International space station

Decreased bone mineral density (BMD) in astronauts returning from long-duration spaceflight missions has been well documented, but the altered mechanical loading environment experienced by the musculoskeletal system, which may contribute to these changes, has not been well characterized. The current study describes the loading environment of the lower extremity (LE) during typical days on the International Space Station (ISS) compared to similar data for the same individuals living on Earth. Data from in-shoe force measurements are also used as input to the enhanced daily load stimulus (EDLS) model to determine the mechanical ''dose'' experienced by the musculoskeletal system and to associate this dose with changes in BMD.

The ALTEA program is an international and multidisciplinary collaboration aimed at studying particle radiation in space environment and its effects on astronauts, in particular the anomalous perception of Light Flashes. This paper describes ALTEA space facility scheduled to fly in the International Space Station (ISS) after July 2006, what kind of data are produced and how data are transmitted to Earth, processed and analyzed.

With 5-7 month long duration missions at 51.6°inclination in Low Earth Orbit, the ionizing radiation levels to which International Space Station (ISS) crewmembers are exposed will be the highest planned occupational exposures in the world. Even with the expectation that regulatory dose limits will not be exceeded during a single tour of duty aboard the ISS, the ''as low as reasonably achievable'' (ALARA) precept requires that radiological risks be minimized when possible through a dose optimization process. Judicious placement of efficient shielding materials in locations where crewmembers sleep, rest, or work is an important means for implementing ALARA for spaceflight. Polyethylene (C n H n ) is a relatively inexpensive, stable, and, with a low atomic number, an effective shielding material that has been certified for use aboard the ISS. Several designs for placement of slabs or walls of polyethylene have been evaluated for radiation exposure reduction in the Crew Quarters (CQ) of the Zvezda (Star) Service Module. Optimization of shield designs relies on accurate characterization of the expected primary and secondary particle environment and modeling of the predicted radiobiological responses of critical organs and tissues. Results of the studies shown herein indicate that 20% or more reduction in equivalent dose to the CQ occupant is achievable. These results suggest that shielding design and risk analysis are necessary measures for reducing long-term radiological risks to ISS inhabitants and for meeting legal ALARA requirements. Verification of shield concepts requires results from specific designs to be compared with onboard dosimetry.

The Heterodyne I w e n t (HIPI) for the Far-IniWed and Sub-millimeter Telescope (FIRST) requires local oscillators well into the terah-fiquency ran@. The mechanism to realize the local oscillators will involve synlhesbers, active multiplia chains (AMC's) with output fkquencies from 71-112.5 GIXZ, power amplifiers ta ampllfy the AMC signals, and chains of Schottky diode multipliers to aclum tenhertz frequencies. We will present the htest state-of-theeaxt results on 70-1 15 GI& Monolithk Mibxter-wave Integrated Circuit ("IC) power amptifief t.echolagy.

Current measurements from DIARAD/VIRGO, PMO6V/VIRGO and ACRIM3 radiometers are of the same order of magnitude, but differ from TIM/SORCE by about 4.5 W m À2 . This difference is higher than the sum of the claimed individual absolute uncertainties of the instruments. In this context, the SOLAR payload on the International Space Station embarks the SOVIM package. We give the results of the differential absolute radiometer DIARAD/SOVIM and discuss its associated uncertainties. Compared to DIARAD/ VIRGO, all possible efforts have been made to improve the absolute accuracy. Substantial progress has been made in the aperture area and electrical power measurements. The measured TSI value from the left channel of DIARAD/SOVIM during three days of June 2008 is 1364.50 ± 1.38 W m À2 (Total) or ±0.49 W m À2 (if we combine the individual contributions in quadrature). The right channel gives 1364.75 W m À2 with the same uncertainties. These values are about 1.2 W m À2 lower than DIARAD/VIRGO and about 4 W m À2 higher than TIM/SORCE. The difference between the left and right channels measurements is as low as 0.25 W m À2 which is within the improved uncertainty limits.

International Space Station (ISS) glovebox experiment designed to study the effect of preshear on the transient evolution of the microstructure and viscoelastic tensile stresses for monodisperse dilute polymer solutions. Collectively referred to as "Boger fluids," these polymer solutions have become a popular choice for rheological studies of non-Newtonian fluids and are the non-Newtonian fluid used in this experiment. The SHERE hardware consists of the Rheometer, Camera Arm, Interface Box, Cabling, Keyboard, Tool Box, Fluid Modules, and Stowage Tray. Each component will be described in detail in this paper. In the area of space exploration, the development of in-situ fabrication and repair technology represents a critical element in evolution of autonomous exploration capability. SHERE has the capability to provide data for engineering design tools needed for polymer parts manufacturing systems to ensure their rheological properties have not been impacted in the variable gravity environment and this will be briefly addressed.

A Space Power Satellite capable of providing solar electric power economically for 24 hours per day has been a dream for decades. Herein, an alternative will be described. Mirrors deflecting sunbeams down to earth is a much simpler concept. While this idea is very intriguing, the magnitude of its implementation is daunting. Nevertheless, the idea is intriguing enough to proceed with a first order design for the required space mirror satellites. A first step in a development road-map could be the construction of a 12 square meter space mirror to demonstrate full moon intensity illumination in Disney Parks in the evenings. This first small space mirror could potentially be deployed on the International Space Station for testing and proof of concept experiments.

Radiation assessment and protection in space is the Wrst step in planning future missions to the Moon and Mars, where mission and number of space travelers will increase and the protection of the geomagnetic shielding against the cosmic radiation will be absent. In this framework, the shielding eVectiveness of two Xexible materials, Kevlar and Nextel, were tested, which are largely used in the construction of spacecrafts. Accelerator-based tests clearly demonstrated that Kevlar is an excellent shield for heavy ions, close to polyethylene, whereas Nextel shows poor shielding characteristics. Measurements on Xight performed onboard of the International Space Station and of the Foton-M3 capsule have been carried out with special attention to the neutron component; shielded and unshielded detectors (thermoluminescence dosemeters, bubble detectors) were exposed to a real radiation environment to test the shielding properties of the materials under study. The results indicate no signiWcant eVects of shielding, suggesting that thin shields in low-Earth Orbit have little eVect on absorbed dose. This manuscript is based on a contribution given at the Heavy Ions in Therapy and Space Symposium

Atomic Clock Ensemble in Space (ACES) is an ESA mission in fundamental physics based on a new generation of clocks operated in the microgravity environment of the International Space Station. Installed at the external payload facility of the Columbus module, ACES will accommodate two atomic clocks: PHARAO, a primary frequency standard based on samples of laser cooled Cs atoms, and the active H-maser SHM. The two on-board clocks will generate a time scale with fractional frequency instability and inaccuracy of a few parts in 10 16. The ACES frequency reference will be distributed to ground by a MicroWave Link (MWL) and used to compare distant clocks. These comparisons will allow precision tests of the Einstein's theory of general relativity, including a measurement of the gravitational redshift, a search for time variations of fundamental constants, and tests of the standard model extension. ACES will also support applications in different areas of research, including geodesy and GNSS remote sensing. A link in the optical domain is also part of ACES for time transfer experiments, ranging, and analysis of atmospheric propagation delays. The engineering models of the ACES clocks and main subsystems have been successfully tested, and manufacturing of the flight models has been started. Mission concept, scientific objectives, and status of ACES will be presented together with the latest test results.

Earth is the only habitable planet for life form. Life started to develop on earth approximately 4.5 billion years ago. But human beings appeared on earth about 2.5 million years ago. For a good future of mankind it is important to ensure the food safety; energy safety; safety from global warming, sea level rise, another ice age, asteroids and other space component which can create partial or full mass destruction on earth. According to known facts we are alone in the solar system. But there are planets which can be developed into habitable human colonies.
Living outside the earth is a challenge to human kind whether in space or in a distant planet. In micro or less gravity environment we are neither adopted nor comfortable for many issues like temperature, air pressure, dryness, radiation etc. To make those habitats livable, an architect can contribute by designing an efficient and comfortable functional space to accommodate the researches. This study will help to understand the architectural attributes of International Space Station and other ongoing different design concepts of human habitation modules or colonies which will contribute in determining the architectural features which should be considered while designing the outer space or other planetary surface human habitats. The main focus of this study is the architectural features of the interior space which influences the psycho-physiological well-being of the researchers.
In terms of human centered design logic, in long duration space missions, colors, light and interior decor must have among their purposes: psycho-physiological well-being, orientation, and supportiveness for all activities. It is therefore necessary to recall, through stimulating elements, the “normality” in confined artificial environments. Physical and psychological conditions can be improved featuring variety and natural variations occurring in time according to the principle of natural design. The architects can organize these confined spaces in an effective space. For these reason the need for their involvement stemmed from the push to extend space mission durations and address the needs of astronauts including but beyond minimum survival needs.
In the future the space will be human kind’s main destination for energy, habitation, tourism, industries etc. These features will help to increase the efficiency of the astronauts and decrease the effect of long term space missions. It is therefore necessary to design a better environment with the use of colour, light, art and activity spaces which will create an adaptive space within a confined artificial environment.

algorithms are usually based on engineering knowledge of the problem and hand generated. They cannot identify problems outside prescoped knowledge. Data mining algorithms can sort through massive amounts of data to locate key features, identify key data segments, or directly train models for event detection. Data mining techniques can better use the vast archive of operational data to formulate models for early event detection. Data mining is essentially the process of automatically extracting valid, useful, previously unknown, and comprehensible information from large databases and using it to make crucial decisions. Data mining techniques are drawn from machine learning and artificial intelligence, pattern recognition, statistics, database systems, and data visualization. They are geared toward applications where traditional techniques may not be suitable, for example because of the enormity of the data, the high dimensionality of the data, or the heterogeneous, distributed nature of the data. Data mining techniques examine the collected data for unusual situations and the results can be used as a basis for an EED algorithm to detect unexpected problems. Usually, a data mining technique will learn a model of the normal behavior of the system, and then the run-time algorithm will detect situations outside normal.

Astronauts live and work in highly unusual and challenging environments where they must withstand multiple stressors. Their abilities to maintain positive psychological outlooks and good interpersonal relations are crucial for personal well-being and mission success. From the inception of the space program, psychologists, psychiatrists, human factors experts, and other professionals have warned that the psychological stressors of space should be treated as a risk factor and that the risk would increase as missions involved larger, more diversified crews undertaking increasingly long flights. Thus, they called for research leading to the development and application of effective countermeasures. Although psychology played a significant role at the inception of the space program, for many years thereafter certain areas of psychology all but disappeared from NASA. Interest in psychosocial adaptation was rekindled in the mid-1990s when astronauts joined cosmonauts on the Russian space st...

Winner of the 2017 Sacknoff Prize for Space History from the Society for the History of Technology (SHOT) Aerospace Special Interest Group (Albatross) and Quest: The History of Spaceflight: https://www.spacehistory101.com/Sacknoff_Prize_for_Space_History_s/1824.htm

Since the earliest days of spaceflight, a range of actors—philosophers, scientists, engineers, lawyers, politicians, and “the rest of us”—have connected the view of Earth from outer space, often called the “world picture,” with “thinking globally.”  In doing so, these actors have related space activities to new kinds of political and existential meaning. Historical, anthropological, and sociological studies of these perspectives usefully deconstruct the influence of colonialism, politics, social order, and culture on the world picture, suggesting that its so-called global thinking is not so global after all.  Notably, Benjamin Lazier (2011) and Jordan Bimm (2014) historicize views about observing Earth from outer space, mainly as intellectual, politicized developments among philosophers and early spacefarers.  In Lazier’s account, the world picture is flat, not merely a philosophical but an actual “enframing”—literally, a picture of Earth from space.  But for astronauts and the engineers who design their vessels, the view of Earth from outer space occurs not within a two-dimensional frame but a physical space, which I tentatively call a “world space.” This approach inverts the object of study in discourses on the world picture from the impersonal “Whole Earth” to the space in which actors encounter it. I ask: How do the historical contingencies and sociological networks of spacecraft design influence astronaut experiences of viewing Earth from outer space and their “global thinking” or lack thereof?

I offer an historical and a sociological account of design, architecture, and bodies in one of the most unique sites of the International Space Station (ISS), the Cupola, often referred to as “our window on the world.”  I argue that the Cupola and ISS are what Michel Foucault would call “heterotopias.”  This concept presents a politically-charged, unorthodox lens through which to study such spaces. The heterotopia enriches scholarship on the world picture, providing a language by which to highlight flows of power in the Cupola and ISS. First, I review and critique studies on space, place, outer space, and thinking globally, using the heterotopia to intervene in these discourses. I then reveal various kinds of heterotopias related to life in the Cupola that highlight control and resistance to it. I show that the Cupola was designed and operates to order life and technological practices within and beyond its space, but that it also induces experiences that contest this spatial order. Although the Cupola may not create a “sense of place,” as Lazier might suggest and as Lisa Messeri claims of planetary scientists’ encounters with other worlds , it partly rejects its own spatial order by eroding astronauts’ global thinking and subverting its function as a technology that disciplines astronaut life.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: I would like to express the utmost gratitude to Richard Staley for his invaluable and continuing insights and guidance during and after the writing of my M.Phil. Dissertation at Cambridge, from which this article is adapted. I must also thank Charissa Varma, Marwa Elshakry, Peter Dickens, Jordan Bimm, and Jeremy Kessler for their generous feedback and for various discussions that stimulated the development of the piece. I am further indebted to Mary Brazelton, Josh Nall, Simon Schaffer, Asif Siddiqi, Matthew Hersch, and Eleni Panagiotarakou for conversations on and offline that extended the reach of my research.

Exercise deconditioning during space flight may impact a crewmember's ability to perform strenuous or prolonged tasks during and after a spaceflight mission. In this paper, we review the cardiovascular exercise data from U.S. spaceflights from the Mercury Project through International Space Station (ISS) expeditions and potential implications upon current and future missions. During shorter spaceflights (o16 days), the heart rate (HR) response to exercise testing and maximum oxygen consumption (VO 2 max) are not changed. The submaximal exercise HR responses during longer duration flights are less consistent, and VO 2 max has not been measured. Skylab data demonstrated no change in the exercise HR response during flight which would be consistent with no change in VO 2 max; however, during ISS flight exercise HR is elevated early in the mission, but approaches preflight levels later during the missions, perhaps due to performance of exercise countermeasures. An elevated exercise HR is consistently observed after both short and long duration spaceflight, and crewmembers appear to recover at rates which are affected by the length of the mission.

Uzay, hepimizin bildiği gibi insan yaşamına elverişli olmayan ve içinde hiçbir madde bulunmayan yani boşluktur. Özellikle de yaşama izin vermemesi nedeni ile insanoğlunun dikkatini uzun yıllardır çekmektedir. İnsanoğlunun bu merakı onu uzaya çıkma ve orada yaşam olup olmadığını keşfetmeye sürüklemiştir. İlk uzaya çıkış fikirlerinin oluşmasında edebiyatın büyük önemi vardır. Uzay hakkında birçok yazar kitaplar ve yazılar yazmıştır ama bence bunlardan en önemlisi Jules Verne'in " Aya Yolculuk " adlı bilim kurgu öyküsüdür. Kitapta Amerikan iç savaşı sırasında, Maryland eyaletinin Baltimore şehrinin zengin ailelerinin bir araya gelerek kurduğu Silah Kulübü, savaştan sonra sessizliğe bürünür. Savaş sonrasında bir araya gelen üyeler, yeni hedeflerini, Ay'a gidecek bir uzay gemisi inşa etmek ve onunla Ay' gitmek olarak belirler. Verne'in seyahate dair yaptığı hesap ve tahminlerin, onun zamanındaki tüm bilgi eksikliklerine rağmen, gerçeğe son derece yakınlığı açısından şaşırtıcıdır. Bu kitap açık bir şekilde aya çıkma fikrinin temeli olmuştur. İnsanoğlu bir düşünceye göre sonsuzluğa olan tutkusu ve uzaya olan merakı yüzünden uzaya çıkmıştır. Bir diğer düşünce de şöyledir:1945'te patlatılan 2 atom bombası insan türünün yeryüzündeki varlığının insan eliyle bitirilebileceğini göstermiştir. Tehlikeye giren tür ne yapar? Mekanını terk eder. Yani insanın varlığının tehlikeye girmesiyle yeni yaşam alanları bulmak için uzaya çıktığı ifade edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak… İNSANOĞLU UZAYDA 1957'de SSCB'nin Sputnik 1 yapay uydusunu yörüngeye yerleştirmesi ile insanlık adına büyük bir adım atmakla beraber bir Uzay Savaşı başlatmıştır. Bu olay sonucu Rusya halkı gayet gururlu, Amerika ise endişeli durumdadır. Bilim ve teknoloji alanında geri kaldığını düşünen ve zaten başkanlık koltuğuna Ay'a çıkma vaatleri ile geçen John F. Kenndy uzay, uydu ve uzay gemisi gibi kavramları okul müfredatına konulmasını istemiş, sonucunda Amerikan gençleri arasında uzay gemisi maketi yapmak hobi haline gelmiştir. Çok değil Sputnik 1'den 4 ay sonra ABD Explorer 1 uydusunu fırlatmış ve başarılı olmuştur. Sovyetler Birliği 12 Nisan 1961 yılında tarihe geçecek olan Yuri Gagarin isimli cesur astronotu Vostok 1 adlı araç ile yörüngeye yerleştirmeyi başardı. Bu hareket insanlık tarihinin en önemli ve cesur hareketlerinden biriydi. ABD, Sovyetlerin bu atağı karşısında çalışmalarını hızlandırdı ve 25 Nisan 1961'de ilk uzay adamını Vostok 1'e göre daha dar ve küçük olan Mercury-Redstone 3 aracı ile uzaya gönderdi ancak bu araç yörüngeye bile giremeden dünyaya geri döndü. Yörüngeye oturan ilk Amerikalı bu talihsiz olaydan 10 ay sonra Mercury 4 aracı ile yörüngeye oturmuştur(John Glenn). Sovyetler kazandıkları bu ivme ile uzay yarışında ilklere de imza attı. 1965'te Aleksei Leonov ilk uzay yürüyüşünü gerçekleştirdi. ABD 1969 yılında Ay'a insan göndermiş ve oradan kaya ve toprak numuneleri almayı başarmıştır. ABD'nin Ay'a çıkmasına rağmen uzay yarışını Rusya kazanmıştır diyebiliriz. Ama günümüzde NASA'nın RSA'dan daha çok gündemde oluşu ABD'nin bu konuda önde olduğuna işarettir. Günümüzde uzaya uydu ve ya insan göndermek normalleşmiş, insanoğlu uzay ve Ay hakkında birçok bilgiye sahip olmuştur. Ama bu bile yetmemiş uzayda devasa istasyonlar, gelişmiş uydular vb. birçok araç uzaya fırlatılmıştır. Bu yarışa Almanya, Fransa, İngiltere ve Hindistan gibi birçok ülkenin de katılımı ile Dünya'nın çevresi metal yığınlarıyla kaplanmış adeta bir uydu çöplüğü olmuştur. ULUSLAR ARASI UZAY İSTASYONU

of two large launch vehicles to return humans to the Moon. A deliberate effort is being made to ensure a high level of operability in order to significantly increase safety and availability as well as reduce recurring costs of this new launch vehicle. It is the Ares Project's goal to instill operability as part of the requirements development, design and operations of the vehicle. This paper will identify important factors in launch vehicle design that affect the operability and availability of the system. Similarities and differences in operational constraints will also be compared between the Saturn V, Space Shuttle and current Ares I design. Finally, potential improvements in operations and operability for large launch vehicles will be addressed. From the examples presented, the paper will discuss potential improvements for operability for future launch vehicles. 1 2 7. CONCLUSIONS.

The main purposes of experiment ''Obstanovka'' (''Environment'' in Russian) consisting of several instruments are to measure a set of electromagnetic and plasma phenomena characterizing the space weather conditions, and to evaluate how such a big and highly energy consuming body as the International Space Station disturbs the surrounding plasma, and how the station itself is charged due to the operation of so many instruments, solar batteries, life supporting devices, etc. Two identical Langmuir electrostatic probes are included in the experiment ''Obstanovka''. In this paper the Langmuir probes for ''Obstanovka'' experiment are described, including the choice of geometry (spherical or cylindrical), a more reliable method for the sweep voltage generation, an adaptive algorithm for the probe's operation. Special attention is paid to the possibility for remote upgrading of the instrument from the ground using the standard communication channels.

Radiation measurements made onboard the MIR Orbital Station have spanned nearly a decade and covered two solar cycles, including one of the largest solar particle events, one of the largest magnetic storms, and a mean solar radio ux level reaching 250 × 10 4 Jansky that has been observed in the last 40 years. The cosmonaut absorbed dose rates varied from about 450 Gy day −1 during solar minimum to approximately half this value during the last solar maximum. There is a factor of about two in dose rate within a given module, and a similar variation from module to module. The average radiation quality factor during solar minimum, using the ICRP-26 deÿnition, was about 2.4. The drift of the South Atlantic Anomaly was measured to be 6:0 ± 0:5 • W, and 1:6 ± 0:5 • N. These measurements are of direct applicability to the International Space Station. This paper represents a comprehensive review of Mir Space Station radiation data available from a variety of sources.

Space exploration programmes, currently under discussion in the US and in Europe, foresee human missions to Mars to happen within the first half of this century. In this context, the European Space Agency (ESA) has conducted a study on the human responses, limits and needs for such exploratory missions, the so-called HUMEX study (ESA SP-1264). Based on a critical assessment of the limiting factors for human health and performance and the definition of the life science and life support requirements performed in the frame of the HUMEX study, the following major critical items have been identified: (i) radiation health risks, mainly occurring during the interplanetary transfer phases and severely augmented in case of an eruption of a solar particle event;

Space exploration programmes, currently under discussion in the US and in Europe, foresee human missions to Mars to happen within the first half of this century. In this context, the European Space Agency (ESA) has conducted a study on the human responses, limits and needs for such exploratory missions, the so-called HUMEX study (ESA SP-1264). Based on a critical assessment of the limiting factors for human health and performance and the definition of the life science and life support requirements performed in the frame of the HUMEX study, the following major critical items have been identified: (i) radiation health risks, mainly occurring during the interplanetary transfer phases and severely augmented in case of an eruption of a solar particle event;

A b s t r a c t Humans are exposed to ionizing radiation all the time, and it is known that it can induce a variety of harmful biological effects. Consequently, it is necessary to quantitatively assess the level of exposure to this radiation as the basis for estimating risks due to ionization radiation. During the Work Package 2400 of the COST-724/WG-2 action, a number of spacecraft and aircraft experiments have been performed with both active and passive detectors. A large data base has been created.

RUSALKA is an experiment aimed to demonstrate the method to monitor CO2 and CH4 with low cost and weight equipment. It was delivered to the Russian segment of the International Space Station (ISS) in the end of summer 2009. The novel instrument is a high-resolution near-IR spectrometer combining an echelle grating with an acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF) for separation of diffraction orders. A compact design with no moving parts within the mass budget of 2 kg allows to reach the resolving power of 20000 in the spectral range of 1580 nm (CO2), 1640 nm (CH4), in 49 and 47 echelle grating diffraction orders, and of reference O2 bands 760 and 1270 nm, in 101 and 61 diffraction orders. Only one diffraction order can be measured at a time, but thanks to flexibility of the AOTF tuning, any order can be measured randomly and rapidly within the spectral range. A spectrometer, based on this principle, SOIR (Solar Occultation InfraRed) is operational on Venus Express ESA mission since 2005....

Space continues to be the next frontier in human exploration. In 1962, President John F. Kennedy set space as the next frontier to be explored; and today, more than fifty years later, outer space still remains a mystery. Even though astronomers can see into deep space with powerful telescopes, they can only make assumptions about the structure, composition, formation, and other characteristics of what they are observing. There have only been a few missions in which samples have been collected or analyzed, but these missions have been limited to the solar system. Sending a person to the moon was an enormous achievement. However, forty years later, humans still have not been able to go beyond the moon to explore the vast riches of space. There are several reasons for this, including budget limitations, lack of technology, and the risking of human lives. Since 1969, there have been several missions to the moon, which helped humankind learn about the behavior of things in space, "zero" gravity, and the formation of the moon and the solar system. Another impressive achievement of humankind in space was the construction and assembling of the International Space station (ISS), which allows astronauts to do research with many purposes, including for medical, biological, and engineering advances.

For the evaluation of organ dose and dose equivalent of astronauts on space shuttle and the International Space Station (ISS) missions, the CAMERA models of CAM (Computerized Anatomical Male) and CAF (Computerized Anatomical Female) of human tissue shielding have been implemented and used in radiation transport model calculations at NASA. One of new human geometry models to meet the "reference person" of International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) is based on detailed Voxel (volumetric and pixel) phantom models denoted for male and female as MAX (Male Adult voXel) and FAX (Female Adult voXel), respectively. We compared the CAM model predictions of organ doses to those of MAX model, since the MAX model represents the male adult body with much higher fidelity than the CAM model currently used at NASA. Directional body-shielding mass was evaluated for over 1500 target points of MAX for specified organs considered to be sensitive to the induction of stochastic effects. Radiation exposures to solar particle event (SPE), trapped protons, and galactic cosmic ray (GCR) were assessed at the specific sites in the MAX phantom by coupling space radiation transport models with the relevant body-shielding mass. The development of multiple-point body-shielding distributions at each organ made it possible to estimate the mean and variance of organ doses at the specific organ. For the estimate of doses to the blood forming organs (BFOs), data on active marrow distributions in adult were used to weight the bone marrow sites over the human body. The discrete number of target points of MAX organs resulted in a reduced organ dose and dose equivalent compared to the results of CAM organs especially for SPE, and should be further investigated. Differences of effective doses between the two approaches were found to be small (<5%) for GCR.

Formation of microbial biofilms on surfaces of a wide range of materials being considered as candidates for use on the International Space Station was investigated. The materials included a fibre-reinforced polymeric composite, an adhesive sealant, a polyimide insulation foam, teflon cable insulation, titanium, and an aliphatic polyurethane coating. They were exposed to a natural mixed population of bacteria under controlled conditions of temperature and relative humidity (RH). Biofilms formed on the surfaces of the materials at a wide range of temperatures and RHs. The biofilm population was dominated by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Ochrobactrum anthropi, Alcaligenes denitr(ficans, Xanthomonas maltophila, and Vibrio harveyi. The biocide, diiodomethyl-p-tolylsulfone, impregnated in the polyurethane coating, was ineffective against microbial colonization and growth.

Six InSb crystals doped with Te or Zn were grown to provide the reference data for the analysis of the space experiments conducted at the International Space Station within the solidification using a baffle in sealed ampoules (SUBSA) investigation. The dopant concentration was measured using the Hall Effect, 4-point probe and Atomic Absorption methods. The dopant segregation profiles in all crystals grown on Earth demonstrate the presence of strong convective mixing in the melt. r

A program for simulating dynamic, coupled electrical power and thermal-hydraulic systems utilizes a single method to solve for both system electrical currents and fluid flow-rates. The simulation has been applied to large spacecraft, aircraft, and terrestrial power systems. The core of the program is a network solver that combines Newton's method with techniques for solving large, linear systems. The solution of nodal equations for both the electrical and fluid networks enables a common representation of the networks that easily translates into an object-oriented design. The speed and efficiency of the method enables large, real-time simulations with hardware-in-the-loop and softwarein-the-loop as well as faster-than-real-time simulations. An example of the method is presented for the energy-coupled electrical power system 420 × 420 matrix) and thermal control system 200 × 200 matrix) on the International Space Station. ᭧

We give a preliminary perspective on the basic principles and pitfalls of adjustable autonomy and humancentered teamwork. We then summarize the interim results of our study on the problem of work practice modeling and human-agent collaboration in space applications, the development of a broad model of human-agent teamwork grounded in practice, and the integration of the Brahms, KAoS, and NOMADS agent frameworks We hope our work will benefit those who plan and participate in work activities in a wide variety of space applications, as well as those who are interested in design and execution tools for teams of robots that can function as effective assistants to humans.

This paper presents the design and development of an upgrade to the Synchronized Po- sition Hold Engage Reorient Experimental Satellites (SPHERES) that enables the research and development of computer vision based navigation algorithms for spacecraft proximity operations. This upgrade is referred to as the SPHERES Goggles and is shown in Figure 1. It includes two cameras, illuminating LED lights, a

Given the long distances involved and the kinds of activities planned, crewmembers participating in long-duration exploratory space missions such as an expedition to Mars will have more autonomy than in previous space missions. In order to study the impact of high versus low crew autonomy on crewmembers and the crew-mission control interaction, we conducted a series of pilot studies involving three space simulation settings: NEEMO missions, the Haughton-Mars Project, and the pilot phase of the Mars 500 Program. As in our previous on-orbit studies on the Mir and International Space Station, crew and mission control subjects working in missions involving these three settings completed a weekly study questionnaire that assessed mood and interpersonal interactions using the Profile of Mood States, the Group Environment Scale, and the Work Environment Scale. The Mars 500 pilot study also directly assessed individual and group autonomy. In these studies, high autonomy periods were those where crewmembers planned much of their work schedule, whereas low autonomy periods were those where mission control personnel developed the schedule, much as happens now during actual space flight conditions. Our results suggested that high work autonomy was well-received by the crews, mission goals were accomplished, and there were no adverse effects. During high autonomy periods, crewmember mood was generally reported as being better and creativity was higher, but mission control personnel reported some confusion about their work role. The crewmember group environment in the Mars 500 pilot study was dependent on the nationality mix. Despite scoring lower in work pressure overall, the four Russian crewmembers reported a greater rise in work pressure from low to high autonomy than the two Europeans. In contrast, the European crewmembers reported a greater rise in dysphoric mood in going from low to high autonomy, whereas the Russians' emotional state remained the same or slightly improved. It is time to study the effects of high autonomy with larger subject samples during actual space missions on-orbit in preparation for future exploratory missions, where high autonomy will be the norm.

ABSTRACT The Altimetric Bathymetry from Surface Slopes (ABYSS), which is the proposed science payload on the International Space Station (ISS), is a Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory-developed flight-proved delay-Doppler phase-monopulse radar altimeter capable of measuring ocean surface slope in the 6-200-km half-wavelength frequency band range with an accuracy of 0.5 mu rad , with autonomous gimbal control to compensate for the ISS structural motions. This measurement allows an improved mapping of the global bathymetry, enabling a wide range of scientific research works and applications. The nonrepeat ISS orbital ground track is ideal for ABYSS. This letter describes a simulation study on the effects of the Earth&amp;#39;s gravity field and other errors, including thermal bending of the ISS, on the orbit determination of the altimeter instrument antenna phase center location, fulfilling the science objectives of ABYSS. Our study concluded that the error due to mean gravity field is no longer limiting due primarily to the recent Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment gravity modeling and that the ABYSS/ISS radial orbit slope error budget in the presence of various force and measurement model errors is estimated at the 0.2-mu rad root-sum-squared (RSS) level, which satisfies the ABYSS orbit accuracy science requirement to provide an improved mapping of global bathymetry.

Space agencies around the world are gearing up for new human space exploration missions. In order to ensure that such programs are sustainable, it is worthwhile to examine the lessons learned from past experiences with space logistics and supply chain management. This paper offers an overview of the current state of the art in logistics management for space exploration focused

Astronauts have conducted more than four years of continuous space research aboard the International Space Station (ISS). The US Laboratory Module, Destiny, is outfitted with a robust suite of scientific equipment to support spaceflight research. Research, albeit limited, is ongoing in spite the grounding of the Space Shuttle fleet as a result of the loss of the Columbia in February 2003. Results from the last four years of research on ISS are now appearing in the scientific literature. Indeed, scientific articles are now being submitted to peer-reviewed journals from the ISS by the Science Officer on board.

This paper presents the signal characteristic analysis of the International Space Station 2.4 GHz Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs). The test data indicate the Space Station RF environment is quite different from typical indoor environment. The empty Space Station modules may be regarded as oversized waveguides with very little propagation loss. The furnished Space Station modules are imperfect waveguides with many lossy materials presented. The propagation loss in both unfurnished and furnished module is less than in free space. It is observed that the propagation characteristics are significantly affected by the presence of the equipment and furniture inside the Space Station modules. The obtained results indicate the module geometry and interior furniture materials are the two important factors determining the propagation characteristics of the Space Station WLAN system. The analysis results from this paper are essential for Space Station WLAN access point placement and RF coverage performance determination.

testing facility consisting of three satellites operating inside the International Space Station (ISS). The goal is to use the long term microgravity environment of the ISS to mature formation flight and docking algorithms. The operations processes of SPHERES have also matured over the course of the first seven test sessions. This paper describes the evolution of the SPHERES program operations processes from conception to implementation to refinement through flight experience. Modifications to the operations processes were based on experience and feedback from Marshall Space Flight Center Payload Operations Center, USAF Space Test Program office at Johnson Space Center, and the crew of Expedition 13 (first to operate SPHERES on station). Important lessons learned were on aspects such as test session frequency, determination of session success, and contingency operations. The paper describes the tests sessions; then it details the lessons learned, the change in processes, and the impact on the outcome of later test sessions. SPHERES had very successful initial test sessions which allowed for modification and tailoring of the operations processes to streamline the code delivery and to tailor responses based on flight experiences.

The influence of geometry model approximations on Geant4 Monte Carlo simulation results of the radiation environment on-board the Columbus module of the International Space Station (ISS) has been investigated. Three geometry models of Columbus with different levels of detail and a geometry model of ISS have been developed. These geometries have been used for Geant4 simulations of the radiation environment inside Columbus induced by trapped protons and Galactic Cosmic Ray protons. Simulated dose rates and particle spectra on-board Columbus for each of the three Columbus models, with or without the ISS geometry model included, are presented and compared.