International Collaboration

design work involves international collaboration. This requires cross-cultural understandings with one's co-collaborators. There are few opportunities for this to occur in a pedagogical setting. This paper outlines a pedagogically-oriented case study of the use of a 3D collaborative virtual environment (3D CVE). The 3D co-located laboratory (3DCollab) described in this paper served as a crosscultural exchange platform. It fostered deeper understandings of alternate meanings to everyday social and work practices and design computing assumptions. The project involved students across three cooperating institutions, on three different continents in different time zones. It builds on previous exercises conducted by the authors.

România ca ţară membră a Uniunii Europene trebuie să se conformeze directivelor şi reglementărilor UE privind colectarea, transportul, şi depozitarea deşeurilor. Articolul prezintă o metodă de pre-tratare a deşeurilor municipale înaintea valorificrii energetice prin procedee termice sau termo-chimice urmată de o depozitare controlată a reziduului. Această soluţie ar putea fi dezvoltată în România în contextul Directivelor Uniunii Europene. Sunt prezentate observaţii şi rezultate referitoare la bilanţul de masă, de energie, de mediu şi economic pentru trei studii de caz din Romania.rezultatele au fost obţinute în contextul unei colaborări internaţionale între Universitatea de Studii din Trento, Italia şi Universitatea Politehnica din Bucureşti, România.

To allow more rapid and internationally standardized assessment of the spread of noroviruses (previously called Norwalk-like viruses [NLVs]) as important food-borne pathogens, harmonization of methods for their detection is needed. Diagnosis of NLVs in clinical diagnostic laboratories is usually performed by reverse transciptase PCR (RT-PCR) assays. In the present study, the performance of five different RT-PCR assays for the detection of NLVs was evaluated in an international collaborative study by five laboratories in five countries with a coded panel of 91 fecal specimens. The assays were tested for their sensitivity, detection limit, and ease of standardization. In total, NLVs could be detected by at least one RT-PCR assay in 69 (84%) of the samples that originally tested positive. Sensitivity ranged from 52 to 73% overall and from 54 to 100% and 58 to 85% for genogroup I and II viruses, respectively. In all, 64% of the false-negative results were obtained with a set of diluted stools (n ‫؍‬ 20) that may have lost quality upon storage. Sensitivity was improved when these samples were excluded from analysis. No one single assay stood out as the best, although the p1 assay demonstrated the most satisfactory overall performance. To promote comparability of data, this assay will be recommended for newly starting groups in future collaborative studies.

The clinical course of polycythemia vera is often complicated by thrombosis as well as by the possible transition to myeloid metaplasia with myelofibrosis or acute myeloid leukemia. The aim of this study was to assess the rate of these complications in subjects receiving currently recommended treatments.

The purpose of this article is to review the research status of illicit drug use and its data sources in Latin America, with particular attention to the research that has been produced in the past 15 years in epidemiology of illicit drug use, services utilization, and relationship between HIV and drug use. This article complements the series of articles that are published in this same volume which examine drug abuse research (epidemiology, prevention, and treatment) and HIV prevention in Latinos residing in the United States. This review resulted from extensive international and national searches using the following databases: Current Contents Connect, Social and Behavioral Sciences; EBSCO; EMBASE(R) Psychiatry; Evidence Based Medicine (through OVID); Medline, Neurosciences, PsychINFO, Pubmed, BIREME/PAHO/WHO-Virtual Health Library, and SciELO. Papers selected for further review included those published in Spanish, English, and Portuguese in peer-reviewed journals. From the evidence reviewed, it was found that the published research literature is heavily concentrated on descriptive epidemiologic surveys, providing primarily prevalence rates and general information on associated factors. Evidence on patterns of service delivery and HIV prevention and treatment is limited. The cumulative scope of this research clearly indicates variability in quantity and quality of research across Latin American nations and the need for greater uniformity in data collection elements, methodologies, and the creation of international collaborative research networks.

The colloid and radionuclide retardation experiments performed at NAGRA's Grimsel Test Site in Switzerland are part of an international collaboration program designed to collect in situ data on the impacts of colloids on radionuclide transport. In this work, breakthrough behaviors of trivalent americium (i.e., 241 Am and 243 Am) both in the absence and presence of bentonite colloids are analyzed with COLFRAC-a code that models colloid-facilitated solute transport in discretely-fractured, porous media. Model fits to the experimental results indicate that Am sorbed onto mobile colloids, which enhance Am transport relative to a non-sorbing tracer, 131 I. Modelling results suggest that Am is kinetically sorbed onto both naturally occurring and exogenous bentonite colloids. Results also indicate that desorption of Am from colloids is slow with respect to the duration of the experiment. In addition, early colloid breakthrough compared to a conservative tracer suggests the effects of hydrodynamic chromatography. Overall, Am breakthrough curves suggest enhanced mobility due to co-transport with both naturally occurring and bentonite colloids.

Corporate risk management governance and management frameworks, approaches and practices face a variety of challenges and in many cases need to be reviewed and revised to copy with multiple uncertainties, disruptive technologies, new markets, business models, relationship, forms of organisation and areas of unpredictability. Systematically reviews issues and questions that need to be addressed from a board perspective in various risk arenas. Published  as: Coulson-Thomas, Colin (2017), Risk Governance and the Board, Director Today, Vol. III Issue II, February, pp 49-55

At present, part of the forward RPC muon system of the CMS detector at the CERN LHC remains uninstrumented in the high-η region. An international collaboration is investigating the possibility of covering the 1.6 < |η| < 2.4 region of the muon endcaps with large-area triple-GEM detectors. Given their good spatial resolution, high rate capability, and radiation hardness, these micro-pattern gas detectors are an appealing option for simultaneously enhancing muon tracking and triggering capabilities in a future upgrade of the CMS detector. A general overview of this feasibility study will be presented. The design and construction of small (10 × 10 cm 2 ) and full-size trapezoidal (1 × 0.5 m 2 ) triple-GEM prototypes will be described. During detector assembly, different techniques for stretching the GEM foils were tested. Results from measurements with x-rays and from test beam campaigns at the CERN SPS will be shown for the small and large prototypes. Preliminary simulation studies on the expected muon reconstruction and trigger performances of this proposed upgraded muon system will be reported.

This paper examines the effects of systematic and random errors in recall and of selection bias in case-control studies of mobile phone use and cancer. These sensitivity analyses are based on Monte-Carlo computer simulations and were carried out within the INTERPHONE Study, an international collaborative case-control study in 13 countries. Recall error scenarios simulated plausible values of random and systematic, non-differential and differential recall errors in amount of mobile phone use reported by study subjects. Plausible values for the recall error were obtained from validation studies. Selection bias scenarios assumed varying selection probabilities for cases and controls, mobile phone users, and non-users. Where possible these selection probabilities were based on existing information from non-respondents in INTERPHONE. Simulations used exposure distributions based on existing INTERPHONE data and assumed varying levels of the true risk of brain cancer related to mobile phone use. Results suggest that random recall errors of plausible levels can lead to a large underestimation in the risk of brain cancer associated with mobile phone use. Random errors were found to have larger impact than plausible systematic errors. Differential errors in recall had very little additional impact in the presence of large random errors. Selection bias resulting from underselection of unexposed controls led to J-shaped exposure-response patterns, with risk apparently decreasing at low to moderate exposure levels. The present results, in conjunction with those of the validation studies conducted within the INTERPHONE study, will play an important role in the interpretation of existing and future case-control studies of mobile phone use and cancer risk, including the INTERPHONE study.

Background The adverse health and environmental effects of poor housing quality are well established. A central requirement for evidence-based policies and programmes to improve housing standards is a valid, reliable and practical way of measuring housing quality that is supported by policy agencies, the housing sector, researchers and the public.

This paper attempts to highlight quantitatively the growth and development of research work in this field on Bose-Einstein Condensation (BEC) in terms of publication output as per Science Citation Index (1982-2005). During 1982–2005 a total of 5258 papers were published by ...

ABSTRACT The Hobby-Eberly Telescope (HET) is a revolutionary large telescope of 9.2 meter aperture, located in West Texas at McDonald Observatory. The Low Resolution Spectrograph (LRS, an international collaboration between the University of Texas at Austin (UT), the Instituto de Astronomía de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (IAUNAM), Stanford University, Ludwig-Maximillians-Universität, Munich (USM), and Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen (USG)) is a high throughput, imaging grism spectrograph which rides on the HET tracker at prime focus. The remote location and tight space and weight constraints make the LRS a challenging instrument, built on a limited budget. The mechanical design and fabrication were done in Germany, and the camera and CCD system in Texas. The LRS is a grism spectrograph with three modes of operation: imaging, longslit, and multi-object. Here we present a detailed description of the mechanical design of the LRS. Fabrication, assembly and testing of the LRS will be completed by mid 1998. First light for the LRS on the HET is expected in the summer of 1998.

In low and middle income countries, health workers are essential for the delivery of health interventions. However, inadequate health-worker performance is a very widespread problem. We present an overview of issues and evidence about the determinants of performance and strategies for improving it. Health-worker practices are complex behaviours that have many potential influences. Reviews of intervention studies in low and middle income countries suggest that the simple dissemination of written guidelines is often ineffective, that supervision and audit with feedback is generally effective, and that multifaceted interventions might be more effective than single interventions. Few interventions have been evaluated with rigorous cost-effectiveness trials, and such studies are urgently needed to guide policy. We propose an international collaborative research agenda to generate knowledge about the true determinants of performance and about the effectiveness of strategies to improve performance. Furthermore, we recommend that ministries of health and international organisations should actively help translate research findings into action to improve health-worker performance, and thereby improve health.

The CO 2 Capture Project (CCP) is an international collaboration among energy companies supporting advancement of technology in the field of carbon capture and storage (CCS). The main technical results of Phase II of CCP in the development of novel capture technologies are presented. Phase II has been running since 2004 and is coming to a completion in the first months of 2009. Phase II is focused on the development of CCS technologies for natural gas fired power stations and refinery operations.

In this research, we examine the hypothesis that gender disparities in international research collaboration differ by collaboration intensity, academic position, age, and academic discipline. The following are the major findings: (1) while female scientists exhibit a higher rate of general, national, and institutional collaboration, male scientists exhibit a higher rate of international collaboration, a finding critically important in explaining gender disparities in impact, productivity, and access to large grants. (2) An aggregated picture of gender disparities hides a more nuanced cross-disciplinary picture of them. (3) An analysis of international research collaboration at three separate intensity levels (low, medium, and high) reveals that male scientists dominate in international collaboration at each level. However, at each level, there are specific disciplines in which females collaborate more than males. Further (4), gender disparities are clearly linked with age. Until abo...

This article reviews some of the ethical aspects of collaborative research. Scientific collaboration has known potential benefits but it's a challenging task to successfully accomplish a collaborative venture on ethically sound grounds. Current trends in international healthcare research collaboration reflect limited benefits for the majority of world population. Research collaboration between scientists of academia and industry usually has financial considerations. Successful cross-cultural and international collaborations have to overcome many regional and global barriers. Despite these difficulties, many scientific collaborations usually begin with an informal meeting or contact. With advancement in global communications, scientists have greater responsibility towards the world community while considering the impact of their collaborative partnerships. I review the basic factors that are required for forging a collaborative partnership and responsible attitudes to sustain the relationship. Finally I conclude that scientists in healthcare research can play important roles beyond collaborations and contribute to bringing harmony, resolving differences across the nations and countries in today's troubled world.

This article explores how five international colleagues from the USA, Canada, China, and Japan use self-study methodologies and online journaling to systematically examine the tensions surrounding the lived experiences of feminist academics in diverse global contexts. It draws from the theoretical foundations of critical qualitative inquiry, self-study, feminist epistemologies, and fiction as research. The main research questions guiding the study are: what is the role of self-study and journaling in an international research collective?, how can contemporary literature inform a self-study about the intersection of gender and career?, and in what ways does journaling with international partners support personal and professional development of multicultural teacher educators?. For 6 months, the authors explored these questions with one another in an interactive online journal. Collaborative analysis of the journal entries produced three major themes: fiction as self-study, scholarship as hope, and scholarship as freedom. The article concludes with the authors’ personal views on the importance of online journaling and self-study among educational researchers who are interested in finding tools and structures for navigating the contemporary women’s movement within academia.

" …for the cultures of the " Global Village " to flourish in a tolerant, mutually beneficial fashion, it is imperative that there be real sharing of ideas, knowledge, and values. " – Charles Quist-Adade (2008) Abstract " …the course was conceived on the basis of two ideas— " Classroom without Walls " and " Global Village. "-Charles Quist-Adade (2008) This paper presents preliminary overview and findings of a pilot course webconferencing course on Globalization involving largely students and instructors in Canada and Ghana.1 The overview will focus more on the planning and implementation stages of the course than on the delivery and content. It will highlight the challenges confronted, lessons learned and lessons unlearned throughout the more than two years planning and implementation of the project, whose principal objective was to create geographically distributed collaborative learning and teaching between students and faculty in developed and developing countries. The undergraduate and graduate course on Globalization (Sociology of Global Inequalities), which was implemented in the Spring of 2008 (from January 7 to April 21), was conceived on the basis of two ideas— " Classroom without Walls " and " Global Village. " It was designed, using a unique interactive multimedia approach to link students and faculty in two international locations—Ghana and Canada. The course, through the integrative information and educational technologies, aimed to break the boundaries of time, space and distance thereby facilitating the sharing of knowledge between the students at the three sites. What is more, it sought to create a " networked collaborative learning environment " for students and instructors at the University of Ghana and Kwantlen University College in British Columbia, Canada. The partially on-line course used a mixed mode delivery approach, combining synchronous video-audio streaming (videoconferencing), real chat, online materials, prepackaged online materials, as well as asynchronous chat sessions. The course had a classroom component at each of the host sites that was supported by a course web site. Interaction between learner and lecturer was primarily through text messaging and online chats during synchronous lecture sessions. Students also had to use online chat sessions and discussion forums with teaching assistants. The course had a mix of synchronous and asynchronous activities (i.e., some activities took place at the same time, same place; some at the same time, different place; and some at a different time, different place). The course provided continuous feedback, high levels of interaction and an emphasis on student work and group projects. In all 31 undergraduate students from Kwantlen University College (KUC) and six graduate students from the University of Ghana, Legon (UGL) took the course. The preliminary study showed that while the preparatory stage was quite daunting and the project leader had some harrowing experiences in finding collaborators, accessing funding, the overall benefits of the project to both students and instructors were quite substantial, making the efforts and sacrifices worthwhile.

plans. Unfortunately, many recovery plans are limited in effectiveness because they suffer from various limitations; one of which is the lack of scientific data. Because recovery plans for endangered species are inherently plagued by lack of biological data of focal species, new approaches are warranted in recovery-plan development to use what little data are available more effectively. The use of academic-agency partnerships has been suggested as a means to accomplish this objective; academics contribute scientific knowledge, and agency personnel contribute federal regulation expertise. We used the masked bobwhite (Colinus virginianus ridgwayi), the only endangered quail in North America, as a case study to illustrate how such partnerships can be employed to incorporate the latest scientific knowledge into recovery planning. Because the case study of the masked bobwhite embodies many of the difficulties associated with endangered species recovery (e.g., lack of biological data, limited personnel, limited resources), our approach to linking biology, ecology, and management can serve as a general model for recovery planning of other endangered species. We began with a comprehensive review and synthesis of masked bobwhite literature.

This article argues that the dominant and still vivid tradition of journalism that places the reporter as a mere observer to events, power relations and global hierarchies is unfit as a working model for cross-border collaboration teams. By reversing the perspective of research , it investigates how the 'neutral' position of journalism itself has been shaped by historical context, storytelling traditions, iconic imageries and naturalized assumptions 1 that have influenced its view of the world. With the goal of initiating a knowledge transfer, this article explores key concepts from Cultural Studies and Postcolonial Theory in order to apply them to contemporary journalism practices.

Objective To conduct a systematic review of the literature on risk factors for dental caries in deciduous teeth of children aged six years and under, to give a scientific framework for the international collaborative studies on inequalities in childhood caries. Method Accepted guidelines were followed. Studies were identified by electronic searching and reviewed on the basis of key words, title and abstract by two reviewers to assess whether inclusion criteria were met. Copies of all articles were obtained and assessed for quality according to the study design. Results 1029 papers were identified from the electronic search, 260 met the prima facie inclusion criteria. 183 were excluded once full copies of these papers were obtained. Of the 77 studies included, 43 were cross sectional, 19 cohort studies, 8 case control studies and 7 interventional studies. Few obtained the highest quality scores. 106 risk factors were significantly related to the prevalence or incidence of caries. Conclusion There is a shortage of high quality studies using the optimum study design, i.e. a longitudinal study. The evidence suggests that children are most likely to develop caries if Streptococcus Mutans is acquired at an early age, although this may be partly compensated by other factors such as good oral hygiene and a non-cariogenic diet. Diet and oral hygiene may interact so that if there is a balance of 'good' habits by way of maintaining good plaque control and 'bad' habits by way of having a cariogenic diet, the development of caries may be controlled.

Yam (Dioscorea sp.) is a major source of food for millions of people in tropical and sub-tropical regions, especially in West and Central Africa where at least 60 million people depend on it. It is also a major source of income and an integral part of socio-cultural life. In addition to their food uses, some Dioscorea species are exploited for pharmaceutical products. Yam cultivation is undergoing intensification in many production zones leading to challenges in the management of soil fertility and structure, increasing pressure of diseases and pests (including weeds), and requirements for new varieties better suited to the changing biophysical and socio-economic circumstances. Greater attention also needs to be paid to raising labor productivity and improving access of producers to affordable and higher quality planting materials. These challenges, and the opportunities associated with the biology of the crop, need to be addressed more systematically and earnestly through collaborative research and development, and effective dissemination of the results to relevant stakeholders. The increasing capacity for, and international collaboration in, research and development on yam augur well for the future of the crop and the millions of people who depend on it.

The sequence of the human genome encodes the genetic instructions for human physiology, as well as rich information about human evolution. In 2001, the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium reported a draft sequence of the euchromatic portion of the human genome. Since then, the international collaboration has worked to convert this draft into a genome sequence with high accuracy and nearly complete coverage. Here, we report the result of this finishing process. The current genome sequence (Build 35) contains 2.85 billion nucleotides interrupted by only 341 gaps. It covers 99% of the euchromatic genome and is accurate to an error rate of 1 event per 100,000 bases. Many of the remaining euchromatic gaps are associated with segmental duplications and will require focused work with new methods. The nearcomplete sequence, the first for a vertebrate, greatly improves the precision of biological analyses of the human genome including studies of gene number, birth and death. Notably, the human enome seems to encode only 20,000-25,000 protein-coding genes. The genome sequence reported here should serve as a firm foundation for biomedical research in the decades ahead.

The following recommendations forEducation for Sustainable Development (ESD) in Early Childhood Education were the product of an extended international collaboration that was supported by a number of bodies including the Centre for Environment and Sustainability in Gothenburg, the Swedish Ministry of Education and Research, the Swedish National Commission for UNESCO, and the Swedish International Centre of Education for Sustainable Development. The recommendations were formally adopted in November 2008.

Background: Shared decision-making is not widely implemented in healthcare. We aimed to set a research agenda about promoting shared decision-making through continuing professional development. Methods: Thirty-six participants met for two days. Results: Participants suggested ways to improve an environmental scan that had inventoried 53 shared decisionmaking training programs from 14 countries. Their proposed research agenda included reaching an international consensus on shared decision-making competencies and creating a framework for accrediting continuing professional development initiatives in shared decision-making. Conclusions: Variability in shared decision-making training programs showcases the need for quality assurance frameworks.

The League of European Research Universities (LERU) organises a summer school each year at one of the member universities on a different theme, inviting PhD students from Europe&#39;s top research-intensive universities. This year&#39;s LERU summer school was organised around the theme of collaboration in research, with the aim of developing a guidebook for early career researchers including tips and advice for successful collaborations.

Multiple systems have been developed for grading the adverse effects (AEs) of cancer treatment. The National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria (CTC) system has substantially evolved since its inception in 1983. The most recent version, CTCAE v3.0 (Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 3.0) represents the first comprehensive, multimodality grading system for reporting the acute and late effects of cancer treatment. The new CTC requires changes in the application of AE criteria including new guidelines regarding late effects, surgical and pediatric effects, multimodality issues, and for reporting the duration of an effect. It builds on the strengths of previous systems, represents a considerable effort among hundreds of participants, and signifies an international collaboration and consensus of the oncology research community. This article updates recent progress in the evolution of adverse effects grading systems and reviews the development of CTCAE v3.0.

The United States (US) and Russia are among the main contributors to Climate Change (as the 2nd and 4th largest emitters of greenhouse gases worldwide, accordingly), and have vast territories impacted environmentally and economically by this scientific and social phenomenon. The northern territories of both countries are especially vulnerable. In this
article, we focus on coastal erosion and permafrost degradation, two Climate Change indicators that impact both Russia and the US, and for which the consequences will be disastrous without sufficient adaptation measures. We highlight
the importance of cooperation across borders at the inter-regional level, considering the ambiguity of both American
and Russian federal climate policies. The paper is divided as follows: (1) background on the science of Climate Change,
permafrost thaw, coastal erosion, and the community impacts of permafrost degradation and coastal erosion in Alaska
and Russia; (2) an overview of existing relocation and adaptation efforts for relevant communities and infrastructure in
both countries; (3) a proposal of subnational cooperation between the US and Russia as a promising avenue for bilateral
cooperation on these shared challenges, with a focus on the potential for cooperation between the regions of Tyumen,
Alaska, and California.

Bioactive compound is secondary plant metabolites eliciting pharmacological or toxicological effects in man and animals. Legumes are valuable source of proteins and nutrients for the majority of the world population. Vigna mungo is one of the important legume crop extensively cultivated in India and other parts of the world. Pulses and legumes have been gaining interest because they are excellent source of bioactive compounds. Objective of this present review is to compile all relevant information published regarding bioactive components from the Vigna mungo. Various bioactive components reported in Vigna mungo were found and it includes flavonoids, isoflavonoids, phytoestrogens, phenolic acids, enzymes, fibres, starches, trypsin inhibitors, phytic acid, lectins, saponins, tocopherols, fatty acids and proteins. This review clearly demonstrates that Vigna mungo is rich in bioactive components and these components are located in various organs of the plant.

In this paper, we present data collection activities and preliminary research findings from the real-world database collected with "UYANIK," a passenger car instrumented with various sensors, CAN-Bus data logger, cameras, microphones, data acquisitions systems, computers, and support systems. Within the shared frameworks of Drive-Safe Consortium (Turkey) and the NEDO (Japan) International Collaborative Research on Driving Behavior Signal Processing, close to 9 Terabytes of driver behavior, vehicular, and road data has been collected from more than 50 drivers on a 25 km route consisting of both city roads and highway in Istanbul, Turkey. Challenge of collecting data in a metropolis with around 12 million people, famous with extremely limited infrastructure yet driving behavior defying all rules and regulations bordering madness could not be "PAINLESS." Both the experience gained and the preliminary results from still ongoing studies using the database are very encouraging and give comfort.

Ethics and risk management are interrelated. They represent the essence of responsible and sustainable business which is based upon trust, the building of mutually beneficial relationships with shareholders, an understanding of risk and the balancing of risk and return. Directors and boards need to ensure that policies, frameworks and governance arrangements are in place to ensure ethical conduct and decision making and effective risk management. Raises issues and questions for directors ahead of the 2017 Global Convention on Corporate Ethics and Risk Management. Published on-line as: Coulson-Thomas, Colin (2017), [Theme Paper for Global Convention on Corporate Ethics and Risk Management] Corporate Ethics and Risk Management in an Uncertain World, www.iodglobal.com, [http://www.iodglobal.com/images/risk-mgmt-2017/theme-paper.pdf], 6th January

Ethiopia is one of the countries well endowed with various species of Acacia, Boswellia and Commiphora that are known to produce gum arabic, frankincense and myrrh, respectively. Over 60 gum and resin bearing species are found in the country. The total area of oleo-gum resin bearing woodlands cover about 2.9 million ha of land in the country, with over 300,000 metric tons of natural gum production potential. Boswellia papyrifera is a chief gum resin producing tree species in Ethiopia. The total area covered by the species is estimated to be more than 1.5 million ha. Frankincense and myrrh are used in medicines, beverages and liqueurs, cosmetics, detergents, creams and perfumery, paints, adhesives and dyes manufacturing. Gum Arabic is used as stabilizing, in food and drink industries; in pharmaceuticals, in printing and textile industries. Despite the enormous socio-economic importance of these natural products, the species are declining at an alarming rate due to degradation resulted from agricultural expansion, overgrazing, fire, poor incense harvesting practices, etc. Therefore, research and development efforts and international collaborations could have strong potentials to the conservation, production and commercialization for the benefits of the local, national as well as the international communities.