Integrated Reporting

The landscape of corporate reporting is changing quickly. The concepts, elements and principles that characterize the way organizations plan, manage and report their annual performances are currently being questioned, debated, and redesigned throughout the world. However, widening the scope of corporate performance and reporting is a major issue. Interest in and adoption of IR regarding a company's financial, environmental, social, and governance performance is growing rapidly. Research needs to bridge the gap between social and financial performance by considering corporate performance in a wider perspective. At base, IR is a relatively new but powerful idea: enhancing the way organizations think, plan and report the story of their business. Organizations are using IR to communicate a clear, concise, integrated story that explains how all of their resources are creating value. IR is helping businesses to think holistically about their strategy and plans, make informed decisions and manage key risks to build investor and stakeholder confidence and improve future performance. It is shaped by a diverse coalition including business leaders and investors to drive a global evolution in corporate reporting. This paper examines the rise of what has been widely claimed to represent a new and striking future for corporate reporting, namely the notion of 'Integrated Reporting' (IR). Unfortunately, there is poor empirical research work undertaken which has focused on published integrated reports. This research study provides initial analysis of the content and structure of the corporate integrated reports published in 2013 and available on the International Integrated Reporting Council (IIRC) Emerging Examples Database. As part of this study, Integrated Reports were analyzed for company information, report information and report content. Moreover, they were also evaluated as to the extent these adhered to the integrated reporting (IR) Guiding Principles, Content Elements, and the multiple capitals model. Findings of this study indicate that " early integrated reports were mostly lengthy, fail to adhere to all the guiding principles, and covered four of the six capitals suggested. " At present, no universally accepted global framework for IR exists and it is still largely a voluntary practice. We believe that IR of both financial and non-financial performance should be made mandatory, and it should become a universal practice for all the global listed companies within the next 5-10 years.

The purpose of this report is to uncover dominant operational, environmental and social sustainability challenges in the realm of the Agri-Food industry, in particular the durum wheat and pasta sector while focusing attention on the Southern-Italian hemisphere. This Project Report will navigate the effects of climate change, resource scarcity, population growth, and biodiversity depletion on the Agri-Food sector, and relative production of durum wheat semolina (DWS), including financing challenges, and the effects of sustainable development, while elaborating the topic with regards to potential the implementation of innovative strategies; it will also expose sustainability influence in terms of production and design pertaining to the aforementioned industry. Moreover, the report will review the impact of international regulation on the Agri-Food sector, with means to forge the best possible approach for engaging with progressive enhancements in regard to the overall industry’s compliance to international code, while reviewing the importance of integrating a powerful sustainable report, implemented by a leading organization in this niche market and appraising essential numerical and graphical data from 2020’s financial year report.

In Middle Eastern countries, Integrated Reporting <IR> concept is gaining momentum and companies are adopting it in non-standardize way however, it is not mandatory by law. The current study is aimed at exploring <IR> among five listed insurance companies in Bahrain and its effects on their financial performance (Return on Assets assumed).
Content, descriptive and linear regression analyses were employed to analyze the collected data over a period of four years from 2012 to 2015. The research findings suggested that there is a wide variation of companies’ compliance with <IR>, and the use of non-uniform disclosure formats. The content elements whose level of disclosures appeared to improve include the external environment and organizational overview, governance, and outlook, while there is a decreasing level of disclosures that are witnessed for risk and opportunities. The business model, strategy and
resource allocation have a positive and significant relationship with Return on Assets (ROA), while risk and opportunities and performance elements negatively, but significantly related to ROA. This research will help the policy makers, regulators, investors, companies, researchers and analysts to understand the importance of <IR>. Further, it provides the broad understanding and application of <IR> to the researchers, academicians and students
communities.

In June 2016, the Singapore Exchange introduced Sustainability Reporting to take effect for any financial year ending on or after Dec 31, 2017. For the initial year, listed company will be given twelve months from the end of their financial year to publish the report. While 2017 is still some time away, the implementation of Sustainability Reporting is inevitable. This article seeks to explain what sustainability reporting is all about and also cover some of the main components that are supposed to be in the report come 2017.

Paru in Chatel, V., Soulet, M.-H., 2002, Faire face et s'en sortir, Fribourg, Editions Universitaires, vol.2, 107-114 Dans leurs efforts pour aider les personnes à se réinsérer, les travailleurs sociaux 2 se sont lancés depuis quelques années dans des entreprises de reconstitution des compétences individuelles, à même de permettre à chacun de tenir son rôle et de participer " normalement " à la société. Dans cette perspective, nommée par certains " nouveau social " pour l'opposer au travail social dit " classique " 3 , il s'agit soit de rendre leur "autonomie" à certaines personnes soit encore de la leur faire acquérir, en particulier par le recours à la contractualisation de la relation d'assistance. Cet effort s'inscrit de manière plus générale dans le passage d'une politique sociale fondée sur la distribution d'indemnités, attribuées en fonction de catégories universelles et abstraites d'ayants droit, à une politique sociale organisée à un niveau local et soucieuse de la singularité de chaque relation d'assistance. 4 LA DIGNITE DE L'INDIVIDU On peut estimer qu'une telle politique est proprement sociale dans la mesure où elle produit des effets de justice sociale. Faire accéder les personnes à certain degré d'autonomie et de responsabilité leur permet en effet de retrouver une certaine dignité. La dignité dont il est question est celle accompagnant la personne humaine, reconnue comme dotée d'une capacité d'initiative, c'est-à-dire capable de manifester une volonté, de faire des choix qu'il convient de 1 Cet article a bénéficié largement du travail effectué dans le cadre du séminaire "politique de proche" animé par Laurent Thévenot depuis trois ans. Je tiens à remercier plus particulièrement Marc Breviglieri et Joan Stavo-Debauge pour leurs commentaires et conseils concernant ce texte, ainsi que pour le travail commun que nous effectuons sur ces thématiques. Un ouvrage collectif est en voie de préparation, il devrait comporter une version plus détaillée de cet article 2 Nous employons le masculin pour parler des "travailleurs sociaux" par commodité stylistique tout en rendant attentif qu'une partie des personnes rencontrées sont des femmes. 3 DONZELOT J, JAILLET, M.-C., "Europe, Etats-Unis : convergences et divergences des politiques d'insertion", in Esprit, vol.11, novembre 2000. 4 DONZELOT J, JAILLET, M.-C., idem.

This authoritative book features a broad spectrum of theoretical and empirical contributions on topics relating to corporate communications in the digital age. It is a premier reference source and a valuable teaching resource for course instructors of advanced, undergraduate and post graduate courses in marketing and communications. It comprises fourteen engaging and timely chapters that appeal to today’s academic researchers including doctoral candidates, postdoctoral researchers, early career academics, as well as seasoned researchers. All chapters include an abstract, an introduction, the main body with headings and subheadings, conclusions and research implications. They were written in a critical and discursive manner to entice the curiosity of their readers.  Chapter 1 provides a descriptive overview of different online technologies and presents the findings from a systematic review on corporate communication and digital media. Camilleri (2020a) implies that institutions and organizations ought to be credible and trustworthy in their interactive, dialogic communications during day-to day operations as well as in crisis situations, if they want to reinforce their legitimacy in society. Chapter 2 clarifies the importance of trust and belonging in individual and organizational relationships. Allen, Sven, Marwan and Arslan (2020) suggest that trust nurtures social interactions that can ultimately lead to significant improvements in corporate communication and other benefits for organizations. Chapter 3 identifies key dimensions for dialogic communication through social media. Capriotti, Zeler and Camilleri (2020) put forward a conceptual framework that clarifies how organizations can enhance their dialogic communications through interactive technologies. Chapter 4 explores the marketing communications managers’ interactive engagement with the digital media. Camilleri and Isaias (2020) suggest that the pace of technological innovation, perceived usefulness, ease of use of online technologies as well as social influences are significant antecedents for the businesses’ engagement with the digital media. Chapter 5 explains that the Balanced Scorecard’s (BSC) performance management tools can be used to support corporate communications practitioners in their stakeholder engagement. Oliveira, Martins, Camilleri and Jayantilal (2020) imply that practitioners can use BSC’s metrics to align their communication technologies, including big data analytics, with organizational strategy and performance management, in the digital era. Chapter 6 focuses on UK universities’ corporate communications through Twitter. Mogaji, Watat, Olaleye and Ukpabi (2020) find that British universities are increasingly using this medium to attract new students, to retain academic employees and to promote their activities and events. Chapter 7 investigates the use of mobile learning (m learning) technologies for corporate training. Butler, Camilleri, Creed and Zutshi (2020) shed light on key contextual factors that can have an effect on the successful delivery of continuous professional development of employees through mobile technologies.  Chapter 8 evaluates the effects of influencer marketing on consumer-brand engagement on Instagram. Rios Marques, Casais and Camilleri (2020) identify two types of social media influencers. Chapter 9 explores in store communications of large-scale retailers. Riboldazzi and Capriello (2020) use an omni-channel approach as they integrate traditional and digital media in their theoretical model for informative, in-store communications. Chapter 10 indicates that various corporations are utilizing different social media channels for different purposes. Troise and Camilleri (2020) contend that they are using them to promote their products or services and/or to convey commercial information to their stakeholders. Chapter 11 appraises the materiality of the corporations’ integrated disclosures of financial and non-financial performance. Rodríguez-Gutiérrez (2020) identifies the key determinants for the materiality of integrated reports. Chapter 12 describes various electronic marketing (emarketing) practices of micro, small and medium sized enterprises in India. Singh, Kumar and Kalia (2020) conclude that Indian owner-managers are not always engaging with their social media followers in a professional manner. Chapter 13 suggests that there is scope for small enterprises to use Web 2.0 technologies and associated social media applications for branding, advertising and corporate communication. Oni (2020) maintains that social media may be used as a marketing communications tool to attract customers and for internal communications with employees. Chapter 14 shed light on the online marketing tactics that are being used for corporate communication purposes. Hajarian, Camilleri, Diaz and Aedo (2020) outline different online channels including one-way and two-way communication technologies.

: The objective of this paper is to present the new corporate reporting
trends of the 21st century. Integrated reporting has been launched through a
common initiative of the International Integrated Reporting Committee and global
accounting organizations. However, the history of integrated reports starts before
the initiative of the IIRC, and goes back in time when large corporations begun to
disclose sustainability and corporate social responsibility information. Further on,
we claim that the initial sustainability and CSR reports that were issued separate
along with the financial annual report represent the predecessors of the current
integrated reports. The paper consists of a literature review analysis on the evolution
of integrated reporting, from the first stage of international non-financial initiatives,
up to the current state of a single integrated annual report. In order to understand
the background of integrated reporting we analyze the most relevant research
papers on corporate reporting, focusing on the international organizations’
perspective on non-financial reporting, in general, and integrated reporting, in
particular. Based on the literature overview, we subtracted the essential information
for setting the framework of the integrated reporting evolution. The findings suggest
that we can delimitate three main stages in the evolution of integrated reports,
namely: the non-financial reporting initiatives, the sustainability era, and the
revolution of integrated reporting. We illustrate these results by presenting each
relevant point in the history of integrated reporting on a time scale axis, developed
with the purpose of defining the road to integrated reporting at theoretical, empirical,
and practical levels. We consider the current investigation as relevant for future
studies concerning integrated reports, as this is a new area of research still in its
infancy. The originality of the research derives from the novelty of integrated
reporting, and the aim to explain its origin, which is important to know if we want to
understand the present and the future of corporate reporting.

Integrated reporting (IR) is a new form of corporate reporting that has emerged after decades of calls by academics and practitioners for more holistic and integrated corporate reporting on the economic, environmental, and social aspects of business. The present research relied on a critical review of the literature on IR practices and sustainability reporting. Indexed journals were reviewed, and evidence was drawn upon to develop a model examining the possible determinants of IR in annual reports. To this end, reports from 20 different banks from 2012 to 2017 were considered. Analyzing the financial statements of these banks through their annual reports provided insightful disclosures concerning triple bottom lines (social, environmental, and economic); the findings of the study suggested that very few banks have taken initiatives to disclose such information in their annual reports. Using annual report content analysis, the findings showed that in 2017, companies started providing non-financial information regarding the environment, society, and governance along with financial figures. However, it is noteworthy that companies still provide this information in disconnected strands and as part of corporate governance or corporate social responsibility disclosures instead of linking such information to financial information and providing it within integrated reports.

This paper provides with a general overview of the new corporate reporting trend called integrated reports. The paper first introduces the concept of integrated report. Then it describes the main issues related to integrated reports as proposed by International Integrated Reporting Council (IIRC). After that the findings of some selected literature on integrated reports were summarized. The article concludes that integrated reporting as a new and emerging trend of corporate reporting is still in its early development phase.

Disusun untuk memenuhi tugas mata kuliah teori akuntansi Disusun Oleh Zainal Arifin_K7414059 Pendidikan Akuntansi PENDIDIKAN AKUNTANSI FAKULTAS KEGURUAN DAN ILMU PENDIDIKAN UNIVERSITAS SEBELAS MARET SURAKARTA 2017 BAB I PENDAHULUAN A. Latar Belakang Akuntansi merupakan suatu sistem informasi yang menghasilkan laporan kepada pihak-pihak yang berkepentingan mengenai aktivitas ekonomi dan kondisi perusahaan, sehingga output dari akuntansi adalah laporan keuangan (Financial Report). Pada awal berkembangnya, akuntansi hanya menyajikan informasi mengenai keuangan, sedangkan informasi mengenai kegiatan-kegiatan sosial, lingkungan, pemberdayaan, dan yang lainnya diabaikan dalam pelaporan keuangan (Financial Reporting). Jika didasarkan pada realitas tersebut, maka perusahaan hanya berorientasi pada pemegang kepentingan (stakeholders) saja dengan cara memaksimalkan laba bagaimanapun caranya, tanpa memandang dampak yang ditimbulkan dari proses maksimalisasi laba tersebut. Berdasarkan kelemahan yang dimiliki oleh Financial Reporting, kemudian muncul suatu laporan manajemen (Management Reporting) yang menyajikan informasi keuangan dan informasi lain yang terkait dengan tata kelola perusahaan. Kelemahan dari laporan manajemen ini adalah tidak menyajikan komitmen perusahaan terhadap isu-isu sosial dan lingkungan yang menjadi salah satu pondasi dalam keberlangsungan perusahaan tersebut. Selain itu, penerapan laporan manajemen ini dapat meningkatkan eskalasi krisis sosial dan lingkungan dan dapat merugikan kepentingan stakeholders. Namun seiring perkembangan zaman, keilmuan turut mengalami perkembangan tak terkecuali ilmu akuntansi. Perkembangan ilmu akuntansi terlihat pada perubahan sudut pandang bisnis bahwa tujuan akhir organisasi telah berubah bukan hanya melakukan maksimalisasi laba, melainkan juga mulai memandang outcomes yang ditimbulkan dalam proses maksimalisasi laba tersebut melalui Tanggungjawab Sosial Perusahaan / Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR).

Purpose-This study seeks to investigate the likely adoption of Integrated Reporting (IR), in addition to highlighting the limitations of current reporting practices. In particular we analyse, using the characteristics of DOI theory, how perceptions of IR as offering a relative advantage over existing practices, it's compatibility to existing organizational values, past experiences and needs and perceived complexity may impact on the adoption and diffusion of IR. Design/Methodological Approach-Methodology was based on a content analysis of 22 UK FTSE 100 annual and sustainability reports across industries. To build a phenomenological triangulation research approach, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 10 senior managers to ascertain their perceptions of current SR practices and IR. Findings-Our analysis reveals that low/medium levels of linkages exist between the majority of reports in the sample, thus limiting their usefulness. Based on these findings, our study suggests that senior managers perceive IR as having a relative advantage over existing practice. Overall, the senior managers interviewed were supportive of IR and our research revealed that many companies are starting to integrate their reporting along IR guidelines. Our study further identifies factors that are likely to impact on more widespread diffusion of IR. Research limitations/implications –The sample size to assess linkages between reports was based on a sample of company reports across industries to give a balanced view of reporting practices across different industries. This could be viewed as a limitation as it was not a representative sample of the population as a whole. Another limitation of this research study was the small sample of organisations that participated in the interview process, and the single-country focus. Practical implications – This study has identified several factors that were likely to impact on wider spread diffusion of IR which should be of interest to practitioners in this field as well as those considering the adoption of IR. Originality/Value – As an emerging phenomenon, there are few empirical studies exploring integrated reporting practices and perceptions. This paper is the first to provide some insights into IR from a UK perspective.

Organisations are increasingly disclosing financial and non-financial performance as they are encouraged to become more accountable and transparent to the providers of capital, and toward other interested parties. Most of them are clearly specifying their environmental, social and governance (ESG) content, as they report material information and resort to assurance mechanisms in their corporate disclosures. In this light, this research provides a critical review of key theoretical underpinnings that have anticipated the development of the corporations’ integrated disclosures. Afterwards, it describes the International Integrated Reporting Council’s <IR> Framework and its guiding principles. This contribution posits that there are both costs and benefits for those organisations who intend using the <IR> Framework. In conclusion, this paper outlines future avenues as it identifies knowledge gaps in the realms of the organisations’ integrated reporting of capitals.

The effect of money laundering in frustrating legitimate business, and in corrupting the financial and socio political system should not be taken for granted. It is against this backdrop that this study seeks to examine the economic implication of money laundering in Nigeria. The accidental sampling method was used in the selection of 635 persons out of which 624 representing 98.27% of the sampled persons completely filled and returned the questionnaires administered to them. Data collected were analyzed using the simple percentages method, the first hypothesis was tested using the chi-square test and it was found that money laundering do have significant effect on Nigeria's economy with f-ratio of 476.163> f-critical of 12.592 at 0.05 level of significance with 6 degree of freedom, thus, the null hypothesis was rejected and the alternative was accepted. The ANOVA test on the second hypothesis confirms that Anti Money Laundering policies in Nigeria has not significantly reduce money laundering in Nigeria with f-ratio of 2.685 < f-critical of 5.987 at 0.05 level of significance with 1 to 6 degree of freedom, thus, the null hypothesis was accepted. The study recommends more effective coordination of all institutions on the fight against money laundering by the EFCC, and a full, effective and efficient investigation of corruption reports by the ICPC.

Purpose Corporations and large entities are increasingly disclosing material information on their financial and non-financial capitals in integrated reports (IR). The rationale behind their IR is to improve their legitimacy with institutions and stakeholders, as they are expected to communicate on all aspects of their value-creating activities, business models and strategic priorities. In this light, this contribution traces the theoretical underpinnings that have led to the organizations' environmental, social and governance (ESG) disclosures, and to explain the purpose of integrated thinking and reporting.

Design / Methodology Following a review of relevant theories in business and society literature, this contribution examines the latest developments in corporate communication. This research explores the GRI's latest Sustainability Reporting Standards as it sheds light on IIRC's <IR> framework. Afterwards, it investigates the costs and benefits of using IR as a vehicle for the corporate disclosures on financial and non-financial performance.

Findings: This contribution sheds light on the latest developments that have led to the emergence of the organizations' integrated thinking and reporting as they include financial and non-financial capitals in their annual disclosures. The findings suggest that the investors and the other financial stakeholders remain the key stakeholders of many organizations; it explains that they still represent the primary recipients of the corporate reports. However, the integrated disclosures are also helping practitioners to improve their organizational stewardship and to reinforce their legitimacy with institutions and other stakeholders in society, as they embed ESG information in their IR.

Research Limitations / Implications: This paper has discussed about the inherent limitations of the accounting, reporting and auditing of the organizations' integrated disclosures. It pointed out that the practitioners may risk focusing their attention on the form of their reports, rather than on the content of their integrated reports. Moreover, this contribution implies that the report preparers (and their stakeholders) would benefit if their IR is scrutinized and assured by independent, externally-recognized audit firms.

Originality / Value: This contribution has addressed a gap in academic literature along two lines of investigation. Firstly, it linked key theoretical underpinnings on the agency, stewardship, institutional and legitimacy theories, with the latest developments in corporate communication. Secondly, it critically evaluated the regulatory instruments, including; GRI's Sustainability Reporting Standards and the <IR>'s framework, among others; as these institutions are supporting organizations in their integrated thinking and reporting.

Integrated Reporting (IR) is a relatively new concept that is considered one of the most recent trends in corporate reporting; it is still an emerging research area in different parts of the world. Malaysia is an appropriate emerging economy to investigate IR adoption. Large Malaysian public listed companies (PLCs) are encouraged by the Malaysian Code on Corporate Governance (MCCG) of 2017 to adopt IR based on the international IR framework. By combining the stakeholder theory and the agency theory, this article proposes a conceptual framework to explore the moderating effect of sustainability reporting on the relationship between corporate governance mechanisms and IR disclosure level for the Malaysian PLCs. To obtain the data related to IR and the other variables, the study suggests using a content analysis method on the annual reports of the top 100 Malaysian PLCs based on their market capitalization. The proposed conceptual framework could be very useful; it can assist PLCs having sustainability practices to adopt the IR framework, reduce information asymmetries, increase information transparency, and create value. This study contributes to the literature by investigating the IR practices and their determinants in Malaysia after the introduction of MCCG 2017.

Organisations are increasingly disclosing financial and non-financial performance as they are becoming more accountable and transparent to the providers of capital and other interested parties. Most of them are clearly specifying their environmental, social and governance (ESG) content, materiality and assurance mechanisms in their corporate disclosures. Very often, the organisations integrate financial, social and sustainability reporting. In this light, this chapter provides a critical review of key theoretical underpinnings that have anticipated the development of the corporations’ integrated disclosures. Afterwards, it describes the International Integrated Reporting Council’s <IR> Framework and its guiding principles. This contribution posits that there are potential tensions and challenges for those organisations who intend using the <IR> Framework. In conclusion, this chapter outlines future avenues as it identifies knowledge gaps in the realms of integrated reporting.

The study investigated the level of Integrated Reporting (IR) in developing countries focusing on Malawi. It employed content analysis using an Integrated Reporting Index (IRI) in examining annual reports of Malawian listed companies. Based on the score range of 0 to 1 being the minimum and maximum respectively, the study revealed an average IRI of 0.43 and consequently an IR gap of 0.57. The average IRI suggested achievement of some progress toward IR by the companies and on the other hand the IR gap indicates the need for much more effort to be exerted in promoting IR amongst the listed companies in Malawi. Besides, are view of the Malawian IR framework suggested that IR is being governed by a code of corporate governance that lacks detailed guidelines with respect to it hence in need of upgrading of the same.

Integrated reporting (IR) is a recent phenomenon in the corporate reporting realm. IR framework connects material information on an organization's strategy, governance, performance, and prospects in a way that reflects the firm's value creation process in a single report. The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of integrated reporting (IR) disclosure on the financial performance of the listed financial organizations (banks and NBFI) in Bangladesh. A total of twenty companies including ten banks and ten nonbanking financial institutions listed in Dhaka Stock Exchange (DSE) were considered as a sample size since banks and NBFIs play an active role in the economy. Content analysis was used to extract the data from the annual reports of the respective companies for the years from 2016 to 2018. This study finds that only organization overview and external environment have a significant impact on financial performance. But this study didn"t find any significant association of most of the other variables such as governance, business model, risk and opportunities, strategy and resource allocation, performance, outlook and basis of presentation with financial performance. The findings of this study will contribute to the literature based on the practices of integrated reporting in Bangladesh as a voluntary disclosure to meet the expectations of stakeholders. Nevertheless, the paper could be used as an important guide to assist the regulators in preparing guidelines and bring new insights for corporate reporting disclosure.

The aim of this study is comparing methods quality of measurement that owned by HRA which is based on the function of each method as an information source for financial report and the objectivity of each method. The information on HRA presents a data that can assist analysis of management, investors, and other users of financial report. So they can take policies more effective and efficient. There are many and various methods available for HRA which are used by companies today. This requires the formulation of the most appropriate valuation method that can be used as a standard method by the enterprise for the sake of uniformity in the use of HRA methods, so that the HRA reporting results are more objective and comparable. By using this content of analysis on several scientific journals that regard the HRA theoretical material about valuations in accounting, and also direct reviews on reporting HRA in Infosys Ltd's financial statements. So it can be inferred that valuation Lev & Schwartz (1971) method is an excellent method to be used instead a number of companies using these methods, also in the ease of this method use to be applied and the performance information method in a simple way to understood.

"On 8 December 2013, the International Integrated Reporting Council (IIRC) published the final version of their Integrated Reporting Framework (henceforth called the “Framework”).
While the recent publication of the Framework seems to suggest that Integrated Reporting is a new practice, Eccles and Krzus (2010) mentioned that the first “integrated” report might have been from Novozymes in 2002. Nevertheless, the Framework has been touted as a major milestone in enhanced reporting practices. The Framework proposes a report that moves away from having a narrow focus on financial, social or environmental performance, towards one which emphasises value- creation, predominantly for the benefit of investors. The Framework appears to be an attempt to bridge financial accounting disclosures with concerns about the sustainability of the business model.
The process of developing the framework involved various actors in the corporate disclosure environment, including preparers, professionals, investors, civil society, academics and regulators. With such a multi-stakeholder process comes the challenging task of consolidating different views. While there are no theories specific to integrated reporting, this essay will begin by borrowing theories from financial and sustainability reporting, to understand the rationale behind the support for integrated reporting thus far. This essay will also refer to literature on “accounting change” to illustrate the dynamics which helped shape integrated reporting as an emerging institution.
This essay will then put forward two notions. Firstly, there is confusion surrounding integrated reporting, stemming from the divergence in views on the definition of integrated reporting, its users, and purpose. By comparing the Framework definition with interpretations in academic literature and the King Report on Corporate Governance in South Africa, this essay will distinguish between the classical “One Report” definition and the new “Framework” definition, and in doing so, highlight the inconsistencies within the institution of integrated reporting, which is causing confusion that has thus far been muted.
Secondly, while the confusion surrounding integrated reporting can be traced back through its genealogy and constellation, it is also gaining legitimacy because of the accounting constellation within which it exists. In looking at the genealogy, we will be tracing the Framework to prior initiatives in value-based and sustainability reporting practices, including Value Added Statements, the PricewaterhouseCoopers ValueReportingTM initiative (Eccles, Herz, Keegan, & Phillips, 2001), the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) Index and the Accounting for Sustainability (A4S) Connected Reporting Framework. These initiatives are part of the constellation that has moulded integrated reporting into an institution of its own.
To conclude, this essay will also propose areas for further research in the area of integrated reporting."

This paper examines the future of IC reporting by offering critical reflection on different forms of reporting, with a particular focus on Integrated Reporting (<IR>). While, the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) framework for corporate social responsibility disclosures, the International Integrated Reporting Council (IIRC), and the various financial reporting regulators appear to be in a contest for supremacy, what does this mean for IC? We examine how IC is reported under each of these frameworks and conclude that <IR> is unlikely to subsume traditional financial statement reporting, nor will it be able to provide all the information currently reported in GRI-type reports. The interplay of these reporting frameworks and their future development bodes well for IC, because different kinds of IC information will be reported under each of <IR>, GRI-type reports and in financial statements; that is IC does not compete with these forms of reporting forms, but forms an essential part of each.

The paper examined the effect of integrated reporting on the fundamental qualitative characteristics of financial statements among listed companies in Nigeria. It adopted survey design using questionnaire to elicit responses from stakeholders in financial reporting chain. Responses were analysed with descriptive and inferential statistics. The paper found that integrated reporting, measured by financial, manufactured, natural, intellectual, social responsibility and human capitals, exerted significant effect on the fundamental qualitative characteristics of financial statements of listed companies in Nigeria. Individually, the two highest contributions came from non-financial capital. The paper concluded that integrated reporting exerted significant effect on the fundamental qualitative characteristics of financial statements. The paper recommended, among others that, companies listed on Nigerian stock exchange should be mandated to be publishing integrated reporting for the use of their stakeholders, and that the government, relevant professional bodies, the regulators and gatekeepers should contribute their own quotas towards its successful practices.

Non-financial disclosure has become increasingly popular, as it can satisfy the information needs of a growing range of stakeholders. Because traditional financial reports cannot provide comprehensive accountability, several frameworks and guidelines for facilitating non-financial information disclosure have been developed. Recently, the European Union issued Directive 2014/95/EU (EU Directive) and subsequent guidelines (EU Guidelines 2017/C215/01 [EUG]) to mandate European entities of public interest to convey non-financial information to improve such organizations' accountability toward their stakeholders. This paper studies the European stage of non-financial reporting from a regulatory and practical point of view. To this end, the first research objective is to analyze the elements that the EUG have in common with the IIRF and the GRI 4 guidelines. Second, the paper proposes a first analysis to assess the compliance to the EUG by performing a content analysis on a sample of annual reports and integrated reports (IR) drafted by the 50 biggest European companies. The results highlight that the content elements required by the Directive exceed the requirements of the two frameworks and that there is already a high level of compliance by European big companies with the EUG. More specifically, particular attention is devoted to Social, Employee and Environmental Matters. Accordingly, the companies demonstrated a common awareness of the necessity to provide an exhaustive amount of social and environmental disclosure in order to maintain legitimacy. Also the disclosure on Principal Risks and Their Management is widespread to meet investors' and stakeholders' requirements in recent years with respect to the general level of risk disclosure provided by companies.

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Purpose
To explore how the managers of early adopting Australian firms contribute to the institutionalisation of Integrated Reporting.

Design/methodology/approach
This study is situated within institutional theory. We undertook semi-structured interviews with 23 Australian managers. We drew on Gabriel’s (2000) poetic analytics to show how the sensemaking activities of the early adopters contribute to the institutionalisation process.

Findings
Two main narratives dominate our managers’ experience: Integrated reporting as story-telling and Integrated reporting as meeting expectations. These two narratives are constructed simultaneously and they set up contrasting plots regarding salient events, responsibilities and characters that are resolved through one or more of three ‘inter-narratives’ that background these tensions. The inter-narratives suggest time, the company’s strategy, and talking and engagement can solve problems.

Research limitations/implications
We argue that the managers of early adopting firms are important in the institutionalisation process. Even though they may not necessarily be institutional entrepreneurs they do engage in important ‘institutional work’. Our study is limited by its predominant focus on one type of field participant, and it is may be the case that the institutionalisation of Integrated Reporting is not ultimately successful.

Originality/value (mandatory)
Provides in-depth insights into how an under-researched participant in an institutional field contributes to institutionalisation. Additionally, it sheds light on the conditions under which firms will engage with Integrated Reporting.

The study basically examined the impact of sustainability reporting on firm performance in developing climes. A systematic content analysis approach was adopted in the study and it formed the basis for the researcher's conclusion and recommendations. The findings of reviewed extant literature showed that there were inconclusive findings on the impact of sustainability reporting on firm performance. However, a large number of works submitted a positive relationship between sustainability reporting and firms' performance. Secondly, financial performance measures often used by researchers include the profitability measures (ROA and ROE) and market-base measure (EPS and DPS), and the fourth version of the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) framework in calculating sustainability disclosure index via content analysis. Thirdly, we also found that sustainability disclosure level was low in developing climes compared to other developed climes. We observed some methodological flaws in extant literature on the sector investigated and sample size employed. This study, therefore, recommended that further studies should be carried out on the impact of sustainability reporting on firms' performance based on the suggested methodological improvement.

Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht die Abbildung von Innovationskapital in Rahmen des zukünftigen Integrated Reportings. Es wird versucht herauszufinden, wie Innovationskapital aus einem ganzheitlichen Wertschaffungsverständnis in das Berichterstattungskonzept Integrated Reporting integriert werden kann. Als Erstes wird Innovationskapital aus Sicht der Innovationstheorie und der intellektuellen Kapitaltheorie für die Berichterstattung fassbar gemacht, indem dieses definiert und strukturiert wird. Es kann festgestellt werden, dass die Definition von Innovationskapital sowohl die technologische als auch die organisationale Dimension von Innovation beinhaltet und damit über das in der Finanzberichterstattung vorherrschende technologisch geprägte Innovationsbild hinausgeht. Weiter werden zwei Strukturierungsmöglichkeiten für Innovationskapital erkannt: erstens die Strukturierung von Innovationskapital als eine Kapitalart innerhalb des intellektuellen Kapitals, und zweitens die Strukturierung von Innovationskapital als universelles Konzept, das gesamthaft auf das intellektuelle Kapital und auf das Finanzkapital einwirkt. Im zweiten Schritt erfolgt eine Konkretisierung der integrierten Berichterstattung von Kapitalarten nach dem International Integrated Reporting Rahmenkonzept des IIRC. Entlang der sieben Leitprinzipien des IIRC können 32 Anforderungen identifiziert werden, welche die Ausgestaltung des vom IIRC vorgeschlagenen Multiindikatorenansatzes zur Darstellung der Kapitalarten spezifizieren. Weiter wird hergeleitet, dass der IIRC zukünftig einem integrativen Ansatz folgen wird, in welchem das International Integrated Reporting Rahmenkonzept das Modellgerüst bildet, welches mit detaillierten und fachspezifischen Normierungen für Indikatoren (z. B. IFRS, GRI, SASB, WICI) ausgefüllt wird. Ausgehend von den bisherigen Erkenntnissen werden drittens in einer deskriptiven Mehrfachfallstudie 13 Fälle, die nach dem Verständnis des IIRC Best Practice-Ansätze in der Berichterstattung von Kapitalarten anwenden, hinsichtlich der Integration des Innovationskapitals in die Kapitalartenberichterstattung untersucht. Es zeigt sich, dass alle untersuchten Fälle komprimierte Kapitalartenmodelle verwenden und die Mehrheit Innovation in diese Modelle integriert. Ferner wird die Schlussfolgerung gezogen, dass die inhaltliche Darstellung von Innovation und damit die einzelnen Innovationsindikatoren unternehmensspezifisch sind. Im vierten Schritt wird schliesslich aus der Synthese von Theorie und Praxis eine Implementierungsempfehlung entwickelt, die einen Multiindikatorenansatz für die Berichterstattung von Kapitalarten empfiehlt, der ermöglicht, Innovationskapital nach drei alternativen Versionen im Rahmen des zukünftigen Integrated Reportings abzubilden. Je nach unternehmensspezifischer Bedeutung des Innovationskapitals kann dieses als eigenständige Kapitalart, als Geschäftsaktivität oder als universelles Konzept integriert werden. Für alle drei Integrationsversionen werden ein konkretes Kapitalartenmodellraster und eine Modellraster zur Detailberichterstattung über Innovationskapital entwickelt sowie die Indikatorenauswahl nach dem integrativen Ansatz empfohlen.
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This thesis examines innovation capital within the framework of future integrated reporting. The aim is to establish how innovation capital, in terms of a comprehensive understanding of value creation, can be included in integrated reporting. Firstly, innovation capital is defined and structured based on innovation theory and intellectual capital theory in order to categorise it for reporting purposes. This shows that the definition of innovation capital includes both technological and organisational dimensions of innovation and thus extends the prevailing, technologically characterised image of innovation in reporting. Further, two structuring possibilities are determined for innovation capital: the structuring of innovation capital as a type of capital within intellectual capital, and the structuring of innovation capital as a universal concept that influences both intellectual capital and financial capital. Secondly, the integrated reporting of capitals is specified according to the International Integrated Reporting Framework of the IIRC. In line with the seven guiding principles of the IIRC, 32 requirements are identified, which specify the design of the multi indicator approach proposed by the IIRC in order to report the capitals. It can be said that the IIRC will follow an integrative approach in which the International Integrated Reporting Framework acts as a model, which in turn is based on detailed and specific standards of indicators, such as IFRS, GRI, SASB and WICI. Thirdly, based on the findings regarding innovation capital and the specific requirements, 13 cases that apply best practice approaches in line with the IIRC when depicting capitals are examined in a multiple case study. The study analyses their capital reporting and the integration of innovation capital in said reporting. This shows that all examined cases use compressed capital models, and the majority integrate innovation in these models. It can be concluded that the content-specific design of innovation and thus the individual innovation indicators are company specific. Finally, a recommendation for implementation is developed, which is based on theory and practice. This recommendation sees a multi indicator approach for the reporting of capitals that enables to depict innovation capital in three different versions within the framework of future integrated reporting. Depending on the company-specific significance of innovation capital, it can be integrated as separate capital, as a business activity or as a universal concept. In all three integration versions, the use of a specific capital model, a model for defining innovation capital and a selection of indicators according to an integrative approach are recommended.

The ‘Triple Bottom Line’ (TBL) is a major and increasingly used socio-environmental accounting framework. However, critical academic examinations of this model have been remained scarce and most importantly, no real alternatives have been developed. Thus this theoretical paper provides a contribution to fill this gap. Through a critical analysis of the TBL, we argue that it suffers from severe limitations. In particular, it does not protect human and natural capital (HNC). As an answer to these problems, we propose and discuss another accounting framework, the ‘Triple Depreciation Line’ (TDL), which extends to HNC the powerful capitalist accounting tool for preserving financial capital – the historical cost accounting (HCA) and its planned depreciation. To this end, we analyse and (re-)define the concept of capital in an ecological accounting context. We clearly specify the assumptions on which the TDL relies, to facilitate comparisons or dialogues with other accounting models and to avoid misunderstanding as in the case of the TBL. These axioms concern what we call the ‘social’ (axioms SA1–2) and ‘corporate’ (axioms AA1–4) capital maintenance. While the two first appeal to the most precise ontological investigation possible of HNC, the others imply mainly the recourse to the HCA and its depreciation.

The focus of this paper is the issue of assurance of different sustainability, social, environmental or governance sections of companies' annual reports, which fall under the umbrella of integrated reports. The main research questions are: which are the sections assured; to what extent are the accounting and audit professionals involved in the assurance process of integrated reports; and which are the standards used in the assurance missions. We explore the integrated reports issued in 2014 by 98 companies included in the International Integrated Reporting Council's Pilot Programme. Our main conclusions are that most of the companies obtain assurance only for a part of the information disclosed in the integrated reports, most of the reports are assured by the accountancy companies and the most used standard is ISAE 3000. The article is important for the accounting practitioners as it presents new opportunities for the development of the profession. From the academic point of view, the discrepancy between our results and the results of the studies based on sustainability reports proves that the assurance of the integrated reports is a specific theme, which should be studied separately.