άνθρωπος ξαναγίνεται σχεδόν άγριος» .
Με αφορμή το προηγούμενο απόσπασμα όπου ο A. de Tocqueville εκφράζει θαυμασμό και αποστροφή για την αγγλική βιομηχανική επανάσταση (1780-1850) εντοπίστε και περιγράψτε τα βασικά της χαρακτηριστικά. Επιμείνετε στις ποικίλες επιπτώσεις που είχε για τον αγγλικό πληθυσμό (συνθήκες διαβίωσης και όροι εργασίας).

Les historiens ont montré que la philosophie utilitariste et libérale du XVIIIe siècle visait à reprogrammer l'humain en sujet calculateur, en homo oeconomicus, contre les morales traditionnelles du don, du sacrifice ou de l'honneur. Ce chapitre propose un éclairage complémentaire : l'homo oeconomicus exigeait en retour un monde taillé à sa mesure, repensé, recomposé et redéfini afin qu'il puisse maximiser librement son utilité.

tarım toplumundan sanayi toplumuna geçişte yaşanan kopukluklar, işçileşme ve uzmanlaşma ile kente adapte olan köylünün kentlileşmesi, burjuvazinin oluşumu, kentin dışına itilen işçi sınıfı ile banliyöleşmenin ve gecekondulaşmanın başlaması ve kentlilik bilincinin yok olması süreci, Mimar Sinan Güzel Sanatlar Üniversitesi Şehircilik Doktora programına bağlı Türkiye’nin Güncel Sorunları dersi kapsamında ele alınan roman ve filmler üzerinden incelenmiş ve bu durumun kent mekanına etkisi, Lefebvre’nin Şehir Hakkı (1967) kitabı temel alınarak irdelenmiştir.

In this new opening chapter of the 4th edition of IMMIGRANT AMERICA, we analyze three distinct phases spanning the last century and a third: (1) the Great European Waves of the period from 1880 to 1930, which accompanied the American industrial revolution, reached a historic zenith in 1910 when 14.7 percent of the total population was foreign born, and ended with the triumph of restrictionist legislation; (2) a period of Retrenchment from 1930 to 1970, which spanned the Great Depression, World War II and its aftermath, reaching a historic nadir in 1970 when only 4.7 percent of the population was foreign born; and (3) a period of Rebound from 1970 to the present, which remains the focus of the book—an era of economic restructuring, widening economic inequality, and the sharply increased migration of low-wage laborers, professionals, entrepreneurs, refugees and asylees, combining to reach a foreign-born total of 40 million by 2010. Migration during this new era grew by more than a million a year, ending with the Great Recession and unprecedented state persecution of millions of undocumented immigrants. This state policy included the creation of a vast network of immigrant detention centers and historic deportation levels, even as unauthorized migration decreased to net zero. One leitmotif of the book is the counterpoint between the widespread demand for immigrant labor by different sectors of the American economy and the activities of nativists and xenophobes across the three successive phases of U.S.-bound immigration. Indeed, throughout successive chapters, we look to the historical record to place present concerns in a broader comparative context. History does not repeat itself, but it echoes.

Resumo: Este artigo aborda as consequências da revolução industrial na indústria têxtil europeia, em especial nos novos instrumentos de fiação, tecelagem e costura surgidos do século XVIII até metade do século XIX e na indústria do algodão. Subsequentemente, o impacto das novas tecnologias no vestuário europeu entre a população geral, produção em massa, e na moda entre a aristocracia.

Abstract: This article presents the impacts of the industrial revolution on the European textile industry, highlighting the spinning, weaving and sewing machines from the 18th century to mid-19th century and the cotton industry. Also, the consequences of these new inventions on the vestuary and fashion among the common citizen and the aristocracy.
.

In this study, the gaps between challenges and opportunities in TVET and EE have been identified with the required skill sets of IR 4.0 with present system of education by Systematic Literature Survey (SLS). Primary and Secondary data was considered for this study. Methods of analysis include secondary data on " experimental future-skill based TVET with an integrated entrepreneurial tool ". It was considered for the comparative study with traditional TVET training. The data collection was done through literature, case study and questionnaire. Sampling frame and size is 50 respondents (10+2 and 10+3 level) for survey. The variables considered for the data collection from respondents were the nine technological components of the IR 4.0. Recommendations for TVET and Entrepreneurship Education are based upon the conclusions drawn from the study after analysis of primary and secondary data by using qualitative and quantitative research methodology. Future research plan includes Empirical study on the case of sample in a paired or dependent sample is recommended further to understand the effect of pedagogy of TVET with EE to meet the components of Industrial Revolution 4.0.

The industrial revolution had marked the beginning of the age of machine. It shaped the world we are living in. The industrial activity brought tremendous changes in almost every sphere of life. The textile industry which was one of the earliest and most prominent industries led to the emergence of the booming fashion industry. It is that fashion industry which is now creating tons of industrial waste and counted as one of the biggest polluters in the United Kingdom.

Welcome to the "Ways In" section of this Macat analysis. This is an introductory section, summarising the most important points of this work in one 10-minute read.

Macat's Analyses are definitive studies of the most important books and papers in the humanities and social sciences.

Each analysis is written by an academic specialist in the field. Each one harnesses the latest research to investigate the influences that led to the work being written, the ideas that make it important, and the impact that it has had in the world.

A powerful resource for students, teachers and lifelong learners everywhere, our analyses are proven by the University of Cambridge to improve critical thinking skills.

Read the whole of this analysis and explore our library at www.macat.com.