Environmental Impacts

Consistent with the continuing effort of the Department of Environment and Natural
Resources (DENR) to rationalize and streamline the implementation of the Philippine
Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) System established under Presidential Decree
(PD) No. 1586, Presidential Proclamation No. 2146 defining the scope of the EIS System
and pursuant to Administrative Order No. 42 issued by tile Office of the President on
November 2, 2002, the following rules and regulations are hereby promulgated;

This paper presents a green engineering plan for using PET(polyethylene terephthalate)as opposed to the traditional used PC (polycarbonate)for packaged drinking water with a prime focus on the environmental impacts and sustainability. It presents a comprehensive material selection process for choosing the PET bottles, justifying the reasoning for choosing them over the more often used PC bottles. Furthermore, the paper also presents a product life cycle for the PET bottles with a detailed life cycle assessment analysis using life cycle assessment software i.e., openLCA software. With the help of LCA software the environmental impacts of both form of the bottles is analyzed and compared concluding that PET bottles are by far more eco-friendly and are therefore the future of plastic packaging. Keywords:  environmental impact, sustainability, pet, pc, life cycle assessment

A number of foreign companies are operating in northern and eastern Finland, which has caused opposition. This initially regarded uranium exploration, but following the leakage of the gypsum pond at the Talvivaara nickel mine, the resistance has also concerned other commodities. For this reason, the government, research institutions and universities have launched a number of projects to promote and investigate the social license to operate (SLO) and corporate social
responsibility (CSR) of the mining industry in Finland. Among other initiatives, the Geological Survey of Finland has contributed to these efforts by leading the Mining Academy and participating within the Sustainable Acceptable Mining (SAM) projects and activities of the network of Sustainable Mining. While the majority of similar projects have focused on mines and mining companies, the Mining Academy, SAM and Network for Sustainable Mining have also contributed to understanding of the social aspects of mineral exploration.

This report is a contribution to the discussion on SLO and CSR in mineral exploration in Finland. It begins by describing the Mining Academy and SAM projects and defines the concepts of SLO and CSR, also considering the differences and challenges in SLO and CSR in industrialized and developing countries. Several methods have been developed by the industry for stakeholder engagement since
the 1990s, when opposition to mining and mineral exploration started to grow internationally. However, most of these methods have been created for developing countries and/or to deal with aboriginal people. Because the conditions in industrialized to post-industrialized countries are very different from these, the methods should be adapted to industrialized countries like Finland.

The report defines and describes mineral exploration. The views and wishes of stakeholders and mineral exploration companies concerning the sustainability of mineral exploration are presented in the form of results from a survey conducted through interviews and a seminar workshop carried out by the Mining Academy. The survey produced a series of best practices that are listed in this report. Communication and stakeholder engagement are the main issues of CSR and SLO
in mineral exploration in Finland. Contacting and informing local communities about mineral exploration at the very beginning helps companies to establish a good relationship with them, earning a local social license to operate. Tailored approaches to contacting and informing the stakeholder groups are described. After this first and crucial contact, other elements of stakeholder engagement should
be built up in order to have multi-stage and integrated interaction between the company and community. This report describes a model for stakeholder engagement developed for mineral exploration in Finland within companies, the Mining Academy, the SAM project and the Network for Sustainable Mining.

Media façades is a subdivision of urban computing integrating digital displays into buildings, including structures and road furniture. It is frequently connected with over-dimensional screens and vivified, lit up publicizing, and places like Times Square. The façade is dematerialized and transformed into one immense promoting medium for sending messages. Media façades can bring out the most assorted feelings, from a major city feeling to disturbance at light contamination. They are likewise seen as Pop Art or as blemishes. Design tends to utilize media façades increasingly as a stylistic component. What used to be added to exteriors after the building development more in the method for a flaw is currently a part of the design procedure and offers new extension for visionary outline which is authored to the term 'Mediatecture'. This research identifies the impact of using media façades on commercial buildings environmentally and economically. In addition to that experimental design cases of interactive building façades will be discussed and a SWOT analysis would be made to exemplify the challenges and discuss how they may be addressed. Also, the examples are presented to demonstrate how to work with the difficulties inalienable in media façade design forms taking into account the formation of different proposals for a media façade on current Public buildings and new ones in Egypt.

In mining operations carried out below the water table, mine area could potentially affect the surrounding. With further deepening of the mine and quarry, the drawdown can impact on water supply wells and base flow. The variation in radius of influence under confined and unconfined aquifer condition is assessed using a hypothetical case study with three operational quarry sites. Average pit-wise radius of influence (R0) for the pit mine, under unconfined and confined aquifer conditions is 963 m and 61 km, respectively, whereas effective radius (Re) for total (cumulative) excavated mine area is 1.7 and 146 km, respectively. It means that the maximum and minimum value of overall impact/influence for the unconfined aquifer lies in-between 963 m and 1.7 km. Similarly that the maximum and minimum value of overall impact/influence for the confined aquifer lies in-between 61 and 146 km. Meanwhile, Re or effective radius for total (cumulative) excavated area seems more appropriate from evaluation viewpoint due to the overlapping (superposition) concentric mining quarries. Thus, assessment of quarry-wise and total radius of influence is of importance to fulfil targeted production, economically with minimum interruptions as part of the mine planning. Moreover, it helps us to assess, monitor and regulate the impact of a mine-dewatering program in the area. Also, the pumping test is often used to estimate radius of influence; it can trigger the inflow or radius of influence. Estimate of the radius of influence using analytical equation mainly independent of discharge/abstraction from the aquifer stands as a preferred choice for the prediction of radius of influence at the quarry/mine pit. There is a strong rationale that policies should be informed by such analytical assessment because it helps us to prevent or minimize negative impacts as part of regulation and pit-mining management and are useful tools for practitioners to design economically efficient and cost-effective in situ groundwater remediation systems, to contain contaminant plumes, to evaluate the surface–subsurface water interaction and to verify numerical models.

The present study uses cradle-to-factory gate life cycle assessment (LCA) to evaluate environmental impact categories in producing packaged canola edible oil in Isfahan province of Iran. In this study, LCA methodology is applied in order to satisfy two goals, namely, to evaluate hot spots in production chain of canola oil and to compare environmental burdens of oil production at each stage of the production chain. The initial data about inputs consumption and canola yield are collected from 126 farmers in Fer-eydounshahr region by face-to-face questionnaire method. Detailed information about processing, input materials and energy consumption in industrial phase of oil production are obtained by visiting factory units and interviewing with employees and engineers of Golbahar Sepahan oil factory. The required data about the background system are extracted from Ecoinvent 3.2 and Industry data 2.0 databases. LCA results in canola edible oil production show that farm stage has a key role in environmental impacts wherein the use of chemical fertilizers and diesel fuel make major contributions. In oil extraction and refinement step, natural gas combustion and background processes of natural gas also play major roles in generating environmental impact categories. In packaging step, the packaging materials, i.e., plastic and carton, and the background processes of diesel fuel have major contributions to aggravating environmental burdens. In conclusion, reducing the consumption of chemical fertilizers, especially nitrogen-based ones, is important for reducing environmental footprints in canola edible oil production due to the key role of farm stage in environmental impacts of canola edible oil production.

Media Façade is expressed in many cities by providing new attractive city images. The term „Media Façade‟ is a façade that is functionally and aesthetically specific and thus it represents the integration of architecture, technology. This integration is applied to represent new form of modern art and communication (Haeusler et al., 2012). Implementing new technology such as " Media Façade "following the purpose of fashion trend or adding new stylistic feature without being well studied will cause a massive impact on architecture. This technology " Media Façade " started to be used in Egypt in various buildings with different functions. This paper will firstly illustrate what is Media Façade then state the social, cultural and environmental impacts of these techniques by analyzing local examples using SWOT analysis.

Book Description
Contamination of groundwater sources is a global phenomenon and it’s becoming evident that unregulated human activity will lead to further deterioration of the resource in many countries of the world. There is therefore an increasing need for research and informed policies to strategically manage groundwater along with other natural resources. This book has been structured into ten chapters, including an introductory background and contextual material for its contributions, with case studies from US, Canada, Australia, Brazil, Serbia, India, Malaysia, Netherlands and South Africa. Contributions in this book range from hydrogeochemical investigations and evaluation of groundwater usability for water supply as well as for agricultural purposes to groundwater quality descriptions and characterisation. Issues on groundwater overdevelopment and the consequent quality degradation; flow and recharge processes with management implications; groundwater dependent ecosystems and ecological implications are well covered in its content. A number of simulation variants from numerical modelling to characterise groundwater conditions and estimate groundwater resources potential in large basins are presented to support technical decisions and policy making. The prospects and problems of groundwater development are addressed in this book and novel bioremediation technology with more than 10 years of successful application in remediating groundwater contaminated with chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons (CAHs) concludes the content. This book will be useful to all within the groundwater community, researchers and policy makers alike.

Nas médias e grandes cidades do Brasil, o condomínio horizontal fechado se configura como modalidade habitacional em constante crescimento, oferecido pelo mercado imobiliário como produto altamente rentável. Entretanto, por ocupar ordinariamente extensas glebas de terra, consumir volumes significativos de água, energia elétrica e produzir quantidades preocupantes de resíduos, esse tipo de moradia precisa de planejamento ambiental especial que possa minimizar os impactos produzidos. O objetivo do presente trabalho é analisar os potenciais impactos ambientais em condomínios horizontais fechados, tomando como referência o Condomínio Ecoville, localizado na cidade de Mossoró/RN. O trabalho estabelece subsídios práticos para o efetivo gerenciamento ambiental e planejamento dessa modalidade habitacional, bem como servindo de referencial bibliográfico para trabalhos futuros sobre essa temática. Os procedimentos metodológicos adotados pela pesquisa foram: a) levantamento bibliográfico acerca do tema de investigação e averiguação da legislação pertinente ao tema de estudo; b) consulta documental junto ao condomínio horizontal fechado, considerado estudo de caso da pesquisa; e c) aplicação de entrevista junto à administração do empreendimento. Conforme os resultados obtidos, pode-se concluir que o planejamento ambiental se constitui em medida a eficiente à gestão de condomínios horizontais fechados, reduzindo e minimizando efeitos negativos ao meio ambiente, desde que seja efetivamente posto em prática pelos condôminos.

The paper discusses the imperatives of sand mining and the environmental
impacts using selected case histories in the Niger Delta and elsewhere. The
continuation of sand mining in spite of the associated adverse environmental
effects, have been linked to the creation of new usable land from marginal
lands of the region and sustained supply of aggregates for expansion of civil
infrastructure. The case studies highlight the project cycle of sand mining
and the circumstances in which environmental peculiarities influence
the procedures and strategies for abstraction. The major concerns of sand
mining in the riverbeds and open sea are accelerated coastal and riverbank
erosion, surface water turbidity due to re-suspended sediment load, threats to
coastal infrastructure and the prospect of wider dispersion of contaminated
sediments with extended effects on water quality, health and safety of marine
life. The paper emphasizes the need to integrate mitigative measures of
potential impacts into the planning and execution of sand mining projects.

Rapid urbanization is changing the existing patterns of land use land cover (LULC) globally, which is consequently increasing the land surface temperature (LST) in many regions. The present study is focused on estimating current and simulating future LULC and LST trends in the urban environment of Chaoyang District, Beijing. Past patterns of LULC and LST were identified through the maximum likelihood classification (MLC) method and multispectral Landsat satellite images during the 1990-2018 data period. The cellular automata (CA) and stochastic transition matrix of the Markov model were applied to simulate future (2025) LULC and LST changes, respectively, using their past patterns. The CA model was validated for the simulated and estimated LULC for 1990-2018, with an overall Kappa (K) value of 0.83, using validation modules in IDRISI software. Our results indicated that the cumulative changes in built-up to vegetation area were 74.61 km2 (16.08%) and 113.13 km2 (24.38%) from 1990 to 2018. The correlation coefficient of land use and land cover change (LULCC), including vegetation, water bodies and built-up area, had values of r = −0.155 (p > 0.005), −0.809 (p = 0.000), and 0.519 (p > 0.005), respectively. The results of future analysis revealed that there will be an estimated 164.92 km2 (−12%) decrease in vegetation area, while an expansion of approximately 283.04 km2 (6% change) will occur in built-up areas from 1990 to 2025. This decrease in vegetation cover and expansion of settlements would likely cause a rise of approximately ∼10.74 • C and ∼12.66 • C in future temperature, which would cause a rise in temperature (2025). The analyses could open an avenue regarding how to manage urban land cover patterns to enhance the resilience of cities to climate warming. This study provides scientific insights for environmental development and sustainability through efficient and effective urban planning and management in Beijing and will also help strengthen other research related to the UHI phenomenon in other parts of the world.

Natural resource sectors at the global level are facing increasing demands for their outputs driven by the rapid growth of emerging economies like India and China. Yet, stronger policies need to be in place to reduce the environmental impacts that result from the exploitation and use of the very same water, energy, agriculture, fisheries, forestry, and minerals that are fuelling this economic growth.

The CMLP building was developed to be a model for sustainability with strategies to reduce water, energy and pollution, and to provide a healthy environment for the building occupants. The aim of this paper is to investigate the environmental effects of energy
used by this building. A LCA (life cycle analysis) was led to measure the real environmental effects produced by the use of energy. The impact categories most affected by the energy use were found to be the human health effects, as well as ecotoxicity. Natural gas extraction, uranium milling for nuclear energy production, and the blasting for mining and infrastructure construction are the processes contributing the most to emissions in the human health effect. Data comparing LCA results of CMLP building with a conventional building results showed that energy used by the CMLP building has less damage for the environment and human health than a conventional building.

El territorio ecuatoriano y en particular el correspondiente a la provincia Manabí, están expuestos a los efectos e/o impactos vinculados a la ocurrencia de procesos y/o fenómenos geodinámicos de orígenes geofísico, geológico, geomorfológico, hidrológico, meteorológico y climatológico. Entre las amenazas o peligros naturales a los que está expuesta la población manabita, destacan: sismicidad, tsunamis, inundaciones, procesos de remoción en masa (deslizamientos y aludes torrenciales), crecientes, lluvias torrenciales, sequías y eventos El Niño y La Niña. Con mayor recurrencia, el medio socio-económico de la provincia de Manabí, y en particular su cantón Portoviejo, es afectado por eventos de inundaciones y deslizamientos, y con períodos de retorno mucho más amplios, por eventos sísmicos. La ocurrencia de estos eventos naturales, que en muchos casos es condicionada por la intervención antrópica sobre los medios físico y biológico, dejan como consecuencia numerosas víctimas, lesionados y damnificados, además de millonarias pérdidas materiales, que impactan con severidad sobre diversos sectores del sistema productivo y económico provincial. El evento sísmico (Mw 7,8) del 16 de Abril de 2016, los fenómenos cosísmicos (deslizamientos) asociados y las inundaciones de ese mismo año, evidenciaron los altos niveles de vulnerabilidad de los asentamientos poblacionales del cantón Portoviejo. Es necesario profundizar en el estudio, análisis y comprensión de los procesos geodinámicos (sismicidad, deslizamientos, inundaciones y crecidas) que, con mayor recurrencia o mayor severidad, impactan sobre el medio socio-económico del cantón Portoviejo, a fin de generar conocimiento que coadyuve a la definición o redefinición de directrices, lineamientos y políticas en las instancias gubernamentales, para: (a) mejorar o diseñar un Plan Cantonal de Gestión Integral para la reducción del Riesgo de Desastre, (b) perfeccionar las normas de construcción de obras civiles, (c) reducir la vulnerabilidad estructural y social e (d) incrementar la resiliencia de la ciudadanía.

Parasitic infestation of carp fish is a major challenge for commercial fish farmers of northwest Bangladesh. Commercial fish farmers of this region are using emamectin benzoate (a plant pesticide) for water treatment of parasite infested fish ponds. The study was conducted to know the practice of using emamectin benzoate (water treatment at the rate of 2µg/L pond water and feed at the rate of 50µg/kg fish for seven consecutive days) impact on zooplanktons, aquatic insects and benthos population in aquaculture ponds. Regular sampling of zooplanktons, aquatic insects and benthos were done and counted at pretreatment and after 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, 21 and 28 days of the treatment for both methods of treatment. Though both the feeding and water treatment with emamectin benzoate was found to be equally successful in killing the target fish parasites, however, the unintended impact of the water treatment was found to be huge on zooplanktons and benthos population. Aquatic insects were also found to be affected partially. Moreover, choice of application method creates a great difference (water treatment requires many times more) in amount of total emamectin benzoate required for the treatment and ultimately used in the water body.

""RESUM0:
Um inquérito feito a habitantes das principais povoações do Baixo Mondego, sobre as consequências das transformações operadas pelas recentes obras hidráulicas e agrícolas nesta área, permite concluir que a consciência dessas modificações é variável consoante a sua proximidade aos Campos, a idade, a actividade profissional e a afectação directa ou não.
No geral, é dada mais importância aos impactes positivos das obras sobre o ambiente do que aos negativos. De igual modo, as alterações nas práticas culturais e o emparcelamento parece serem bem aceites pelas pessoas directamente afectadas. 0 estado actual do ambiente é considerado razoável a bom e o turismo é tido como pouco explorado mas com potencialidades, principalmente em Montemor-o-Velho.
Palavras-Chave: Baixo Mondego. Campo. Monte. Inquérito. Impactes Ambientais.

RÉSUMÉ
Une enquête faite aux habitants des principaux villes et villages du Bas Mondego, en ce qui concerne les conséquences des transformations opérées par les récents travaux hidrauliques et agrícoles dans cet espace, permet d'en conclure que leur connaissance est variable en fonction de leur proximité aux Campos, leur âge, leur activité professionelle et leur affectation directe ou pas directe.
En générale, on donne plus d' importance aux impacts positifs qu'à ceux qui sont négatifs, en ce qui concerne les travaux sur l'environnement. Pareillement, les altérations des cultures et l'emparcellement semblent être bien acceptées par les personnes déjà directement en affectées. L'état actuel de l'environnement est évalué '"raisonnable" à "bon" et le tourisme. avec des potentialités, surtout à Montemor-o-Velho, est encore peu exploité.
Mots-clés: Bas Mondego. "CaInpo". aMonte". Enquête. Impactes Environnementaux.

ABSTRACT
From a survey lnade among the population of the plain villages of the Lower Mondego, concerning the consequences of the recent hidraulic and agricultural transformations made in the area we concluded that the awareness of the said transformations varies according to distance from the Campos, age, occupation, and to the direct or indirect degree of exposure.
ln general, more importance was given to the positive impacts than to the negative ones. The replacement of crops and the farm amalgamation seem also to be acceptable. The present environment conditions are thought to be from "'fair" to good", tourism is thought as having potential yet to be explored, particularly in Montelnor-o-Velho.
Key-words: Lower Mondego. "Campo". "Monte". Survey. Environmental Impacts.""

Journal of Environmental Geology is a multidisciplinary, peer reviewed publication that offers an open access platform for discussion to improve the environment as habitat for life on the earth and remediate all aspects of interactions between the human and the earth ecosystems.

Environmental degradation due to polluting industrial complexes constitutes a relevant issue for local community. Most studies focus on the negative externalities, in terms of pollution, of these industrial complexes, although some research has also explored the economic benefits of these installations and the harm their closure can inflict on the local economy. In the context of a petrochemical complex located in Castellón (Spain), the present paper analyses how residents' cognitive appraisal of the economic and environmental aspects leads to their affective responses, and how both elements – cognitive and affective – jointly explain their behavioural intention. The proposed hypotheses are tested on a sample of 992 individuals. The results confirm that cognitive appraisals, directly and by means of the affective response, have a significant influence on the residents' behavioural intention towards their place of residence. The findings also show that affective response has a higher impact than cognitive response and, additionally, that environmental aspects play a more important role than economic ones. Furthermore, the relationship between affects and behavioural intention has a greater weight among citizens who live closest to the petrochemical complex. Implications for firms' and public authorities' environmental management are discussed.

Tourism is one of the world’s biggest industry and a key driver for socio-economic progress. In parallel, tourism is associated with environmental impacts and contributes to the climate change through emissions of greenhouse gases, mainly from transport and accommodation of tourists. The corresponding industry must urgently respond for elimination of environmental damages and to climate change by mitigating its emissions and by adapting tourism businesses and destinations to the changing climate conditions. The present study aims to promote a methodological approach to estimate the overall environmental impact in areas of considerable tourism activity, applied in Greece, one of the world’s most popular tourism destinations. A comparative “environmental damage” analysis is realized for two large-sized hotels and their contribution to environmental burden for numerous impacts is assessed. The approach is based on Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) principles, leading to a reliable assessment...

Olympic Games is the biggest sporting event in the world. The purpose of this research is Study of economic, social and environmental impacts of Olympic Games on the host cities from professors and expert’s viewpoint, which was conducted as a case study on London 2012 Olympic. The method of this research was qualitative and quantitative. In the first phase, a questionnaire was developed using interviews with 25 individuals from professors and experts in physical education, sport management, economics, social sciences and the environment, and achieve theoretical saturation, as well as the history of literature.Then Content validity of the questionnaire was approved by professors, and its reliability was calculated using Cronbach's alpha for economic agents 0.89 and 0.85 social and 0.84 for environmental factors of respectively. Secondly, according to a list of experts and professors in the field who have written and researched article, was sent questionnaire for them, which in ul...

The growing environmental awareness of society, the advancement of nature-based solutions (NbSs), and the need for reliable and cost-effective solutions create a favorable environment of opportunities for floating wetlands as alternative solutions for marine water pollution control. The aim of this work was to screen, through OpenLCA, the environmental impacts of floating wetlands for marine water pollution control at various life cycle stages of the system, and assess its economic performance and contribution to the welfare of society. The stage of raw materials production and acquisition was found to be responsible for the main environmental impacts of the floating wetlands, especially on global warming potential, whereas the main impact of the operational stage was related to the eutrophication potential due to N and P residuals in the effluent. The economic performance indicators of economic net present value (ENPV), economic rate of return (ERR), and benefits/costs ratio (B/C r...

Resumen:
El deterioro de la calidad ambiental es un asunto de orden global que cada día adquiere mayor trascendencia a nivel político y empresarial. Bajo esta lógica, muchas empresas han demostrado interés por impulsar conductas enmarcadas en el concepto de sostenibilidad y la presentación de resultados ambientales como un componente adicional a su información financiera. Sin embargo, tras analizar hechos reales, se evidencia que no hay un reconocimiento objetivo del costo total de los impactos ambientales asociados al consumo de recursos por parte de las empresas. Una  situación que obedece en parte al desconocimiento de metodologías para su valoración y a la ausencia de políticas estatales que regulen e incentiven su internalización y reconocimiento contable. Es por ello, que a partir de un estudio elaborado con la colaboración de tres entidades representativas del sector energético (EPM, ISAGEN, ISA), se pone en evidencia la postura empresarial respecto a la valoración, reconocimiento y representación de los costos ambientales en los informes financieros y contables de las compañías. Se expone la trascendencia histórica del tema a nivel mundial, las metodologías existentes para valorar este tipo de costos, su forma de cálculo, ventajas y algunas precisiones necesarias  para incentivar su revelación en la contabilidad.

Abstract:
The deterioration of environmental quality is an issue that every day acquires greater importance in the political and business environment worldwide. Under this logic, many companies have already shown interest in promoting the concept of sustainability and environmental results as an additional component for their financial information. However, when analyzing real facts, it is evident that there is no objective recognition of the full cost of the environmental impacts associated with the consumption of resources by companies. This situation is partly due to the lack of methodologies  for assessment and the lack of government policies that regulate and encourage the recognition and internalization of these costs. That is why, from a study conducted with the collaboration of three entities representing the energy sector (EPM, ISAGEN, ISA), it is evidenced the business posture in relation to assessment, recognition and representation of environmental costs in accounting and financial reporting of companies. The historical importance of this topic worldwide, the existing methodologies to assess such costs, its method of calculation, advantages and some details needed to encourage disclosure in accounting are presented.

How a Dam Building Boom Is Transforming the Brazilian Amazon Brazil is in the midst of a hydropower construction boom that is inundating large areas of rainforest and driving indigenous people from their lands — all while failing to fully develop the country's vast potential for solar and wind energy. B Y P H I L I P F E A R N S I D E S E P TE M B E R 2 6 , 2 0 1 7 • Facebook • Em ail Brazil is in the midst of a dam-building spree in the Amazon basin that is changing the face of the world's largest tropical forest region. The boom is driven by the country's agricultural and heavy industrial interests, is being carried out with little regard to the impacts on indigenous people and the environment, is proceeding with little effort to capitalize on the nation's vast renewable energy potential, and is often fueled by corruption.

The management of discarded treated wood products upon disposal is one of the many factors that should be considered when evaluating a new wood preservative or when comparing wood preservatives as part of a life cycle assessment. Future environmental ramifications of disposal, as well as regulatory requirements and costs, must be assessed and weighed. This paper presents an overview of the factors that must be evaluated when assessing the disposal issues associated with discarded treated wood products. The discussion is based on current US regulations and policy, but the general approach toward evaluating disposal issues will be valid for most countries. A primary consideration is whether a wood preservative has the potential to cause a treated wood product to be a hazardous waste. Only a limited number of compounds can cause a solid waste to be a regulatory hazardous waste, and since the costs of hazardous waste management are high, this should be examined critically. Discarded tre...

Neste capítulo, publicado na primeira coletânea brasileira sobre o fracking, prospectamos cenários de impactos socioambientais da exploração de hidrocarbonetos não convencionais no Brasil, baseado em especial na experiência norte-americana.

In light of understanding the Green House Effect, PCBs, Acid Rain, CFCs and the hole over the Ozone in the Antarctic. One can realize that these problems and issues are far beyond what we think. All these issues are a direct correlation with the introduction of the industrial revolution and the technologies implemented. This paper will look at some of the consequences for not implementing a sustainable system that is in harmony with our eco-system. This lays the foundation for engineers and scientists to see the need to develop sustainable systems that take into account the life cycle of their products and processes.