Invertebrate Zoology

The insects are known to be the most successful and diverse animals on earth. Variability of nocturnal insects in Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University campus was recorded by using the light trap method for collection of insect. This trap consists of the light source and a big white sheet. The sheet was hung on the pillars. Insects were attracted to the light source settled on the sheet. The second sheet was also spread on the ground to catch the insect that fall. Collected insect in the killing bottle by beating tray aspirator, and forceps. Lightning hours were set for seven hours. During this study, total 6 orders of species of insects are found are Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Orthoptera, Hemiptera, Diptera, and Hymenoptera, insects belonging to different families was collected in university campus by using light trapping methods respectively and moderate species diversity were observed. The abundance of species of most night insect in the study area maybe due to the loss of their natural habitat. This may be the virtue of anthropogenic activity such as fragmentation of habitat, replacement of the habitat for humane purpose or may be other due reasons that eventually lead to the decline of species diversity.

The aim of this study was to analyze the socio-economic effect of COVID-19 lockdown and its associated factors among college students. A survey study was conducted through social media in the age group of 18-25, in which 41% males and 59 % were females, out of which 13% male and 07% female students felt depression, 75% faced financial crises, 73% faced financial difficulties within family, 70% worried about parents' earnings and 52% felt changes in employment activity, 84% unable to control the important things in life, 75% dealt successfully with irritating life hassles, 51% felt things were going their way, 61% felt nervous, 81% confident about ability to handle personal problems, 82% able to control irritations in life and only 20% felt moderate to severe depression, 54% said need to reduce the amount of food, 49% said financial issue being an obstacle for getting food, 35% experienced increased snacking, 15% decreased appetite and 38% inconsistent eating, 18% increase in quarrel or fight, 16% in domestic violence in the family as well as 37% experienced reduced interactions with people, 03% fill great positive and 08% fill negative effects on social relationships. The statistically significant association is observed in depression with gender, financial crises, nervousness, financial issue for getting food and increase in domestic violence. Thus, it is concluded that COVID-19 lock-down and its associated factors are building socio-economic problems among college students. Therefore, various measures should be encouraged to prevent such emotional distress.

The species included in both Buskiella Flota Hartman, 1967 are revised on the basis of type and non-type materials, as well as on published accounts. Both genera are synonyms and the former has priority; the species included are B. abyssorum , B. flabelligera (Hartman, 1967) comb.n., and B. vitjasi (Buzhinskaya, 1977 comb.n. Two other species previously included in the genus (B. borealis Hartman, 1965 and B. minuta Amoureux, 1986) are non-pelagic flabelligerids belonging elsewhere. The three Buskiella species are re-described, and an identification key is included. Further, the trifid organ is being described in details for the first time; this unique organ is neither a palp nor a branchial radiole. A similar structure has been reported in Paralvinella Desbruyères & Laubier, 1982. The independent status of Flotidae has been challenged, but its oligomery (body with few segments), trifid organ, and nervous system are unique, so this status deserves to be retained.

Xiphosurids are an archaic group of aquatic chelicerate arthropods, generally known by the colloquial misnomer of ‘horseshoe crabs’. Known from marine envi- ronments as far back as the early Ordovician, horseshoe crabs are generally considered ‘living fossils’ – descendants of a bradytelic lineage exhibiting little morphological or ecological variation throughout geological time. However, xiphosurids are known from freshwater sediments in the Palaeozoic and Mesozoic; furthermore, the contention that xiphosurids show little morphological variation has never been tested empirically. Attempts to test this are hampered by the lack of a modern phylogenetic framework with which to explore different evolutionary scenarios. Here, I present a phylogenetic analysis of Xiphosurida and explore patterns of morphospace and environmental occupation of the group throughout the Phanerozoic. Xiphosurids are shown to have invaded non-marine environments indepen- dently at least five times throughout their evolutionary history, twice resulting in the radiation of major clades – bellinurines and austrolimulids – that occupied novel regions of morphospace. These clades show a convergent ecological pattern of differentiation, speciation and subse- quent extinction. Horseshoe crabs are shown to have a more dynamic and complex evolutionary history than previ- ously supposed, with the extant species representing only a fraction of the group’s past ecological and morphological diversity.

Animals that grow inside their mothers, like humans, get their oxygen from their mothers. The blood stream of the baby animal and the mother are connected through an umbilical cord, which allows the baby to collect oxygen that his or her mother breathes in and use the mother's lungs to get rid of the carbon dioxide. But how do animals that grow in a shell. Have you ever wondered how a chick breathes inside its shell? Every animal needs oxygen to survive, so the chick must get air somehow! Try this to discover the Answer.

Eucaridan evolution involved a process starting from a body organization characterized by an elongate and cylindrical cephalothorax, a well-developed abdomen composed of swimming appendages, ending in a tail fan formed by flattened uropods and a telson. This process would lead, ultimately, to a body organization characterized by a shortened and depressed cephalothorax, and a reduced and ventrally folded abdomen. This ultimate process is typically known as carcinization, and is commonly defined as the process of becoming a crab. In this work, the evolution of the superorder Eucarida was studied using complex networks. A new definition of crab and carcinization are given based on the results obtained. A crab is a topological structural closure that determines the formation of a triadic central core. The evolution of the crab implied the formation of a triadic structure with high closeness centrality, formed by the cephalon, the fused thoracomere 1-4 and the carapace, which represented a highly stable hierarchical core deeply buried or enclosed in the topological structure of the network, responsible for the generation of a highly integrated and robust topology. Under this new definition, the representative of the infraorder Anomura used in this work, which is commonly considered as a crab, is not. This network seemed to be characterized by the presence of a quasi-dyadic structure, formed by the cephalon and the carapace, which was not sufficient for generating the topological closure.

Lower Cretaceous trackways assignable to xiphosurids were recently found in tidally influenced marginal-marine deposits of the Agrio Formation (Patagonia, Argentina). The aim of this paper is to describe these trace fossils in detail, discuss their conditions of preservation, make palaeoecological and taphonomic inferences from them, and analyse the importance of their palaeogeographic location. These trace fossils are assigned to Kouphichnium, and five track morphotypes are established. Microbially induced sedimentary structures (MISS) are associated with the trackways. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) studies document the involvement of microbial mats in the preservation of the trackways by the presence of cyanobacteria-like filament sheaths. The microbial mats enabled preservation of the tracks by binding and biostabilisation of the sediment surface. The mostly likely producers of the trackways are from the subfamily Limulinae. The studied surface could represent a high-tide mating ground associated with a very shallow water deposit on a warm Cretaceous tidal flat. These records are the first convincingly documented trackways produced by xiphosurids in the Early Cretaceous worldwide and the second fossil record of this group from the Cretaceous in the Southern Hemisphere

Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) is the most important food legume, however there is an increasing decline in performance and production due to pest attack especially from the aphids. Pest infestation is even higher during the dry season hence causing a serious damage to the crop. Therefore there is an urgent need to come up with methods like integrated pest management in order to control the pest, which destroys the crop by sucking the nutrients, excrete honey dew which attract saprophytic fungi and is also known to transmit a number of viruses to the bean plant. The aim of this study was to: determine efficacy of integrated management on bean aphid infestation and to determine the efficacy of integrated management on bean performance. This was done with an overall aim of increasing the yields of beans. Data collection was done using a 4x2x2 factorial experiment comprising of Bean variety cv. Nyayo ,two rates of seed dressing chemical (with and without) using (Gaucho) Imidacloprid, two rates of botanical pesticide (Tephrosia vogelii) extract at 0 and 20w/v %) applied as a foliar spray and four rates of inorganic fertilizer Triple Super Phosphate (TSP)-zero rate (no fertilizer), Low rate (TSP at, 50 kg product/ha), medium rate, 75 kg/ha and high 100 kg product/ha). The four factors were combined in a completely factorial arrangement in randomized complete block design replicated three times constituting 16 treatment combination giving 48 experimental plots which were planted in five row field plots measuring 2m by 2.25 m. The experimental design was Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) replicated three times. Each experimental plot measured 2.0 M x 2.0 M with inter row and intra row spacing of 45 cm and 20 cm respectively. Clean bean variety seed sourced from local market was used in this study to reflect local farmer's source of planting material. Data collected on all the parameters was subjected to analysis of variance procedure using general linear model of the statistical analysis system (SAS) package (SAS Institute, 1996). However, data on aphid count and number of plants infested by bean aphids were first subjected to a transformation of square root of x+ 1 in order to reduce heterogeneity of the data before being analalysed. Mean separation was done according to Fisher's protected LSD significant difference Test at 5% level of significance. The Pearson's correlation test was performed on the means of the parameters investigated to compare on their relationships. Results showed that the aphid population builds up and damage in bean crop was significantly reduced when combined application of treatments of seed treatment using Imidacloprid at 700 ml/100kg seed was done on bean seed before planting and planting with 100 kg/ha of tsp fertilizer, then followed with a Biopesticide foliar spray of T. vogelii at 20%w/v from 30 days after emergence (30DAE) thereafter spraying on a weekly basis better than any other treatment applied. The application of T.vogelii at 20%w/v alone on weekly basis significantly reduced bean aphid infestation better than control and application of seed dress alone. Use of seed dressing alone was only temporary measure during seedling stages and should be supported with other control measure one month after crop emergence as it does not provide complete control of bean aphid infestation for the whole season during bean growth. The integration of TSP fertilizer, seed dresser, and application of foliar spray of Tephrosia leaf extract at 20%w/v greatly reduced Aphis fabae infestation and population build in bean crop below damaging levels and resulted in improved bean grain yield, Application of TSP fertilizer rates alone did not seem to have effect on bean aphid infestation on bean crop as population build up was observed under all the rates applied. It's therefore recommended to use integrated control in order to increase performance and production of beans.

This paper introduces student to the biodiversity of Animal kingdom. It discuss the major and minor characteristics of kingdom Animalia. It also offers a wide classification of members of the kingdom based on body shape, size,  symmetry, habitat, feeding habit, reproduction, fertilization, development of embryo, layers of tissues, coelom, body temperature and nutrition. Furthermore, it discusses the various phylum, class, order, genus and species of kingdom Animalia. The paper will provide a background information to fresh Biology students and will also serve as a guide to lecturers.

Exceptionally preserved fossils provide crucial insights into extinct body plans and organismal evolution. Molluscs, one of the most disparate animal phyla, radiated rapidly during the early Cambrian period (approximately 535–520 million years ago (Ma)). The problematic fossil taxa Halkieria and Orthrozanclus (grouped in Sachitida) have been assigned variously to stem-group annelids, brachiopods , stem-group molluscs or stem-group aculiferans (Polyplacophora and Aplacophora), but their affinities have remained controversial owing to a lack of preserved diagnostic characters. Here we describe a new early sachitid, Calvapilosa kroegeri gen. et sp. nov. from the Fezouata biota of Morocco (Early Ordovician epoch, around 478 Ma). The new taxon is characterized by the presence of a single large anterior shell plate and polystichous radula bearing a median tooth and several lateral and uncinal teeth in more than 125 rows. Its flattened body is covered by hollow spinose sclerites, and a smooth, ventral girdle flanks an extensive mantle cavity. Phylogenetic analyses resolve C. kroegeri as a stem-group aculiferan together with other single-plated forms such as Maikhanella (Siphogonuchites) and Orthrozanclus; Halkieria is recovered closer to the aculiferan crown. These genera document the stepwise evolution of the aculiferan body plan from forms with a single, almost conchiferan-like shell through two-plated taxa such as Halkieria, to the eight-plated crown-group aculiferans. C. kroegeri therefore provides key evidence concerning the long debate about the crown molluscan affinities of sachitids. This new discovery strongly suggests that the possession of only a single calcareous shell plate and the presence of unmineralised sclerites are plesiomorphic (an ancestral trait) for the molluscan crown.

Epibionts samples were collected of leatherback turtles (Dermochelys coriacea) that were nesting in two different beaches of Margarita Island. The collected organisms belonging to two species, Platylepas coriacea and Obelia dichotoma. The first one had been reported previously as epibiont of leatherback turtles elsewhere but this is the first record of this association in Venezuelan waters. The hydroid is first time documented as super-epibiont of this turtle species.

Монографія  присвячена  дослідженню  екологічних закономірностей  організації  біогеоценозів  на  ґрунтах,  що  знаходяться  у  процесі  рекультивації.  Приведені  теоретичні
відомості  та  результати  власних  досліджень  фізичних,  водно-фізичних  властивостей техноземів. Досліджена просторова організація та проведена зоологічна діагностика ґрунтів  ділянки рекультивації Нікопольського марганцеворудного басейну. Монографія становить інтерес для широкого кола природознавців – ґрунтознавців, зоологів, геоморфологів, екологів, землеробів.

In diabetes, slight injury to the glucose laden tissue may cause chronic infection and ulcer formation. About 15% of all diabetic patients develops foot ulcer in their life time. The etiological factors include increased sugar level, diabetic micro angiopathy and peripheral neuropathy. Mainstay of treatment includes antibiotics, debridement, and local wound care and footwear improvisation. In spite of all advances in health sciences, statistics reveals that about 3% patients yet have to undergo lower limb amputation. In Sushrut samhita, we get the most scientific description of wound and its management. Similarly, Sushrut has given the utmost importance to Bloodletting therapy and considered Leech as the most unique and effective method of bloodletting even in infected wounds and abscesses. Aforesaid description led us to try Leech therapy in Diabetic foot ulcer. Patient with Diabetic foot ulcer was advised to continue anti diabetic medicine along with weekly application of Leech around the ulcer which was followed by dressing with Nimb-Haridra oil. This Leech therapy proved very effective and the ulcer healed completely within 30 days. However, further evaluation is required to be done by taking a large sample size to prove its significance in treating Diabetic foot ulcer and avoiding lower limb amputation.

Two new, extremely small land snail species, Angustopila coprologos Páll-Gergely, Jochum & Hunyadi n. sp. and Angustopila psammion Páll-Gergely, Vermeulen & Anker n. sp. are described from northern Vietnam and northern Laos, respectively. The former is characterized by a rough surface sculpture and bears tiny mud granules arranged in a pattern of radial lines on its shell surface. The latter species is the new global record-holder of the tiniest land snail title, with a shell width of 0.6–0.68 mm and a shell height of 0.46–0.57 mm. These measurements surpass the former records of Angustopila pallgergelyi and Acmella nana.

This three-volume work provides a complete study of this well-known group of animals, dealing with every level of their biological organization, from the molecular to the zoological.
    The leech, once so prominent in the history of medicine, is again being used widely in modern hospitals, especially in microsurgery. Revival in the use of leeches coincides with recent revelations about the rich diversity of pharmacologically active peptides secreted by the leech, including the powerful anticoagulant Hirudin which was discovered in 1884. The author who has studied  leeches extensively for many years, documents for the first time the scientific and biological rationale underlying the medical use of leeches and concludes that there was a nucleus of truth behind their use in previous centuries.
    In recent years the leech has been the subject of much neurobiological research, but such research has tended to emphasize the neurophysiological aspects. This book gives an authoritative account of leech neurobiology from the biological viewpoint, with emphasis on the neuronal basis and the evolution of leech behaviour.
    The book takes up Manton's controversial thesis that insects, myriapods and onychophorans constitute a new phylum (Uniramia) unrelated to the Crustacea. He also significantly extends the argument by proposing that leeches are also allied to the Uniramia. This proposal is a major intrusion into the traditional classification of the animal kingdom, and as such is likely to gain considerable attention.
    A 'key' to the leeches of each zoogeographical region of the world and an extensive bibliography (volume 3) are included.
    The diverse and wide-ranging nature of the book should make it of interest to research workers and students in various disciplines, particularly medicine, molecular biology, neurobiology, zoology and marine biology.
    Volume 1:    0 19 857377 4,  430 pages, 170 illustrations
    Volume 2:    0 19 857622 6,  430 pages, 170 illustrations
    Volume 3:    0 19 857623 4,  240 pages

The study of hydrothermal vent and seep fauna is associated with great costs due to the deep and distant locations. Whale-falls, which are thought to have habitat conditions which overlap seep ecosystems, may be used as a model system to explore questions such as the evolution of dispersal strategies and interactions between hosts and their symbiont microbes. Our discovery of whale-fall fauna at a whale carcass sunk at shelf depth in a Swedish fjord contrasts the apparent lack of specialized organisms from shallow water seep environments. Representatives of a whale-fall fauna found at the Swedish study site include bacterial mat feeding dorvilleid annelids and the whale-bone eating pogonophoran worm Osedax mucofloris Glover et al., 2005. We are maintaining whale-fall fauna alive in aquaria, and initial results from these studies suggest that O. mucofloris has a continuous reproduction life-history strategy.

Nemathelminthes atau Aschelminthes adalah filum yang pernah dipakai pada Kerajaan Hewan (Animalia). Pengelompokan ini sekarang tidak digunakan lagi karena polifiletik. Meskipun demikian, pengelompokannya kadangkadang masih dipakai untuk kemudahan.Anggota-anggotanya mencakup berbagai cacing yang dikenal sebagai cacing gilig: hewan dengan tubuh berbentuk silinder memanjang, bahkan sangat panjang sehingga muncullah nama 'Nemathelminthes', yang berarti "cacing berkas" (dari bahasa Yunani).Tubuhnya tidak beruasruas.Nemathelminthes (dalam bahasa yunani, nema= benang, helminthes= cacing)disebut sebagai cacing gilig karena tubuhnya berbentuk bulat panjang atau seperti benang. Nemathelminthes sudah memiliki rongga tubuh meskipun bukan ronggatubuh sejati.Cacing dewasa memiliki pseudocoelom (tabung dalam tabung), sebuah ruangtertutup yang berisi cairan berfungsi sebagai rangka hidrostatik, membantu dalam peredaran dan penyebaran sari makanan. Oleh karena memiliki rongga tubuhsemu, Nemathelminthes disebut sebagai hewan Pseudoselomata.Filum Nemathelminthes terdiri dari bebrapa ratus ribu spesies, kebanyakanhidup bebas meskipun beberapa ada yang parasit. Nematoda kurang dalam sistem peredaran darah namun memiliki sistem pencernaan yang berkembang dengan baik.Struktur tubuh Nemathelminthes umumnya berukuran mikroskopis, meskipunada yang panjang nya sampai 1 meter. Individu betina berukuran lebih besar daripada individu jantan. Tubuh berbentuk bulat panjang atau seperti benangdengan ujung-ujung yang meruncing. Permukaan tubuh Nemathelminthes dilapisikutikula untuk melindungi diri. Kutikula ini lebih kuat pada cacing parasit yanghidup di inang daripada yang hidup bebas. Kutikula berfungsi untuk melindungidari dari enzim pencernaan inang.

Nematoda merupakan cacing bulat yang tidak bersegmen, kebanyakan darinya memiliki siklus hidup yang bebas (Tony dan . Nematoda, berasal dari kata nema = benang dan oidos = bentuk. Besar dan panjang Nematoda beragam, ada yang panjangnya beberapa millimeter dan ada pula yang panjangnya melebihi 1 meter.

Se trata la biodiversidad animal, explicando los filos más representativos de cada estirpe evolutiva (diversidad de diblásticos y radiación de los bilaterales), y la historia e implicaciones biológicas de la evolución de planes corporales con distinta simetría o complejidad estructural  (organización triblástica acelomada, pseudocelomada y eucelomada).
Se tratan la totalidad de filos animales incluyendo los recientemente descubiertos indicándose de cada uno su diversidad, importancia sanitaria, ecológica o filogenética
tratada como tema de cátedra del Biólogo Jorge Cadena

Secara bahasa Mollusca berasal dari Molus bahasa yunani yang artinya lunak. Jadi Mollusca merupakan kelompok hewan invertebrata yang bertubuh lunak dan multiseluler. Anggota dalam Phylum mollusca ini mencapai 100.000 spesies dan ilmu yang mempelajarinya disebut malakologi.

Exceptionally preserved fossils from the Palaeozoic era provide crucial insights into arthropod evolution, with recent discoveries bringing phylogeny and character homology into sharp focus. Integral to such studies are anomalocaridids, a clade of stem arthropods whose remarkable morphology illuminates early arthropod relationships and Cambrian ecology. Although recent work has focused on the anomalocaridid head, the nature of their trunk has been debated widely.Here we describe new anomalocaridid specimens from the Early Ordovician Fezouata Biota of Morocco, which not only show well-preserved head appendages providing key ecological data, but also elucidate the nature of anomalocaridid trunk flaps, resolving their homology with arthropod trunk limbs. The new material shows that each trunk segment bears a separate dorsal and ventral pair of flaps, with a series of setal blades attached at the base of the dorsal flaps. Comparisons with other stem lineage arthropods indicate that anomalocaridid ventral flaps are homologous with lobopodous walking limbs and the endopod of the euarthropod biramous limb, whereas the dorsal flaps and associated setal blades are homologous with the flaps of gilled lobopodians (for example, Kerygmachela kierkegaardi,  Pambdelurion whittingtoni) and exites of the ‘Cambrian biramous limb’. This evidence shows that anomalocaridids represent a stage before the fusion of exite and endopod into the ‘Cambrian biramous limb’, confirming their basal placement in the euarthropod stem, rather than in the arthropod crown or with cycloneuralian worms. Unlike other anomalocaridids, the Fezouata taxon combines head appendages convergently adapted for filter-feeding with an unprecedented body length exceeding 2m, indicating a new direction in the feeding ecology of the clade. The evolution of giant filter-feeding anomalocaridids may reflect the establishment of highly developed planktic ecosystems during the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event.

Nemathelminthes merupakan kelompok hewan cacing yang
memiliki tubuh bulat panjang dengan ujung yang runcing. Secara bahasa,
kata Nemathelminthes berasal dari bahasa yunani, yaitu “Nema” yang
artinya benang, dan “helmintes” yang artinya cacing. Nemathelminthes
sudah memiliki rongga pada tubuhnya walaupun rongga tersebut bukan
rongga tubuh sejati. Rongga tubuh pada Nemathelminthes disebut
pseudoceolomata. Cacing ini memiliki tubuh meruncing pada kedua
ujung sehingga disebut cacing gilig. Ukuran tubuh Nemathelminthes
umumnya miksroskopis, namun ada juga yang mencapai ukuran 1 m.
Cacing Nemathelminthes kebanyakan hidup parasit pada tubuh manusia,
hewan, atau tumbuhan, namun ada pula yang hidup bebas. Ukuran dari
cacing betina lebih besar dari cacing jantan.

The systematic affinities of several Palaeozoic skeletal taxa were only resolved when their soft-tissue morphology was revealed by the discovery of exceptionally preserved specimens. The conodonts provide a classic example, their tooth-like elements having been assigned to various invertebrate and vertebrate groups for more than 125 years until the discovery of their soft tissues revealed them to be crown-group vertebrates. Machaeridians, which are virtually ubiquitous as shell plates in benthic marine shelly assemblages ranging from Early Ordovician (Late Tremadoc) to Carboniferous, have proved no less enigmatic. The Machaeridia comprise three distinct families of worm-like animals, united by the possession of a dorsal skeleton of calcite plates that is rarely found articulated. Since they were first described 150 years ago machaeridians have been allied with barnacles, echinoderms, molluscs or annelids. Here we describe a new machaeridian with preserved soft parts, including parapodia and chaetae, from the Upper Tremadoc of Morocco, demonstrating the annelid affinity of the group. This discovery shows that a lineage of annelids evolved a dorsal skeleton of calcareous plates early in their history; it also resolves the affinities of a group of problematic Palaeozoic invertebrates previously known only from isolated elements and occasional skeletal assemblages.

Istilah Arthropoda berasal dari bahasa Yunani yang terdiri dari dua kata yaitu arthro yang berarti ruas dan podos yang berarti kaki. Arthropoda merupakan hewan tripoblastik selomata dan bilateral simetris. Tubuh Arthropoda terdiri dari kepala, dada, dan abdomen yang keseluruhan dibungkus oleh zat kitin dan kerangka luar (eksoskeleton).  Umumnya diantara ruas-ruas terdapat bagian yang tidak memiliki zat kitin sehingga ruas-ruas tersebut mudah untuk digerakkan. Di waktu tertentu kulit dan tubuh Arthropoda mengalami pergantian kulit (eksdisis).

Porifera berasal dari dua kata yaitu porus dan faro. Porus berarti lubang dan faro berarti membawa atau mengandung. Sehingga porifera dapat diartikan sebagai hewan yang tubuhnya mengandung lubang-lubang kecil. Lubang-lubang kecil ini ini juga disebut sebagai pori-pori, oleh karena itu porifera lebih dikenal dengan sebutan hewan berpori-pori. Untuk mensirkulasikan air dalam tubuhnya, porifera memiliki sistem kanal atau saluran air.