Social Science Research Network

What are the legacies of violence on gendered patterns of political representation? We examine the long-term effects of a watershed conflict of the twentieth century: the Khmer Rouge genocide, during which 50–70% of Cambodia’s working-age men were killed. Using original data on mass killings and economic and political conditions in Cambodian communes, we find that genocide exposure is positively associated with women’s economic advancement and present-day indicators of women’s representation in local-level elected office. We conduct in-depth, ethnographic interviews with genocide survivors to explore the mechanisms by which violence spurred women into elected office. A crucial finding emerges: In areas that suffered the genocide’s worst killings, widows obtained economic autonomy, providing a template for the economic advancement of women in households maintaining conventional gender roles. The shift in norms regarding the sexual division of labor created intra-communal and intergen...

Information systems development sometimes requires what we call "large-scale collaborative creativity" (LSCC), where contributors need simultaneously to display creativity and to embrace comprehensive formal coordination mechanisms. For some scholars, these dual demands are paradoxical: creativity depends on intrinsic motivation and on values that honor divergent thinking, whereas embracing formal coordination mechanisms requires subordination to organizational controls and values that honor conforming to organizational constraints and serving collective goals. In the current state of motivation theory, it is not obvious how these dual demands can be combined within individuals. Recent research on open systems software (OSS) has considerably advanced our understanding of one part of this apparent paradox. This research has shown, first, that the simplistic contrast of extrinsic and intrinsic motivation overlooks two intermediate forms, and second, that these various forms of motivation can coexist and often reinforce each other. However, LSCC differs from OSS in at least one crucial way: in OSS, modularization greatly reduces the burden of coordination that falls on the individual developers; as a result, OSS developers continue to experience considerable autonomy, and this minimizes the challenge to the intrinsic motivation that is so critical to creativity. By contrast, in LSCC, developers are expected to be creative while working under the constraints of extensive formalization and standardization of work processes and under the centralized authority in a finely graduated management hierarchy. Building on theories of perceived locus of causality and self-construal, we develop a series of propositions that together show the paradox of LSCC can be resolved. We argue that LSCC requires the simultaneous activation of both intrinsic and identified forms of motivation, and requires also that the values internalized through identification lead to simultaneously independent and interdependent self-construals. While this combination may be difficult to create and sustain, its accomplishment is common enough to warrant further research.

As artificial intelligence (AI) systems become more sophisticated and play a larger role in society, arguments that they should have some form of legal personality gain credence. The arguments are typically framed in instrumental terms, with comparisons to juridical persons such as corporations. Implicit in those arguments, or explicit in their illustrations and examples, is the idea that as AI systems approach the point of indistinguishability from humans they should be entitled to a status comparable to natural persons. This article contends that although most legal systems could create a novel category of legal persons, such arguments are insufficient to show that they should.

Logical information theory is the quantitative version of the logic of partitions just as logical probability theory is the quantitative version of the dual Boolean logic of subsets. The resulting notion of information is about distinctions, di¤erences, and distinguishability, and is formalized as the distinctions of a partition (a pair of points distinguished by the partition). All the de-…nitions of simple, joint, conditional, and mutual entropy of Shannon information theory are derived by a uniform transformation from the corresponding de…nitions at the logical level. The purpose of this paper is to give the direct generalization to quantum logical information theory that similarly focuses on the pairs of eigenstates distinguished by an observable, i.e., qubits of an observable. The fundamental theorem for quantum logical entropy and measurement establishes a direct quantitative connection between the increase in quantum logical entropy due to a projective measurement and the eigenstates (cohered together in the pure superposition state being measured) that are distinguished by the measurement (decohered in the post-measurement mixed state). Both the classical and quantum versions of logical entropy have simple interpretations as "two-draw" probabilities. The conclusion is that quantum logical entropy is the simple and natural notion of information for a quantum information theory focusing on the distinguishing of quantum states. Contents Duality of Subsets and Partitions 2 From the logic of partitions to logical information theory 4 The logical theory of information 5 Compound logical entropies 5 Deriving the Shannon entropies from the logical entropies 6 Logical entropy via density matrices 8 Generalization to Quantum Information Theory: Commuting Observables 9 Fundamental Theorem about logical entropy and measurement 11 Generalization to Quantum Information Theory: Non-commuting Observables 12 9.

Convention on Human Rights]. 7. The European Convention on Human Rights reproduces the U.N. Declaration formula in its Article 3 but omits the word "cruel." Id. art. 3. The Convention on the Rights of the Child contains the provision with the term "child" substituted for "one." Convention on the Rights of the Child, supra note 5, art. 37. Article 39 of this convention also uses the terms contained in the United Nation's provision: "States Parties shall take all appropriate measures to promote physical and psychological recovery and social reintegration of a child victim of... torture or any other form of cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment." Id.

The 2017 volume of Yale's Global Constitutionalism Seminar, a part of the Gruber Program for Global Justice and Women's Rights, Reconstituting Constitutional Orders (co-edited by Judith Resnik and Clare Ryan) inquires into the authority exercised by constitutional courts and reflects on the political and legal shifts that have taken place over the course of 2016-2017. The first chapter, focused on Brexit and its immediate aftermath, is emblematic of a reconstitution of political-legal orders and provides a backdrop for the chapters to follow. Chapter II, Democratic Authority, Executive Prerogatives, and the Courts, considers how, within given polities, courts respond to claims that the outcomes or structures of democratic processes are unlawful. Chapter III, Disassociation, reflects on disengagement efforts across the globe. Courts have been called upon to examine the domestic processes required to authorize withdrawal and to decide what role (if any) international law plays...

1 is Associate Professor at the University of the West of England, Department of Organisation Studies. He was Dean of the College of Business at the Kazakhstan Institute of Management, Economics and Strategic Research (KIMEP), 2006-2007. He has a PhD ...

Abstract: This paper responds to the question posed in the announcement of the conference at Brooklyn Law School at which it was presented: if and how [the inquiry into the reliability of proffered scientific testimony mandated by Daubert] relates to 'truth,' and whose view of the truth should prevail. The first step is to sketch the legal history leading up to Daubert, and to explore some of the difficulties Daubert brought in its wake; the next, to develop an account of truth in the sciences that combines a full acknowledgment of the fallibility and incompleteness of the scientific enterprise with a robustly objective conception of truth - which helps us understand why the legal system often gets less than the best out of science; and finally, exploring the concept of legal truth, to show how false scientific clams sometimes get entrenched as legally reliable.

© 2021 Soniya Shetty et al. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. Abstract Probiotics are defined as nonpathogenic living microorganisms, that have beneficial effects on host health. The most important and frequently used functional food compounds are probiotics and fermented foods. Functional foods have numerous beneficial nutritional effects. Probiotics dairy foods, idli, dhokla, pickles etc are traditional Indian foods that beneficially affect the host. They improve survival and implantation of live microbial supplements. In our study, probiotics were isolated from Fermented Idli batter. There is a difference observed in the pH of fermented idli batter. It decreases from 6 to 4.3-...

Work and personal life are the two sides of coin; one cannot separate both of them and has to give time and efforts to both. But to meet the requirements for one, other side remains deficient. Multiple responsibilities need efforts, energy and time. Both male and females experience the problem in managing both work and family obligations. This research focuses on organizational factors that impact on the work life balance and study the impacts of work demands on the personal life and vice versa. Organizations are drafting the policies to balance the lives of employees; different methods are suggested in this paper to improve the balance and to provide a healthy environment for work and life.

A growing literature on determinants of innovative performance focuses on factors such as market structure, firm size, (regional and international) knowledge spillovers, R&D collaboration, conditions for appropriation of innovation benefits, and others. This paper contributes to an aspect that is still sparsely explored: The impact of labour relations and Human Resource Management (HRM) practices on a firm's innovative behaviour. Our empirical findings identify that active HRM policies, including job rotation, performance pay, and high qualification levels of personnel contribute positively to innovative performance.

The purpose of this article is to introduce, analyze and compare two performance participation methods based on a portfolio consisting of two risky assets: Option-Based Performance Participation (OBPP) and Constant Proportion Performance Participation (CPPP). By generalizing the provided guarantee to a participation in the performance of a second risky underlying, the new strategies allow to cope with well-known problems associated with standard portfolio insurance methods, like e.g. the CPPI cash lock-in. This is especially an issue in times of market crisis. However, the minimum guaranteed portfolio value at the end of the investment horizon is not deterministic anymore, but subject to systematic risk instead. With respect to the comparison of the two strategies, various criteria are applied such as comparison of terminal payoffs and payoff distributions. General analytical expressions for all moments of both performance participation strategies as well as standard OBPI and CPPI are derived. Furthermore, dynamic hedging properties are examined, in particular classical delta hedging.

Set in Ohio, the north side of America, the tone in The Bluest Eye features post-colonial treatment to its central character, Pecola Breedlove. This paper discusses how she experiences a sense of being completely ruined after she is raped by her father, and her quest for the blue eyes meets merely untrue ideas. The plot, as described in the paper, provides a post-colonial background of two racial conflicts regarding the blackness, and the white beauty in America. This paper critically draws on the idea of physical whiteness as being the only American standard of beauty while Pecola’s physical ugliness draws on how black people get seriously marginalized for their blackness of their own bodies. The storyline progresses to show how Pecola‟s tragedy becomes the central theme regarding the issue of seeing, and of being seen. The paper presents a binary opposite through the portrayal of black Pecola on one side, and Mary Janes, or Shirley Temple on the other. Consequently, the conflicts ...

In June 2015, the Supreme Court handed down its decision in Texas Department of Housing and Community Affairs v. The Inclusive Communities Project, Inc., upholding the use of disparate impact theory in cases brought under the Fair Housing Act. The opinion also contains language affirming the law’s commitment to advance residential integration. In light of the fears about what the Court might have done, the recent ruling has been cause for relief, yet fair housing advocates should be wary, because the majority also offered guidance about how many of these cases should be reviewed on the merits – and it is not favorably. In particular, the Court cautioned against allowing disparate impact claims to interfere with the complex, multifactor decisions of housing developers and municipal officials when they seek to improve neighborhoods and housing conditions, even when such decisions exacerbate or entrench segregated patterns. In disparate impact cases the analysis almost always turns on ...

This Commentary is about domestic violence. More specifically, the issue I consider here is this: How should the criminal law deal with battering victims (primarily, women) who, after months or years of abuse, kill their (primarily, male) abusers? My concern, however, is not with the more common case of the woman who uses deadly force against her abuser during an attack or because of an immediately impending one; rather, my focus is on the less common-but morally perplexing-situation of the battered woman who kills her tormenter when he is not attacking, or about to attack, her. I am interested, in other words, in "nonconfrontational homicides," such as when the abuse victim kills her abuser while he sleeps, or as he is watching the Super Bowl game, or eating dinner. 1 The temptation is to say that a nonconfrontational "self-defense" homicide is morally justifiable. Many individuals, including many of my own criminal law students each year, express this opinion. And, in the past two decades, legal * Frank R. Strong Chair in Law, Michael E. Moritz College of Law, The Ohio State University. In light of this journal's preference for lightly footnoted commentaries, I have tried to be "footnote-lite." For those interested in a longer, more heavily footnoted, essay providing my earlier

A transformative, integrated, and holistic approach to sustainability is necessary to reach a prosperous future for all. With growing inequality in the world, demographic change, rapid technological development, and 40% of the world’s population with no access to digital technology, access to digital technology for all and, ultimately, having a prosperous future is a must today. Doing so will give a voice to the voiceless. For that, governments, companies, and transnational institutions should invest as much as possible to make it happen and provide solutions that are rules-based, inclusive, innovative, disruptive, and simple. We the citizens should push for this human right to materialize. That way, everyone will benefit and no one will fall behind. Access to energy, mitigating climate change, and benefiting from international trade and investment all can be achieved thanks to technological advancement. These global challenges are complex, interconnected, multidimensional, interdep...

The Kosovo crisis gave rise to a domestic political crisis in Russia. The NATO bombings called into question the efficiency of Russian foreign policy, which was against them, challenging the worldview that the government conveyed, thereby reinforcing the communist anti-establishment vision. The present article, by analysing the press conferences given by both the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Communist Party, argues that each of the two narratives aimed to construct and impose (or defend) its own worldview and dividing principles of the world. In both narratives, this struggle was backed up using very strong political identity myths-namely Russia's relation to the West and the memory of the Second World War-that are referred to in opposite ways. The Kosovo example allows us to highlight the stakes and themes that work their way into Russian foreign policy discourse and contribute to exploiting foreign policy issues in Russian domestic political debate, and also cast light on the distorting effects caused by this instrumentalization. On a more theoretical ground, this article argues for the need to dissociate foreign policy discourse analysis from foreign policy analysis itself insofar as foreign policy discourse does not relate solely to foreign policy. In particular, it is suggested that to fully understand foreign policy discourse, its two-level grounding in domestic political struggle as well as in political imaginaire must be taken into account, these two being articulated around 'the symbolic struggle for the conservation or transformation of the (social) world through the conservation or transformation of the vision of the (social) world and of the principles of division of this world' (Bourdieu, 1991: 181). Consequently the insight into foreign policy discourse that is proposed in this article uses theoretical tools that do not belong exclusively to the IR theoretical arsenal-namely, Bourdieu's notion of political field and Barthes' of myth-, and that are rarely referred to in IR works, even if our conception of discourse is indebted to work by the 'Danish school' of IR on foreign policy discourse analysis. Résumé La crise du Kosovo a donné lieu, en Russie, à une véritable crise politique interne. En effet, les frappes de l'OTAN ont non seulement remis en question l'efficacité de la politique étrangère russe qui s'y était opposée, mais elles ont plus largement remis en cause la vision du monde soutenue par le pouvoir russe, alimentant a contrario la vision contestataire soutenue par les communistes. A travers l'analyse des conférences de presse données par le ministère des Affaires étrangères et par le Parti communiste au moment de la crise du Kosovo, cet article montre que ce sont en fait deux récits qui s'affrontent, chacun cherchant à construire et à imposer (ou à défendre) sa 'vision et ses principes de division du monde'. Cette lutte s'appuie notamment sur le recours à des mythes identitaires très forts, qu'il s'agisse de la question des relations avec l'Occident ou de l'évocation du souvenir de la seconde Guerre mondiale, dont chacun des récits fait un usage antagoniste. L'exemple du Kosovo permet ainsi de mettre en évidence la manière dont certains enjeux et certains thèmes interfèrent dans le discours de politique étrangère et contribuent à l'utilisation des questions de politique étrangère dans le débat politique russe avec, pour conséquence, des déplacements des enjeux associés à ces questions. D'un point de vue plus théorique, l'accent est mis dans cet article sur la nécessité de dissocier l'analyse du discours de politique étrangère de celle de la politique étrangère dans la mesure où le discours de politique étrangère ne relève pas exclusivement de la politique étrangère. Une meilleure compréhension du discours de politique étrangère suppose notamment de rendre compte de son ancrage simultané dans la lutte politique interne et dans l'imaginaire politique. Ces deux niveaux s'articulent autour de 'la lutte symbolique pour la conservation ou la transformation du monde (social) à travers la conservation ou la transformation des principes de division de ce monde' (Bourdieu, 1991 : 181). Dans cette perspective, l'analyse du discours de politique étrangère proposée dans cet article a recours à des instruments théoriques qui ne relèvent pas exclusivement du cadre des relations internationales, qu'il s'agisse des travaux de Bourdieu sur le champ politique ou de ceux de Barthes sur le mythe. En revanche, notre conception du discours doit beaucoup aux travaux de « l'Ecole danoise » de relations internationales sur l'analyse discursive de la politique étrangère.

Objectives. Infodemics of false information on social media is a growing societal problem, aggravated by the occurrence of the COVID-19 pandemic. The development of infodemics has characteristic resemblances to epidemics of infectious diseases. This paper presents several methodologies which aim to measure the extent and development of infodemics through the lens of epidemiology. Methods. Time varying R was used as a measure for the infectiousness of the infodemic, topic modeling was used to create topic clouds and topic similarity heat maps, while network analysis was used to create directed and undirected graphs to identify super-spreader and multiple carrier communities on social media. Results. Forty-two (42) latent topics were discovered. Reproductive trends for a specific topic were observed to have significantly higher peaks (Rt 4-5) than general misinformation (Rt 1-3). From a sample of social media misinformation posts, a total of 385 groups and 804 connections were found w...

This paper analyzes productivity growth trends in emerging-market economies vis-à-vis advanced economies, both in the recent global productivity slowdown and from a long-term perspective. While income has converged in most countries in the last three decades, total factor productivity has diverged. Periods of high productivity growth coincide with episodes of output accelerations, while during normal times productivity growth is modest. Most recently, the correlation between productivity growth in emerging markets and advanced economies has increased. This paper analyzes potential factors explaining this increase, which presumably is due to the slowdown in trade and microeconomic factors that underlie technology diffusion. It concludes with a discussion of long-term challenges and opportunities facing emerging-market economies in a low productivity environment.

Building on an associated publication, Economics, governance and instability in South Africa, this paper describes three different futures for the country. The first scenario is an uninspiring and business-as-usual Bafana Bafana scenario, an alarming downward scenario called Nation Divided, where the 'traditionalist' camp within the ruling party holds sway, and a desirable Mandela Magic scenario, where 'reformists' triumph and begin to address some of the country's most pressing challenges. A related policy brief, Rainbow at risk, presents recommendations. THIS PAPER PRESENTS three different political, economic and social scenarios for South Africa to 2024. It is one of three publications on the future of South Africa released simultaneously by the Institute for Security Studies (ISS) that include an analysis of governance, economics and stability in the rainbow nation 1 and a summary of broad policy recommendations that draws on the work of the African Futures and Innovation programme at the ISS. 2 We retain and build on the three scenarios used in previous South African futures work, namely, Bafana Bafana (the most likely pathway), Mandela Magic (a possible desirable future), and Nation Divided (the downside scenario), as useful alternatives for thinking about the future. Inevitably, reality will not unfold as we describe and is much more complex than presented in these pages. 3 South Africa is a complex country and, just as few foresaw the transition from white minority control to democracy some three decades ago, we do not claim the ability to predict the future. These are turbulent times for the country, with the potential for divergent outcomes.

Conflict between channel members is of great interest to marketers given its presumed negative impact on the channel's business performance. In a comprehensive meta-analysis of the empirical literature spanning six decades between 1960 and 2020, we observe channel performance is indeed negatively linked to channel conflict. However, we find that this conflict-performance link has evolved significantly over time, roughly in keeping with the growth and maturing of e-commerce technologies. Further, the damage caused by conflict appears to be more pronounced for channels with international operations, and for channels with greater dependency between channel members. Additionally, businesses in North America seem to suffer the consequences of channel conflict more than others. Our results also show several study characteristics related to measurement and sampling significantly impact the empirical conflict-performance links reported in the literature. We base our conclusions on correlational analyses, two-stage meta-analytic structural equation modeling (TSSEM), and meta-analytic regression analyses (MARA).

This paper presents a low cost, flexible and scalable Smart Home Automation System based on Arduino Technology and Wi-Fi connection, in addition, to apply specific techniques for the reduction of power consumption and load management. The system will be accessible anywhere, anytime for controlling and monitoring. This study relies on Arduino Technology and Node-MCU boards, the electrical appliances are connected to a cloud database that communicates with the user by an android application connected to the internet. A prototype for a specific house has been built, the proposed system is able to control all home electrical units and appliances like lighting, sockets, HVAC units, fire, gas and intruder siren systems, in addition, to monitor the real-time power consumption, the house PV system generation and the current room's temperature and humidity. Furthermore, the system is able to reduce power consumption using predefined algorithms.

The Internet usage across the world has increased manifold in the last decade. The trend is the same for the Arab world including the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, a country with its own social and cultural inclinations and heritage. Recent statistics put the number of the Internet users in the kingdom at more than 18 million and the Internet penetration at more than 65% of the population in 2014. This study aims to identify the pattern of the Internet usage in the country. Based on a sample size of 990 respondents recruited through social media across the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the study explores the relationship between the Internet usage and various demographic, social, economic, and behavioral factors. The results indicate that the average daily use of the Internet by social media users is significantly correlated to gender, age, marital status, employment and income but no significant relationship is found with the education level of users. Further, it was also investigated if there is any significant relationship between the average daily use of the Internet and online buying behavior. The results confirm that there is a significant relationship between the Internet usage and the online shopping habit of the users. The findings on the usage of the Internet by social media users are of commercial importance to the firms which provide products through online medium. Indeed, the E-Commerce is expected to foster economic growth, productivity, and competitiveness of the firms in the country. Additionally, the research will contribute to the existing literature on E-commerce and attract the interest of researchers mainly in the disciplines of Marketing and Social Sciences.

his article reviews the background to the High Court's decision in the ACT same sex marriage case and traces the origin of the court's surprisingly broad definition of what marriage is for the purposes of the marriage power in s 51(xxi) of the Australian Constitution. It reached this definition largely as a result of suggestions put from the Bench in oral argument, without the benefit of detailed written submissions on the subject by either the Commonwealth or the Australian Capital Territory, and in the absence of a contradictor. Intrinsic to the court's reasoning was the proposition that unless 'marriage' in s 51(xxi) included same-sex marriage then the Commonwealth would not be able to legislate so as to prevent the states or territories from establishing same-sex marriage. In finding the Commonwealth's power with respect to marriage does extend to same-sex and other forms of marriage, the court adopted a remarkably one-sided view of the existing case law on the scope of Commonwealth heads of power. It also did not take into consideration the wealth of case law directed specifically to the scope of the marriage power. The importance of the new definition is that now marriage policy in Australia does not depend in any significant way on issues of Constitutional law. While much has thereby been settled, much is now also unsettled. Marriage is, to a great extent, whatever the Federal Parliament says it is, so long as the union is a consensual one between persons (however young) and recognised by law as intended to endure. Specifically, the court has determined that the Constitution places no barrier in the way of polygamous relationships. What view of marriage the parliament chooses to adopt is a matter for political debate. Four options for a coherent policy on marriage and family are identified in the light of the High Court's judgment on the scope of the marriage power. These are (1) to continue with the current policy of treating all kinds of unions as if they were marriages, irrespective of consent and whether or not they are intended to endure, (2) to differentiate clearly between ceremonial marriage and informal relationships, (3) to return to the idea that marriage is based on nothing more than witnessed consent without the need for a celebrant, and (4) to base family policy on the twin axes of marriage and parenthood.

Big data and technological change have enabled loyalty programs to become more prevalent and complex. How these developments influence society has been overlooked, both in academic research and in practice. We argue why this issue is important and propose a framework to refocus loyalty programs in the era of big data through a societal lens. We focus on three aspects of the societal lens—inequality, privacy, and sustainability. We discuss how loyalty programs in the big data era impact each of these societal factors, and then illustrate how, by adopting this societal lens paradigm, researchers and practitioners can generate insights and ideas that address the challenges and opportunities that arise from the interaction between loyalty programs and society. Our goal is to broaden the perspectives of researchers and managers so they can enhance loyalty programs to address evolving societal needs.

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This paper proposes a triple phase shift modulation (TPS) with an optimization technique that aims at maximizing the efficiency of the dual active bridge converter. Such a converter is often used to interface renewable or energy storage systems in smart dc power systems, where loss minimization via TPS is crucial, especially at light-load conditions. In this paper, favorable modulation parameters are found first, aiming at minimum rms currents and zero voltage switching, by considering only some fundamental converter parameters, namely, the input and output voltages, the transformer ratio, and the leakage inductance. Then, on the basis of the closed-form analytical description of the converter behavior over the determined modulation patterns, trajectories in the modulation planes that are capable of improving the total efficiency are identified. It is shown that such trajectories lead to close-to-optimal efficiency operation, which can be exploited to implement fast perturb-and-observe methods requiring just minimal converter parameters knowledge. The results are verified experimentally on a 1.5-kW prototype. It is shown that the proposed approach achieves close-to-optimal efficiency operation under different input voltages, being the error with respect to the measured optimal points obtained by a brute-force approach lower than about 0.2%. INDEX TERMS Dual active bridge (DAB), light-load operation, maximum efficiency point identification, TPS optimization, zero voltage switching (ZVS).

Several experimental studies in the literature investigated how time preferences govern bargaining outcomes in the canonical, infinite-horizon alternating-offers bargaining model of (Rubinstein, 1982, Econometrica) but the evidence is mixed. We revisit the problem with a novel experimental design in which bargaining game payoffs are paid over a long period of time with different payment windows (weekly or monthly) exogenously assigned to each subject. Using this effective discounting procedure, we test theoretical predictions presented 1) in the absence of dynamically inconsistent time-preferences (Rubinstein, 1982, Econometrica) and 2) in the presence of such time-inconsistent preferences (Schweighofer-Kodritsch, 2018, Econometrica). We find unambiguous experimental support for several major theoretical predictions. In all treatments, a vast majority of the agreement was reached with no or minor delay, and with a significant and substantial first-mover advantage. In the treatments without any delayed (1 week) payment schedule, the bargainer with a larger effective discount factor received a smaller share. In the treatment in which the immediate agreement was made impossible by the payment delay introduced to both bargainers, however, the difference in the agreed share between the bargainers with different effective discount factors became less significant statistically and less substantial in magnitude. These results suggest that bargainers' discounting function is quite flat after the first round.

© 2021 African Journal of Biological Sciences. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. Abstract Composts and biochar improve soil fertility and also suppress fungal soil-borne diseases through their ability to promote beneficial microbial communities. The study sought to determine the mechanisms through which biochar and vermicompost suppress root rot pathogens. Extracts of biochar and vermicompost were used for spore germination, mycelial growth tests at different concentrations. To assess the ability of biochar and vermicompost to adsorb signaling molecules from bean, root and seed exudates were filtered through biochar and vermicompost. Antagonistic activity of Trichoderma harzianum...

Lack of alignment between information technology (IT) and the business is a problem facing many organizations. Most organizations, today, fundamentally depend on IT. When IT and the business are aligned in an organization, IT delivers what the business needs and the business is able to deliver what the market needs. IT has become a strategic function for most organizations, and it is imperative that IT and business are aligned. IT governance is one of the most powerful ways to achieve IT to business alignment. Furthermore, as the use of cloud computing for delivering IT functions becomes pervasive, organizations using cloud computing must effectively apply IT governance to it. While cloud computing presents tremendous opportunities, it comes with risks as well. Information security is one of the top risks in cloud computing. Thus, IT governance must be applied to cloud computing information security to help manage the risks associated with cloud computing information security. This study advances knowledge by extending IT governance to cloud computing and information security governance.

Highlights d Developmental changes reveal mammary differentiation state regulators d Multi-lineage differentiation potential is evident in adult basal mammary cells d SOX10 + expression correlates with mammary tumor cell state plasticity d SOX10 activity can elicit neural crest-like features in mammary tumors

With the transposition into national laws of Directive 2014/95/UE on disclosure of non-financial information by large companies, the social and environmental responsibility has taken onnew significance in the recent accounting debate. This paper moves in particular from the develop-ments of that topic in Italian Ragioneria and in French Comptabilite coming to propose a generalistapproach to the business reporting embracing both kinds of information, financial and not financial.From an historical point of view the theme of social and environmental responsibility has been pro-gressively developed in the twentieth century on Italian and French research getting more and moreimportance. Correspondently the non-financial reporting topic has been increasingly treated from oneside as an evolution or extension while from the other side in opposition to the already consolidatedfinancial reporting. Only a minor attention has been paid to the general concept of reporting. The firstpart of this ...

The focus of this paper is on the management and governance of education at provincial level-specifically on efforts to introduce performance management into education by the Western Cape Education Department (WCED), and their impact. Post-1994 the WCED inherited a bureaucracy that was well placed to manage the province's large public education system. Subsequently, irrespective of which political party has been in power, the WCED consistently has sought to implement performance management. This paper explores to what extent determined, top-down efforts, led by the public sector, can improve dismal educational performance. The paper concludes that the WCED is (and long has been) a relatively well-run public bureaucracy. However, the sustained, determined efforts to strengthen the operation of the WCED's bureaucracy have not translated into systematic improvements in schools in poorer areas. One possible implication is that efforts to strengthen hierarchy might usefully be complemented with additional effort to support more horizontal, peer-to-peer governance at the school level.

The great European dream was to diminish militant nationalism' (Antony Beevor). The future remains open, and some degree of nationalism may be constantly present, but one thing can be expressed with confidence: the European Union has successfully averted conflict within the 'club' and has been a clearly powerful incentive for reconciliation between former enemies as well as bringing democracy in countries formerly ruled by dictatorships. The present crisis apart, the European project remains incomparable. Indeed, this presents an inescapable imperative to any notion of resistance towards the completion of the European integration project. This article focuses on the integration project of the Old Continent's southeastern corner; more specifically, it concerns how a culture-based or incited-conflict can shape a specific cultural setting and, in return, how that culture can be transformed into one of cooperation. The inquiry is placed in the context of the relationship with, and impact of, the EU, which can serve both as example and promoter of such a culture.

Mobile devices have become very popular nowadays, due to is portability and high performance, a mobile device became a must device for persons using information and communication technologies. In addition to hardware rapid evolution, mobile applications are also increasing in their complexity and performance to cover most the needs of their users. Both software and hardware design focused on increasing performance and the working hours of a mobile device. Different mobile operating systems are being used today with different platforms and different market shares. Like all information systems, mobile systems are prone to malware attacks. Due to the personality feature of mobile devices, malware detection is very important and is a must tool in each device to protect private data and mitigate attacks. In this paper, we will study and analyze different malware detection techniques used for mobile operating systems. We will focus on the to two competing mobile operating systems-Android and iOS. We will asset each technique summarizing its advantages and disadvantages. The aim of the work is to establish a basis for developing a mobile malware detection tool based on user profiling.

The authors focus on three critical areas of future research on regulatory fit. First, they focus on how regulatory orientation is sustained. The authors argue that there are two distinct approaches that bring about the “just-right feeling”: (1) a process-based approach that involves the interaction between regulatory orientation and decision-making processes and (2) an outcome-based approach that involves the interaction between regulatory orientation and the framed outcomes offered. Second, the authors discuss possible boundary conditions of regulatory fit effects, highlighting the apparent paradoxical role of involvement. They suggest that the antecedents that give rise to regulatory fit (e.g., lowered motivation) can differ from its consequences (e.g., increased motivation). Third, the authors discuss broader implications of regulatory fit, proposing three possible mechanisms by which regulatory fit can lead to improved physical health and discussing the degree to which the just...

This article primarily aimed to examine the level of influence by Perceived Person Environment Fit Scale (PPEFS) on Employees’ Turnover Intention with their present employers through analyzing the predictors of Perceived Person-Environment Fit Scale (PPEFS), i.e. Person-Supervisor Fit Scale (PSFS), Person-Group Fit Scale (PGFS), PersonOrganization Fit Scale (POFS) and Person-Job Fit Scale (PJFS). Data are collected from 332 employees, has been tested with KMO sampling adequacy (0.862) and Bartlett’s sphericity test (p = 0.000). Data Analysis has been done through Descriptive Statistics, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Friedman Rank Test and Structural Equation Model. Results were revealed that the PPEFS is significantly predicted by PSFS, PGFS, POFS and PJFS. Further, results were revealed that Perceived Person-Environment Fit Scale is influencing Employees’ Turnover Intention with their present employers.

Many countries are implementing or at least considering policies to counter increasingly certain negative impacts from climate change. An increasing amount of research has been devoted to the analysis of the costs of climate change and its mitigation, as well as to the design of policies, such as the international Kyoto Protocol, post-Kyoto negotiations, regional initiatives, and unilateral actions. Although most studies on climate change policies in economics have considered efficiency aspects, there is a growing literature on equity and justice. Climate change policy has important dimensions of distributive justice, both within and across generations, but in this paper we survey only studies on the intragenerational aspect, i.e., within a generation. We cover several domains including the international, regional, national, sectoral and inter-personal, and examine aspects such as the distribution of burdens from climate change, climate change policy negotiations in general, implementation of climate agreements using tradable emission permits, and the uncertainty of alternatives to emission reductions.