Human Pressure

The coastal zone is a transitory zone between land and sea and between fresh and salt water. It is a zone where people use it for food production, for tourism activity, industrial activity, and transportation. Due to these activities, the coastal zone, especially in where regions surrounding semi-enclosed seas such as the Aegean Sea, receives high environmental pressure from the human. In today's increasingly urbanized world, coastal cities of the Aegean region are focal points for innovation, development and economic growth. This makes them more vulnerable and sensitive natural system. The main objective of this review is to explain the human pressures in the Aegean coastal zone.

The Mont Péko national Park (MPNP) located to the West of Côte d'Ivoire underwent severe human pressure related to a succession of political and military crises from 2002 to 2011. Since 2013, the Ivoirians government is engaged in a process of rehabilitation of this park. This study aimed to evaluate the dynamics of human pressures from 1996 to 2018, in order to allow the manager of the park to better focus their awareness and protection activities. To achieve this, the RAPPAM method of WWF international was adopted for the collection of data. The study identified 10 types of pressures of which farm is the most severe followed by pressure on land, logging, bush fires, the establishment of settlements, poaching and pollution. The intensity of pressures on the MPNP doesn't significantly vary depending on the areas, but this varies according to the socio-political gradient in time. The pressures have evolved gradually from 2002 to 2011 before beginning to decline progressively until 2018. Currently, except for uncontrolled bush fires, all pressures declined significantly, or even disappear for some. The existence of a variety of pressures on the MPNP to disturbing proportions is therefore related in part to the lack of monitoring during the crises. The anthropization of the MPNP found the springs of its acceleration in the existence of an armed gang who have organized, systematic exploitation of the resources.

Abstract
The problem analyzed is of significant importance as the spatial and temporal dimension of human pressure on the environment has only been analyzed in Romania in a qualitative and theoretical manner. The purpose of the study is to evaluate and quantify the environmental effects of different forms of human pressure in the Caras-Severin County in Romania and to identify areas with major environmental conflicts. In this study the methods of analysis were based on information derived from historical maps, aerial imagery, statistical and administrative data, completed with field observations. We used GIS and statistical programs for creating a database of the county, and linking historical and present forms of human pressure, with the emergence and manifestation of environmental impacts. The results allowed us mapping the distribution human pressures forms and their main environmental impacts, linking them in cause-effects relationships. We also were able to identify historical stages in this relation, according to the emergence of different economic and social factors (stages of industrialization, economic development of the county, demographic dynamic). In addition, we calculated indicators of human pressure and environmental transformation, allowing us to map areas of environmental conflicts.

Keywords: human pressure, quantifying environmental effects, spatial-temporal dynamic, caras-severin county, Romania.