Municipal Solid Waste

România ca ţară membră a Uniunii Europene trebuie să se conformeze directivelor şi reglementărilor UE privind colectarea, transportul, şi depozitarea deşeurilor. Articolul prezintă o metodă de pre-tratare a deşeurilor municipale înaintea valorificrii energetice prin procedee termice sau termo-chimice urmată de o depozitare controlată a reziduului. Această soluţie ar putea fi dezvoltată în România în contextul Directivelor Uniunii Europene. Sunt prezentate observaţii şi rezultate referitoare la bilanţul de masă, de energie, de mediu şi economic pentru trei studii de caz din Romania.rezultatele au fost obţinute în contextul unei colaborări internaţionale între Universitatea de Studii din Trento, Italia şi Universitatea Politehnica din Bucureşti, România.

The book points out that rural regions need proper attention at the global level concerning solid waste management sector where bad practices and public health threats could be avoided through traditional and integrated waste management
routes. Solid waste management in rural areas is a key issue in developing and transitioning countries due to the lack of proper waste management facilities and services. The book further examines, on the one hand, the main challenges in the development of reliable waste management practices across rural regions and, on the other hand, the concrete solutions and the new opportunities across the world in dealing with municipal and agricultural wastes. The book provides useful information for academics, various professionals, the members of civil society, and national and local authorities.

Minimisation of municipal solid waste and diversion from landfill are necessary for the UK to manage waste sustainably and achieve legislative compliance. A survey of householder attitudes and experiences of a trial for minimising household food waste from waste collection in the county of West Sussex, UK is described. The minimisation method used the Green Cone food digester, designed for garden installation. A postal questionnaire was distributed to 1000 householders who had bought a cone during the trial and a total of 433 responses were received. The main reason for people buying the Green Cone had been concerns about waste (88%), with 78% and 67% of respondents, respectively, claiming to have participated in recycling and home composting in the last 30 days. The waste material most frequently put in the digester was cooked food (91%), followed by fruit waste, vegetable matter and bones/meat. Some respondents were using it for garden and animal waste from pets. Most users found the Green Cone performed satisfactorily. Approximately, 60% of respondents had seen a reduction of 25-50% in the amount of waste they normally put out for collection, with analysis showing reported levels of reduction to be significant (p < 0.05). Additional weight surveys by householders recorded an average of 2.7 kg/(h week) diverted to the food digester.

Municipal waste management system modeling based on the mass balance of individual waste streams allows us to answer the question of how the system will react to organizational changes, e.g., to the expected reduction in the amount of plastics or the introduction of a deposit for glass and/or plastic packaging. Based on the data on Polish municipal solid waste and the forecast of changes in its quantity and composition, as well as demographic data, a balance model was prepared to assess the impact of introducing higher and higher levels of recycling, in accordance with the circular economy assumptions on the waste management system. It has been shown that, for the Polish composition of municipal waste, even if the assumed recycling levels of individual streams are achieved, achieving the general target level of 65% recycling in 2025/30 may not be feasible. The possibility of achieving a higher level of recycling will be possible due the introduction of selective ash collection from ...

In the present study, integrated models have been developed to find out the most appropriate cost of municipal solid waste (MSW) disposal using two potential and widely used methodologies, viz. landfill system with gas recovery (LFSGR) and aerobic composting (AC). Objective functions with important costs and benefits including externalities were developed to find out the net unit cost of disposal. Multivariate functional models have been developed for each activity of the objective functions. These integrated techno-economic models can be used not only to determine the most appropriate cost of waste disposal, but also to explain the interparametric linkages and even to compare the potentiality and suitability of a particular methodology for a set of conditions. This can give valuable information that can enhance environmental management leading to sustainable development.In the simulation studies carried out, LFSGR with its proven energy generating potential from MSW in the form of ...

This study aims to develop more inclusive and sustainable waste management practices to be implemented in Bang Chalong Housing, a model community with unsatisfactory waste separation and recycling rate. The extended theory of planned behavior was employed to investigate the effect of attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, knowledge, and situational factors on household waste separation intention and behavior, using structural equation modeling as a tool. Based on the questionnaire responses of 321 residents, the house owner’s status exhibited a considerable impact on waste-sorting behavior. Knowledge (β = 0.653; p &lt; 0.001) and subjective norm (β = 0.160; p &lt; 0.05) were two significant predictors of the respondents’ intention, which showed a strong influence on household waste separation behavior (β = 0.804; p &lt; 0.001). Various waste management scenarios were also evaluated through material flow analysis and life cycle assessment. Installing a waste-sorting...

A newly developed and validated constitutive model that accounts for primary compression and timedependent mechanical creep and biodegradation is used for parametric study to investigate the effects of model parameters on the predicted settlement of municipal solid waste (MSW) with time. The model enables the prediction of stress strain response and yield surfaces for three components of settlement: primary compression, mechanical creep, and biodegradation. The MSW parameters investigated include compression index, coefficient of earth pressure at-rest, overconsolidation ratio, and biodegradation parameters of MSW. A comparison of the predicted settlements for typical MSW landfill conditions showed significant differences in time-settlement response depending on the selected model input parameters. The effect of lift thickness of MSW on predicted settlement is also investigated. Overall, the study shows that the variation in the model parameters can lead to significantly different results; therefore, the model parameter values should be carefully selected to predict landfill settlements accurately. It is shown that the proposed model captures the time settlement response which is in general agreement with the results obtained from the other two reported models having similar features.

This Report is brought to you for free and open access by the School of Food Science and Environmental Health at ARROW@DIT. It has been accepted for inclusion in Reports by an authorized administrator of ARROW@DIT. For more information, please contact yvonne.desmond@dit.ie, arrow.admin@dit.ie. ... Recommended Citation Crowley, D.; Staines, A.; Collins, C.; Bracken, J.; Bruen, M.; Fry, J; Hrymak, Victor; Malone, D.; Magette, B.; Ryan, M.; and Thunhurst, C, &quot;Health and Environmental Effects of Landfilling and Incineration of Waste - ...

The present investigation is a case study of Lucknow, the main metropolis in Northern India, which succumbs to a major problem of municipal solid waste and its management. A qualitative investigation using strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats analysis (SWOT) has been successfully implemented through this community participation study. This qualitative investigation emphasizes the limited capabilities of the municipal corporationÕs resources to provide proper facilitation of the municipal solid waste management (MSWM) services without community participation in Lucknow city. The SWOT analysis was performed to formulate strategic action plans for MSWM in order to mobilize and utilize the community resources on the one hand and municipal corporationÕs resources on the other. It has allowed the introduction of a participatory approach for better collaboration between the community and municipal corporation in Lucknow (India). With this stakeholder-based SWOT analysis, efforts were made to explore the ways and means of converting the possible ÔthreatsÕ into ÔopportunitiesÕ and changing the ÔweaknessesÕ into ÔstrengthsÕ regarding a community-based MSWM programme. By this investigation, concrete strategic action plans were developed for both the community and municipal corporation to improve MSWM in Lucknow.

From primitive wood to nowadays fossil fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas, it can be seen that the forms of energy becomes more and more diverse and the core trend of decarburization is also obvious (the rate of the element of H to C ranging from 1/10, 1/2-1, 2, to 4 in wood, coal, oil and natural gas, respectively). Although the content of C in current main fuels becomes less and less, the excess exploitation and extensive utilization of various fossil fuels are widely recognized to be responsible for the deterioration of the environment (greenhouse effect, acid rain, photochemical pollution, etc.). With the roar consumption of energy to maintain the development of human society and taking the environmental problems into consideration, it is inevitable to develop renewable energy containing more H and less C as possible. Under these circumstances, the development of H2 energy is the certain and ultimate choice for its high energy per unit, diversity resources, no pollution to environment and ideal renewable utilization cycle. There are so many methods and ways were employed to develop H2 energy, such as electrolysis, methane stream reforming process, coal gasification, etc., but there lies two main problems in current methods and ways, those are the cost of bulk of first energy to extract H2 from fossil raw materials and still facing the problems of C deposition (carbon dioxide). Consequently, if considering the cost and environmental issues, the development of H2 energy must resort to renewable energy sources such as solar energy, wind energy to extract H2 from water. Based on this context, the development of H2 energy by semiconductor photocatalyst to split water into H2 and 02 under the irradiation of solar energy, photocatalysis process in short word, is one of the most promising ways. In this review, the importance and necessity to develop hydrogen energy were intensively studied based on the relationship between energy consumption and environment effect. Then the current ways and methods to develop hydrogen were reviewed, especially the state-of-the-art photocatalysis process (from the semiconductor photocatalyst materials perspective). Additionally, the work of our team on the development of photocatalysts capable of responding to visible light to decompose water into H2 and 02 is also presented.

Lead is a potent neurotoxin particularly toxic to young children, and in response to recent poisonings of children and high levels of lead contamination in children's jewelry, US regulatory standards for lead content in these items have become much more stringent. Parents are often advised to throw out suspect items in the trash. While household wastes are generally exempt from consideration as hazardous waste, the potential for leaching of hazardous quantities of lead from such items is unknown. A modified Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP), in which intact jewelry components were subjected to leaching, was used to evaluate the potential for leaching of lead from highly leaded jewelry. Of 62 jewelry components tested, 61 exceeded the US regulatory standard for lead of 5 mg/L, and leachate lead concentrations averaged 1460 mg/L. Twenty-six of the component items tested yielded TCLP lead concentrations exceeding 1000 mg/L. These results demonstrate that highly leaded jewelry items may leach significant amounts of lead, and provide another reason to remove lead from these products. Furthermore, these results suggest that while the volume of such items in the municipal solid waste (MSW) stream is small, they have the potential to contribute significant quantities of lead to MSW leachates.

This paper discusses both occupational health risks to workers and environmental health risks to residents and workers. The report presents an overview of the available health literature for causes of diseases, injuries, and accidents from solid waste management collection, treatment, and disposal technologies. Illnesses discussed include infectious diseases, allergies, respiratory damage, and cancers. Some diseases are derived from direct ingestion of infectious micro-organisms, others involve infection through contamination of the food chain, whereby animals or other vectors have ingested infectious micro-organisms. Injuries include joint and spinal damage, fractures, puncture wounds, damage to eyes and ears. Accidents include slides from unstable disposal piles, cave-ins of disposal site surfaces, fires, explosions, being caught in processing equipment, and being run over by mobile equipment. As the next steps toward improving occupational and environmental health and safety in s...

Landfill, a common technique used for solid waste disposal in Malaysia, currently cannot effectively manage it due to the increasing volume of municipal solid waste (MSW) generated daily in this country. Alternatively, incineration of MSW should be implemented in view of the advantages in waste volume reduction, waste stabilization, waste to energy conversion and sanitization of waste. A case study for investigating the combustion characteristics of MSW from Penang State has been carried out in Pulau Burung Sanitary Landfill. The representative samples of MSW taken from this area were used in proximate and ultimate analysis as well as in higher heating value (HHV) determination. The findings of the proximate analysis showed that the investigated MSW comprised 44.66% of moisture content, 44.55% of volatile matter, 8.56% of ash content and 2.23% of fixed carbon content. The ultimate analysis of the MSW shows that the main content were 43.97% for carbon, 39.40% for oxygen and other compositions for hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur and ash were recorded as 6.83%, 0.91%, 0.34% and 8.55%, respectively. The HHV of MSW obtained was 9.8532 MJ/kg, which is a typical value for developing countries. To further investigate the main sources that contributing toward HHV of MSW, the HHV obtained for the specific MSW was plotted against its physical composition (moisture, ash, volatile matter and fixed carbon) and chemical composition (C, H, O, N and S). There was a significant trend observed that volatile matter and carbon content showed a positive contribution to HHV of MSW whereas, moisture and oxygen content contributed negatively to the HHV.

The urban waste recycling program in Taiwan is discussed. During the past few years, the quantity of urban waste generated in Taiwan has greatly increased, about 8-10% per year. Approx., 50 wt.% or more of the waste items in urban waste are found to be valuable and worth recycling. Recycling is of much significance to Taiwan because of a lack of natural resources. Hence, ROC EPA has made many efforts to promote an urban waste recycling program, called the ' 'Hsi-Fu Recycling Project". (This project now has a new name called "Urban Waste Recovery and Its Monitoring Project".) The legal backing of this recycling project is Article 10.1 of the "(Solid) Waste Disposal Act", which was revised and promulgated in November 1988. "The product life cycle cost" and "beneficiary pays and polluter pays" are the two important basic concepts incorporated in this Article. Through the promotion of the ' 'Hsi-Fu Recycling Project", these two fundamental concepts are being practiced in Taiwan for some items in urban waste. Currently, only ten out of the 17 waste items under the "Hsi-Fu Recycling Project" are regulated by ROC EPA. While this waste recycling project is in progress, many problems have occurred. These problems have caused many impacts on the public, industries, and government authorities. To proclaim a great success in this waste recycling project, these problems must first be solved.

Delhi is the most densely populated and urbanized city of India. The annual growth rate in population during the last decade (1991-2001) was 3.85%, almost double the national average. Delhi is also a commercial hub, providing employment opportunities and accelerating the pace of urbanization, resulting in a corresponding increase in municipal solid waste (MSW) generation. Presently the inhabitants of Delhi generate about 7000 tonnes/day of MSW, which is projected to rise to 17,000-25,000 tonnes/day by the year 2021. MSW management has remained one of the most neglected areas of the municipal system in Delhi. About 70-80% of generated MSW is collected and the rest remains unattended on streets or in small open dumps. Only 9% of the collected MSW is treated through composting, the only treatment option, and rest is disposed in uncontrolled open landfills at the outskirts of the city. The existing composting plants are unable to operate to their intended treatment capacity due to several operational problems. Therefore, along with residue from the composting process, the majority of MSW is disposed in landfills. In absence of leachate and landfill gas collection systems, these landfills are a major source of groundwater contamination and air pollution (including generation of greenhouse gases). This study describes and evaluates the present state of municipal solid waste management in Delhi. The paper also summarizes the proposed policies and initiatives of the Government of Delhi and the Municipal Corporation of Delhi to improve the existing MSW management system.

Five different fractions of the biodegradable municipal solid waste (BMSW) were evaluated as potential animal feedstuffs. For each source of waste (meat waste (MW), fish waste (FW), fruit and vegetables waste (FVW), restaurant waste (RW), household waste (HW)), samples were obtained from small shops (butchers, fishmongers, fruit and vegetable shops), restaurants and a MSW treatment plant (household waste). The chemical composition, microbiological characterization, dioxins, furans, PCBÕs and mineral content were determined for every type of waste fraction.

The production of solid organic waste (SOW) such as sewage sludge (SS) or municipal solid waste (MSW) has been continuously increasing in Europe since the beginning of the 1990'. Today, the European Union encourages the stabilization of these wastes using biologic processes such as anaerobic digestion and/or composting to produce bio-energy and organic fertilizers. However, the design and management of such biologic processes require knowledge about the quantity and quality of the organic matter (OM) contained in the SOW. The current methods to characterize SOW are tedious, time-consuming and often insufficiently informative. In this paper, we assess the potential of solid-phase fluorescence (SPF) spectroscopy to quickly provide a relevant characterization of SOW. First, we tested well known model compounds (tryptophan, bovine serum albumin, lignin and humic acid) and biologic matrix (Escherichia coli) in three dimensional solid-phase fluorescence (3D-SPF) spectroscopy. We recorded fluorescence spectra from proteinaceous samples but we could not record the fluorescence emitted by lignin and humic acid powders. For SOW samples, fluorescence spectra were successfully recorded for MSW and most of its sub-components (foods, cardboard) but impossible for SS, sludge compost (SC) and ligno-cellulosic wastes. Based on visual observations and additional assays, we concluded that the presence of highly light-absorptive chemical structures in such dark-colored samples was responsible for this limitation. For such samples, i.e. lignin, humic acid, SS, SC and ligno-cellulosic wastes, we show that laser induced fluorescence (LIF) spectroscopy enables the acquisition of 2D fluorescence spectra.

The management of municipal solid waste (MSW) and the current status of world energy resources crisis are important problems. Gasification is a kind of waste-to-energy conversion scheme that offers the most attractive solution to both waste disposal and energy problems. In this study, the thermodynamic equilibrium model based on equilibrium constant for predicting the composition of producer gas in a downdraft waste gasifier was developed. To enhance the performance of the model, further modification was made by multiplying the equilibrium constants with coefficients. The modified model was validated with the data reported by different researchers. MSW in Thailand was then used to simulate and to study the effects of moisture content (MC) of the waste on the gasifier's performance. The results showed that the mole fraction of H 2 gradually increases; CO decreases; CH 4 , which has a very low percentage in the producer gas increases; N 2 slightly decreases; and CO 2 increases with increasing MC. The reaction temperature, the calorific value, and the second law efficiency, decrease when MC increases.

Bu çalışmada sızıntı suyu geri devirli olarak işletilen depo sahalarında aerobik ve anaerobik ayrışma süreçlerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla 1 m yüksekliğinde ve 40 cm çapında laboratuar ölçekli, iki adet reaktöre İstanbul kentsel katı atıklarını temsil edecek şekilde atıklar yerleştirildikten sonra, sızıntı suyu bileşenleri izlenerek havalandırmanın atık stabilizasyonu üzerindeki etkileri tespit edilmiştir. Biri aerobik diğeri anaerobik olarak işletilen reaktörlerin tabanında bulunan sızıntı suyu musluklarından haftalık olarak alınan numunelerde pH, ORP, Alkalinite, Klorür ve KOI parametreleri izlenmiştir Havalandırmanın depo sahalarında atık ayrışmasını hızlandırdığı, ve yüksek kirletici yüküne sahip sızıntı suyu kalitesini iyileştirdiği gözlenmiştir.

Laboratory-accelerated ageing tests have been conducted to examine the depletion of antioxidants from highdensity polyethylene (HDPE) geomembranes as a result of their exposure to various environments. Samples of 2.0 mm thick geomembrane were exposed to air, water, and municipal solid waste (MSW) leachate at temperatures of 22, 40, 55, 70, and 85°C. At various time intervals, samples were collected and the oxidative induction time (OIT) was evaluated. The results indicated that the antioxidants are depleted at rates 1.6 to 2.4 times faster for samples in water than for air-exposed samples. For samples in leachate, the depletion is about 4 times faster than that in air and 1.6-3.2 times faster than that in water. Using these rates, it is estimated that if the geomembrane examined were used as an MSW landfill primary liner, it would take at least 40 years to deplete the antioxidants from the geomembrane at a temperature of 33°C and over 150 years at a temperature of 13°C.

EXTENDED ABSTRACT The aim of this paper is to present the technical and environmental aspects as well as the acquired experience in designing, construction and long-term operation of the Sanitary Landfill (SL) of Larissa, which started its operation in February of 1998. The SL of Larissa is located about 25 km to the NW of the city of Larissa. The total area of the plant is 56 hectares, 20 of which will be developed as landfilling area. For the time being the SL of Larissa serves mainly the Municipality of Larissa, of 160.000 inhabitants and 60.000 tons of municipal solid waste (MSW) per year, however it has been planed to accept the MSW of the whole Prefecture of Larissa with an equivalent population of 300.000 inhabitants, as well as to accept 100.000 tons of MSW per year for ~ 30 years. The design and the operation of the SL of Larissa complies with the most advanced technical specifications, as well as empirical data and current practice and is in conformity even to the latest C...

The aim of this work was to study the effect of different organic wastes, viz. cow dung, grass, aquatic weeds and municipal solid waste with lime and microbial inoculants on chemical and biochemical properties of vermicompost. Cow dung was the best substrate for vermicomposting. Application of lime (5 g/kg) and inoculation of microorganisms increased the nutrient content in vermicompost and also phosphatases and urease activities. Bacillus polymyxa, the free-living N-fixer, increased N-content of vermicompost significantly (p 6 0.01) as compared to other inoculants.

The Precautionary Principle aims at anticipating and minimizing potentially serious or irreversible risks under conditions of uncertainty. Although it has been incorporated into many international treaties and pieces of national legislation for environmental protection and sustainable development, the Precautionary Principle has rarely been applied to novel Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) and their potential environmental impacts. In this article we analyze the implications of the disposal and recycling of packaging materials containing so-called smart labels and discuss the results from the perspective of the Precautionary Principle. We argue that a broad application of smart labels bears some risk of dissipating both toxic and valuable substances, and of disrupting established recycling processes. However, these risks can be avoided by precautionary measures, mainly concerning the composition and the use of smart labels. These measures should be implemented as early as possible in order to avoid irreversible developments which are undesirable from the viewpoint of resource management and environmental protection.

In present study focus has been given on estimating quality and toxicity of waste with respect to heavy metals and its impact on groundwater quality, using statistical and empirical relationships between different hydrochemical data, so that easy monitoring may be possible which in turn help the sustainable management of landfill site and municipal solid waste. Samples of solid waste, leachate and groundwater were analyzed to evaluate the impact of leachates on groundwater through the comparison of their hydrochemical nature. Results suggest the existence of an empirical relationship between some specific indicator parameters like heavy metals of all three above mentioned sample type. Further, K/Mg ratio also indicates three groundwater samples heavily impacted from leachate contamination. A good number of samples are also showing higher values for NO À 3 and Pb than that of World Health Organization (WHO) drinking water regulation. Predominance of Fe and Zn in both groundwater and solid waste samples may be due to metal plating industries in the area. Factor analysis is used as a tool to explain observed relation between numerous variables in term of simpler relation, which may help to deduce the strength of relation. Positive loading of most of the factors for heavy metal clearly shows landfill impact on ground water quality especially along the hydraulic gradient. Cluster analysis, further substantiates the impact of landfill. Two major groups of samples obtained from cluster analysis suggest that one group comprises samples that are severely under the influence of landfill and contaminated leachates along the groundwater flow direction while other assorted with samples without having such influence.

As the waste industry continues to move from a disposal-based system to one based on a combination of recovery options, the need for information on the composition of waste increases and this is reflected by the amount of information on the physical composition of municipal solid wastes that is now available. However, there is far less information on the chemical composition of municipal solid waste. The results from a number of chemical surveys from Europe are compared and show a reasonable degree of agreement, but several problems were identified with the data. Chemical and physical compositional data are combined in a case study example to investigate the flow of key potential pollutants in an integrated solid waste management system that uses materials recycling, composting, incineration and landfilling. This case study has shown that an integrated waste management strategy diverts lead and cadmium away from composting and recycling to incineration, which effectively isolates these elements from the environment through efficient capture of the pollutants followed by secure landfilling or recycling of the residues. However, further work is needed to determine the distribution of mercury in incineration residues and its fate when the residues are landfilled.

Stabilization of the organic matter contained in two static piles of compost derived from municipal solid wastes was followed for 55 days during both winter and summer. The degree of humification, i.e. the ratio between the humified fractions and total extractable carbon, increased steadily in compost stabilized during winter, while the transformation was less obvious during summer composting. Electrofocusing analyses of the organic extracts from both winter and summer piles of compost from municipal solid wastes showed a definite trend in the humification processes, not only during winter but also during summer composting.

The organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) should be utilised by means of biological methods. The biodegradation of solid wastes can be intensified owing to application of the bioreactors. Estimation of the optimum values of the organic load is one of the most important tasks for the aerobic biodegradation processes. The kinetic model of biological oxidation of the organic wastes has been presented in this paper. The experiments were carried out in batch 6-l working volume stirred tank bioreactors at constant temperature of 25°C. Initial total solids have been at the levels of 15, 19, 34, 55 and 66 g l−1. The kinetics of microbial decomposition of organic substances was described by means of an unstructured model. The satisfactory time courses for substrate chemical oxygen demand in the solid (CODS) and liquid phase (CODL) and biomass concentration (RNA) have been achieved. Also, the influence of the initial TS on the kinetics of the biodegradation process was investigated and the optimum value of initial TS for this type of processes was estimated at 34–55 g l−1.

The management of solid waste has become a major cause of concern over the past few years in both developed and developing countries. With rapid increase of population, urbanization and industrialization, there has been a marked rise in living conditions of people and this had led to the generation of varied types of solid waste that needs to be effectively managed. Since 2016, Indore has eliminated garbage dumps, ensured 100% waste segregation and converted waste into useful products. Indore has been adjudged the cleanest city of India consecutively for three years by the urban development ministry. The paper summarizes the solid waste management practices, strategies, processes and methods used to manage the Municipal solid waste in Indore.

Engineering properties of materials includes coefficient of friction (COF) which are basic in design performance of engineering systems. The COF can be considered as very important in design of handling tools. Various types of handling tools and equipment are used at various stages of disposal and treatment of MSW and COF is one critical property. This paper presents estimate of COF of municipal solid waste components. The components of the municipal solid waste are paper, plastic, organic and others. The estimation of the COF was done using an inclino-tribometer. Waste from 16 sample locations were used with 6 surfaces which are considered to be of relevant. It was estimated that Formica surface has the least COF values and range from 0.269 and 0.312 with ‘others’ – formica surface tribosystem being the least. It was also found that paint application on wooden surface with oil paint would increase COF as compared to applying emulsion on same wooden surface. The study pointed out th...

Three wastes are examined: agricultural slurry, municipal solid waste (MSW) and sludge (wastewater biosolids). The recommended utilisation of biogas generated from the digestion of agricultural slurry and of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) is as a transport fuel. Due to parasitic demands only 50% of biogas is available for export. The lack of a market for thermal product in incinerating the residue of MSW entails wastage of 42% of the energy value of the waste. The treatment of sewage sludge requires input of energy. An integrated system is proposed which overcomes the shortfalls of the separate systems. The sludge is incinerated with the residue of MSW. Electric and thermal products of the incineration process are used in the integrated system. Surplus electricity (67% of the total) is exported. The surplus heat (82% of the total) may be exported if a market is found. The effect of the integrated system is to pull the balance of energy production towards transport fuel production and to ensure sustainability. A system treating the waste from 1,000,000 person equivalents (PE) could power 12,400 cars, provide electricity for 30,900 houses and heat 15,100 houses. q (J.D. Murphy). priority where applicable, as are sustainability concepts. The wastes investigated include: † Agricultural slurries; † Municipal solid waste; † Wastewater bio-solids.

Methane (CH 4 ) diffuse emissions from Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) landfills represent one of the most important anthropogenic sources of greenhouse gas. CH 4 is produced by anaerobic biodegradation of organic matter in landfilled MSW and constitutes a major component of landfill gas (LFG). Gas recovery is a suitable method to effectively control CH 4 emissions from landfill sites and the quantification of CH 4 emissions represents a good tool to evaluate the effectiveness of a gas recovery system in reducing LFG emissions. In particular, LFG emissions can indirectly be evaluated from mass balance equations between LFG production, recovery and oxidation in the landfill, as well as by a direct approach based on LFG emission measurements from the landfill surface. However, up to now few direct measurements of landfill CH 4 diffuse emissions have been reported in the technical literature. In the present study, both modeling and direct emission measuring methodologies have been applied to the case study of Bellolampo landfill located in Palermo, Italy. The main aim of the present study was to evaluate CH 4 diffuse emissions, based on direct measurements carried out with the flux accumulation chamber (static, non-stationary) method, as well as to obtain the CH 4 contoured flux map of the landfill. Such emissions were compared with the estimate achieved by means of CH 4 mass balance equations. The results showed that the emissions obtained by applying the flux chamber method are in good agreement with the ones derived by the application of the mass balance equation, and that the evaluated contoured flux maps represent a reliable tool to locate areas with abnormal emissions in order to optimize the gas recovery system efficiency.

The anaerobic digestion of solid wastes is now a widely-used technology in Europe with more than 50 full-scale plants operating. However, anaerobic solid waste digestion is still used to only a limited extent in North America with only three facilities in Canada. Because of the expected importance of anaerobic digestion in the future for energy recovery, reliable tools are required to evaluate the different available technologies, as well as the feed stocks that are suitable for treatment. Therefore, this paper presents a framework that has been developed for evaluating anaerobic solid waste digestion. To develop the framework, a review of the performance of digestion processes was first conducted. Because the data presented were for very different operational parameters (retention time, temperature, configuration set up, mixing, etc.) as well as substrates used for digestion, a standard method of comparison was developed. Gas production per Mg input, organic loading rate and percent volatile solids removal were identified as useful standard parameters for evaluating the performance of different technologies. This framework was constructed as a spread sheet and can be used for different set ups (configuration, organic loading rate, etc.) and with different substrates. It can predict, based on the input and using mass balances, the mass of products of the digester including biogas, treated solids and water. This framework provides a useful tool for evaluating the technical capabilities of different technologies, predicting the quantity of the products, and ultimately, making decisions as to which technologies best meet local needs.

Life-cycle assessment concepts and methods are currently being applied to evaluate integrated municipal solid waste management strategies throughout the world. The Research Triangle Institute and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency are working to develop a computer-based decision support tool to evaluate integrated municipal solid waste management strategies in the United States. The waste management unit processes included in this tool are waste collection, transfer stations, recovery, com~ post, combustion, and landfill. Additional unit processes included are electrical energy production, transportation, and remanufacturing. The process models inclnde methodologies for environmental and cost analysis. The environmental methodology calculates life cycle inventory type data for the different unit processes. The cost methodology calculates annualized construction and equipment capital costs and operating costs per ton processed at the facility. The resulting environmental and cost parameters are allocated to individual components of the waste stream by process specific allocation methodologies. All of this information is implemented into the decision support tool to provide a life-cycle management evaluation of integrated municipal solid waste management strategies. throughout the world that are applying LCA concepts and methods to the evaluation of integrated municipal solid waste (MSW) management strategies. In evaluating such strategies, planners have a wide variety of available processes for waste collection, separation, treatment, and disposal to evaluate. Combining these processes in integrated systems forms complex interrelationships of mass flows with associated energy and resource consumptions and environmental releases. Examining these interrelationships, and identifying optimal management solutions, can be accomplished by taking a life-cycle management (LCM) approach, as illustrated in . Unlike traditional product LCAs which begin with raw materials extraction, our system begins with MSW generation and considers the inputs and effects to all life cycle stages resulting from the management of MSW. This LCM perspective encourages waste planners to consider the environmental performance of the entire system including activities that occur outside of the traditional framework Int. J. LCA 4 (4) 193 -201 (1999) 9 ecomed publishers,

The present study was conducted on the main landfill of the city of zagreb which contains about 5 million tons of waste disposed of directly onto highly permeable alluvial sediments. The investigations were aimed at assessing the impact of contamination from the landfill on underlying soil and comprised the determination of a broad spectrum of inorganic and organic constituents in the samples (size fractions <2 mm) of solid waste, soil and aquifer sediments. Both the total content of various contaminants as well as their part which is readily leachable with water were determined in the examined samples. Compound classes identified in the landfill can be classified into the two main categories: (I) markers of biological waste and of its microbial transformation (ammonia, dissolved organic carbon, short-chain aliphatic acids, phenols, derivatives of abietic acid) and (2) markers of anthropogenic waste (toxic metals, hydrocarbons, chlorinated hydrocarbons, surfactant-derived compounds, phthalates, pharmaceutical chemicals). The complex assemblages of contaminants were shown to change dramatically during the transport from the solid waste through unsaturated zone of the soil to aquifer sediments. It was shown that, in addition to the vertical infiltration of leachate from the solid waste, the hydrological regime of groundwater has also a strong impact on the contaminant distribution in soils below the landfill.

Paper and cardboard stand for the major biodegradable organic fraction of most of municipal solid waste (MSW). This article aims at discussing the possible positive impact of a thin shredding of this fraction on its biodegradability under mesophilic anaerobic conditions, either for landfilling or for digestion in industrial reactors. For that purpose, BMP tests were performed on two types of paper and cardboard mixtures: one sorted from a complex landfill French MSW income, one built from source separated papers and cardboards. For both of these substrates, comparison was made between assays on large pieces of waste and assays on tiny shredded waste (powder particles of less than 1 mm diameter). For the second substrate, assays at two different inoculation levels were performed. All results are discussed both in terms of maximal methane conversion yields and in terms of kinetic rates. The main conclusion is that shredding does not improve methane potential of paper and cardboard, neither the biogas production rates. This leads the authors to put forward the hypothesis that shredding does not significantly either increase enzyme accessibility to cellulose nor favor the surface bacterial colonization, although it strongly affects the macrostructure of the waste.

The aim of this study was to assess the efficiency of leachate treatment by microbial oxidation in four connected on-site aerated lagoons at a landfill site. The landfill site was found to be in an ageing methanogenic state, producing leachate with relatively low COD (mean value 1740 mg l À1 ) and relatively high ammonium concentrations (mean value 1241 mg l À1 ). Removal of COD averaged 75%, with retention times varying from 11 to 254 days. Overall 80% of the N load was removed within the plant, some by volatilisation of ammonium. Microbial community profiling of the water from each lagoon showed a divergent community profile, presumably a reflection of the nutrient status in each lagoon. In municipal solid waste landfills under similar conditions, leachate treatment through a facultative aerobic system in which sequential aerobic and anaerobic microbial oxidations occurred can readily be achieved using a simple two-lagoon system, suggesting this technology can be economic to install and simple to run.

This work aims in developing a technique to be used at large scale for treating leachates which are produced by compaction of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) of Mohammedia city (Morocco). In order to avoid environment pollution, the MSW effluents are usually stored in basins before their treatment. However, sometimes these effluents are dumped directly in the landfill without any treatment, causing, hence, environmental problems. In the present work, anaerobic biological treatment, followed by aeration, were both used, to achieve removal of pollution load of fresh leachates from the MSW. Thus, high organic load effluents were treated by anaerobic process during 43 days, followed by intensive injection of 3.5 L of air per minute in 10 liters of leachate over a period of 30 days. The resulting characteristics of the treated leachate such as the COD, the BOD5 and the turbidity, were found to depend on the importance of the pollution load, and on the nature of the inorganic constituents initially present in the leachate. The anaerobic-aerobic treatments used in this work have lead to the purification of the leachate with reductions of 75% of COD; 66% of BOD5 and 60% of turbidity, from their respective initial concentrations of 58 880 mg/L, 24 000 mg/L and 2036 NTU. Finally, the anaerobic combined with aerobic treatment was found to be very efficient in the treatment of MSW leachate, enhancing hence its biodegradability.

Rapid economic development and population growth, inadequate infrastructure and expertise, and land scarcity make the management of municipal solid waste become one of Malaysia's most critical environmental issues. The study is aimed at evaluating the generation, characteristics, and management of solid waste in Malaysia based on published information. In general, the per capita generation rate is about 0.5-0.8 kg/person/day in which domestic waste is the primary source. Currently, solid waste is managed by the Ministry of Housing and Local Government, with the participation of the private sector. A new institutional and legislation framework has been structured with the objectives to establish a holistic, integrated, and cost-effective solid waste management system, with an emphasis on environmental protection and public health. Therefore, the hierarchy of solid waste management has given the highest priority to source reduction through 3R, intermediate treatment and final disposal.

Driven by legislation, within England, the Government has set challenging, but realistic, targets to improve the management of municipal solid waste (MSW). This includes, to recycle or compost at least 25% of household waste by 2005. Additional to this, is the requirement under the EU Landfill Directive to limit the amount of biodegradable municipal waste (BMW) to be landfilled. Such targets will be very difficult to reach unless there is a rapid improvement in the recycling rate across England. To reach the targets, the majority of waste collection authorities (WCAs) will need to introduce a kerbside type collection, focussing upon key recyclates. For the kerbside scheme to deliver its intended outcome, the local population has to be effectively engaged through a well-designed communications campaign. Whilst there has been significant growth in publicity for local recycling schemes in recent years, there has been a general neglect of issues concerning public participation and the need for effective marketing communications to residents. Very little empirical research has been conducted to explore the role that marketing communications can play in influencing attitude change and recycling behaviour, determining which communication tools are considered to be most effective by local residents, the most effective scheduling of marketing communications and their cost effectiveness. Rushcliffe Borough Council is a WCA in the East Midlands of England. It decided in early 2001 to adopt a kerbside scheme in an attempt to reach statutory targets (e.g. 12% for 2003/2004). The introduction of the scheme was supported by a communications campaign, branded as recycling2go. Underlying the branded image was a detailed communications strategy, designed by a RBC expert subject team. Monitoring of recycling2go was conducted via a number of channels. A Citizens Panel survey indicated that the publicly preferred option for communication is leaflets (79%), followed by newspapers (34%) and personalised letters (33%). A relatively high proportion of residents were found to have access to the Internet at home (66%) but only 15% were prepared to use this as a communication channel with RBC. During a 'pilot area' survey, it was found that some 91% of respondents felt 'satisfied' in terms of being kept informed about the scheme. It was claimed that marketing and communications activities had 'influenced' some 75% of them to recycle more and newsletters (70%) were the most effective communication method. The estimated cost, above normal in-house, for the communications campaign was £56,000; at present this is difficult to compare with a wide-range of other LA campaigns as little data is available. The Borough recycling rate in 2001/2002 was 9.7%. The recycling rate during 2002/2003 in the recycling2go area was around 48%. It had reached close to 50% by December 2003, suggesting that RBC may become one of the UK's highest performing local authorities (LAs). It can be argued that the RBC communications campaign has helped underpin the introduction of a highly successful kerbside scheme. To carry out a detailed, critical analysis would require a series of benchmarked studies by which to compare this campaign. However, such studies are, at present, relatively rare in the UK. What is apparent, is that in future all LAs must use standard communications methodology to design their campaign and this requires highly trained and competent staff-not generalists.

Aluminum enters municipal solid waste ͑MSW͒ landfills from untreated raw curbside trash ͑MSW͒, industrial waste, and aluminum production wastes variously called dross, baghouse fines, salt cake, and other designations. Aluminum related reactions can arise and become problematic for landfill operations by generating undesirable heat, liquid leachate, and gases, such as hydrogen, hydrogen sulfide, carbon monoxide, and ammonia. Temperature excursions up to ϳ150°C ͑300°F͒ and landfill gas pressures exceeding 210 kPa have been observed. Water from the MSW, precipitation, injection, and/or surface water management can result in sufficient water to trigger problematic aluminum related reactions. Another source of water in a MSW landfill is leachate recirculation, which is not recommended if substantial aluminum is present in the landfill mass because it can lead to a problematic aluminum related reaction. This paper examines the chemical reactions involving aluminum in landfills and the negative consequences of introducing aluminum into MSW landfills regardless of its origin. Proposals for mitigating aluminum reactions are also presented.