Inversion

We examine the intraday trading response of participants in the common stock market and in the preferred stock market to announcements of dividend increases on common stock. We find that participants in the preferred stock market respond more slowly to the ...

Humans’ conscious awareness of objects in their visual periphery is limited. This limit is not entirely the result of reduced visual acuity. Rather, it is primarily caused by crowding—the difficulty identifying an object when it is surrounded by clutter. The effect of crowding on visual awareness in infants has yet to be explored. Do infants, for example, have a fine-grained “spotlight,” as adults do, or do infants have a diffuse “lantern” that sets limits on what they can register in their visual periphery? We designed an eye-tracking paradigm to psychophysically measure crowding in infants between 6 months and 15 months of age. We showed infants pairs of faces at three eccentricities, in the presence or absence of flankers, and recorded infants’ first saccade from central fixation to either face. Infants could discriminate faces in the periphery, and flankers impaired this ability. We found that the effective spatial resolution of infants’ visual perception increased with age, but...

En un contexto adverso donde la escasez de subvenciones a los proyectos cinematográficos españoles ha hecho mella, la Ley del Cine, que entró en vigor en 2008, permitió que el capital de otros sectores distintos al mundo audiovisual pudieran financiar películas a través de las agrupaciones de interés económico (AIE), al considerarlo como una actividad estratégica para la cultura y el ocio. Se establece que, para incentivar las inversiones en producciones cinematográficas, se fomente la constitución de una AIE a la que resultará de aplicación el régimen fiscal especial establecido en la Ley del Impuesto de Sociedades. Es decir, facilitan la deducción por inversiones a aquellos sujetos pasivos del Impuesto de Sociedades y del IRPF que las realicen en producciones cinematográficas con nacionalidad española, largometrajes de ficción, animación o documental, además de series de ficción para TV. Esta deducción, junto con la generación de bases imponibles negativas aplicables a los inversores de la película, constituyen el conjunto del beneficio fiscal. Esto les permite convertirse en productores, logrando así una optimización fiscal, además de estimular paralelamente la industria del celuloide y de la televisión. ¿Quieres ser un productor de cine o televisión que desgrava y obtiene una alta rentabilidad financiera y fiscal? Con esta fórmula, el capital privado invertido en la película consigue una deducción del 18% al 20% (para el primer millón de euros) del coste de producción, reduciendo las subvenciones en la península; un 38%-40% en las islas Canarias (20 puntos más que en la península), el 35% Navarra y un 30% en el País Vasco. Se añade una fuente más de financiación al peculiar régimen de financiación de largometrajes que obliga a los productores a sufragar el coste de la película, sin obtener beneficios antes del segundo o tercer año, desde que se comienza a trabajar sobre la idea hasta que se consigue taquilla o se venden los derechos a las televisiones, distribuidoras, plataformas digitales. La apuesta es segura porque al vehicularlo a través de una AIE, el inversor gana automáticamente los porcentajes de la desgravación, teniendo en cuenta que está garantizada aunque la producción no tenga éxito en taquilla. Está pensado, sobre todo, para aquellas personas o empresas con patrimonio y otros ingresos, ya que la rentabilidad se logra a través de incentivos fiscales y no de la venta con plusvalías de la participación en la película. ¿Cómo se hace y cómo funciona? La AIE, figura asociativa de cooperación inter-empresarial, es una entidad con personalidad jurídica y carácter mercantil, cuya finalidad consiste en facilitar el desarrollo o mejorar los

One of the complex processes in spectral analysis of surface waves (SASW) data analysis is the inversion procedure. An initial soil profile needs to be assumed at the beginning of the inversion analysis, which involves calculating the theoretical dispersion curve. If the assumption of the starting soil profile model is not reasonably close, the iteration process might lead to nonconvergence or take too long to be converged. Automating the inversion procedure will allow us to evaluate the soil stiffness properties conveniently and rapidly by means of the SASW method. Multilayer perceptron (MLP), random forest (RF), support vector regression (SVR), and linear regression (LR) algorithms were implemented in order to automate the inversion. For this purpose, the dispersion curves obtained from 50 field tests were used as input data for all of the algorithms. The results illustrated that SVR algorithms could potentially be used to estimate the shear wave velocity of soil.

... Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2006 Fuzzy Genetic System for Modelling Investment Portfolio Rahib H. Abiyev and Mustafa Menekay ... (5) Here )(y i B μ is membership degree of the constraint. qi is maximum violation (tol-erance) designated for the constraint. ...

Investment systems are studied using a framework that emphasize their profiles (the cumulative probability distribution on all the possible percentage gains of trades) and their log return functions (the expected average return per trade in logarithmic scale as a function of the investment size in terms of the percentage of the available capital). The efficiency index for an investment system, defined as the maximum of the log return function, is proposed as a measure to compare investment systems for their intrinsic merit. This efficiency index can be viewed as a generalization of Shannon’s information rate for a communication channel. Applications are illustrated. © 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

El presente trabajo de investigación tiene como objetivo principal analizar de qué manera la identificación de criterios o características vinculados a una noción general de “inversión” podría contribuir a la determinación de la competencia material (competencia ratione materiae) de los tribunales arbitrales del Centro Internacional de Arreglo de Diferencias Relativas a Inversiones (en adelante, el CIADI) y si, en ese sentido, el denominado “test Salini” constituiría una herramienta válida para la identificación de tales criterios o características.

Given the importance of energy issues to sustainable development, energy was a priority issue at the World Summit on Sustainable Development in August 2002. The objective of this paper is to examine the outcomes of the Summit on energy, and to assess them against proposals to address the lack of access to modern energy and the need to move toward a cleaner energy system. We find that lack of political leadership from key countries prevented agreement not only on targets for renewable energy, but also on a programme to promote access. The achievements of the Summit were limited to enabling activities such as capacity building and technology transfer, rather than substantive agreements. While WSSD put energy higher on the agenda than before, no institutional home or programme to take the issues forward has emerged. This therefore remains a critical challenge to be addressed. Achieving this broad goal will require building a coalition to promote cleaner energy, and committing resources to programme for energy access. Based on analysis of proposals and the negotiations, we propose several key areas where progress is still possible and necessary, including: shifting more international public and private energy financing toward access investments and cleaner energy investments, advancing regional approaches to access and renewable energy targets, and a range of mechanisms to strengthen institutional capacity for integrating energy and sustainable development.

Time is a very cinematic concept that has been extensively explored by Nolan throughout his films such as “Inception” (2010), or “Interstellar” (2014), addressing this issue based  on perception. Nolan explains that he perceives time as defining of our existence, being a complex concept difficult to explain and understand. And he considers the video camera as the first instrument that can see and manipulate time. For this reason he treats time in his films in a conceptual or structural way, but in “TENET” (2020), he also wanted to carry out a more physical reflection where the characters themselves have to deal with time manipulations. “TENET” is a film whose logic is centered on the concept of inversion, of the inverse entropy of an object or person, a very cinematic concept according to Nolan. This concept is mirrored throughout the film, where sequences are revisited and experienced by the spectator in reverse and not inverted simultaneously. So this research studies the representation of the concept of inversion in “TENET”. Inversion is part of the reflection on time, developed by Nolan since “Memento” (2000). The objectives are to understand: the treatment of time in the film; the audiovisual translation of inversion through the combination of image, dialogue, sound and the soundtrack; the importance of Ludwig Göransson's soundtrack in translating the concept of inversion; and the way the composer created the soundtrack with the director. The methodology was to analyze the film in its entirety, and to do an interpretative classification of the film in order to analyze it and problematize the representation of the inversion. As well as analyzing: interviews with the director, and the recently published monograph by Tom Shone written with Nolan; and theinterviews of the composer with Rolling Stone on the musical representation of inversion.

The borders of the Central High Atlas chain showed different structural styles, as revealed by the interpretation of recently acquired surface geology and sub-surface data. Structures, characterizing thick and thin skin tectonics, are variable from west to east and from south ...

The Bengali ‘obscene’ (aślīl) poetry of the Hungry Generation is heavily pregnant with ‘dirty’ sexual imagery. In particular, the poem “Prachanda Baidyutik Chutar” and its English translation “Stark Electric Jesus” (1964) by the Hungryalist Malay Raychoudhuri concern the description of the female ‘sexual body’, male masturbation and bodily fluids. The use of a Bengali ‘medical’ vocabulary for portraying the ‘sexual body’ achieves a double operation of ‘sanitization’ of the semantic sphere of sex, unsuitable subject of poetry, and of ‘ironic inversion’ where the low dirty content embodied by masturbation and sexual activity attains the higher status of poetry, while downplaying the overtly mechanical Bengali lexicon of medical sciences. My attempt at re-translating some controversial passages of this poem helps laying out some methodological principles for developing a ‘contextual’ practice of translation in resistance to traditional notions such as accuracy and faithfulness.

Keywords: obscenity; sexual body; masturbation; medical lexicon; sanitization.

Les mesures microtectoniques, les coupes et les logs lithostratigraphiques, les donnees de forages petroliers et les profils sismiques, en Tunisie nord-orientale onshore et offshore, montrent: (i) une variation laterale et en profondeur des series lithostratigraphiques, (ii) une serie de structures faillees en subsurface, caracterisees par des plis de direction N45°, des failles inverses et des decrochements N90-110° dextres et N160-180° senestres auxquels sont associes des bassins. Les deformations tectoniques reconnues par les donnees sismiques n'affectent que des zones etroites, allongees et orientees selon trois directions majeures: N45°, N100-120° et N160-180°. Les donnees microtectoniques ont devoile une dominance de fractures NW-SE, NNE-SSW et NE-SW a ENE-WSW respectivement sur les formations du Valenginien-Tortonien, Aptien et Ypresien, et Aptien, Ypresien et Langhien. L'association de toutes les donnees a permis de mettre en evidence: (a) une phase extensive au Cret...

English is an SVO (Subject, Verb, Object) word order language. This canonical SVO pattern is the default unmarked word-order configuration typical of English, which makes English to be classified under the typology of SVO languages. However, driven by the major purpose of language as an instrument of human communication and social interaction, and as a semantic system for making meanings, addressors sometimes depart in their discourse from this basic canonical order of constituents where a grammaticalized system like inversion takes place, resulting in inverted constructions. Through testing and developing the Degree of Focus Hypothesis, proposed by Huffman (1993), this study, which employed a mixed methods research design, sought to explore the communicative and semantic values of inversion; and the pragmalinguistc functions of preposing, i.e. clause-initial adjuncts, to the pragmatic process of communication. The study confirmed the Degree of Focus Hypothesis where the hypothesized notion of concentration of attention stemming from inversion was found to be applicable. The paper stressed that what triggers inversion or non-inversion is a certain communicative effect such as focus rather than a relation of formal determination where one element determines mechanically the form or appearance of another. A contribution to linguistic and educational research, the paper, therefore, highlighted the importance of a human factor in the functioning of language, and emphasized the need to break away from grammar-based teaching (traditional grammar) to discourse-based language teaching (communicative grammar) where languaging rather than language should be the focus of language teaching and learning.

El Manual para Identificar, Formular y Evaluar proyectos con Inversión para la Defensa Basados en Capacidades ha representado un hito en el análisis y gestión de las inversiones del Sector Defensa de Argentina.
Como una de sus características distintivas se trata de una propuesta con un enfoque amplio e integral del tema, que trasciende de una visión meramente eficientista de la evaluación de proyectos, para procurar así conjugar racionalidad económica con objetivos estratégicos superiores.
Su vinculación directa con el Ciclo de Planeamiento de la Defensa Nacional, permite la implementación de proyectos con inversión para la reposición, ampliación e innovación en materia de capacidades para el cumplimiento de las funciones del instrumento militar de la Nación.
Todo este análisis vinculado con el concepto de capacidad muestra la conveniencia de usar el planteo analítico de “proyecto con inversión” en vez de “proyecto de inversión”. La noción de proyecto con inversión conduce a destacar la importancia del ciclo de vida del proyecto, como un elemento esencial de la proyección temporal. Como tal, engloba un conjunto de períodos sucesivos que expresan el horizonte temporal de la inversión contemplando no sólo los costos compatibles con los servicios de cierto insumo durable sino también de los insumos operacionales futuros, teniendo en cuenta las fases de pre-inversión, inversión, operación y disposición final en el proyecto.
Los diferentes criterios de decisión entre alternativas de inversión propuestos en este Manual permiten analizar distintos aspectos del proyecto de acuerdo a sus características elementales.