Kermanshah

Borders are permanent and enduring concepts in political geography and play an important role in the socio-economic life of residents around them. The border between Iran and Iraq has always played a key role in shaping the political, economic, social and cultural relations of the frontier people. This border has sometimes provided the tense and temporal ground for cooperation between the two countries. Kermanshah Province with more than 3km of international border in common with Iraq, having six border cities with high natural and human resources (mineral resources, oil, agriculture, border differences and religious and ethnic diversity ...) is of particular geopolitical importance. This paper examines the boundaries of Kermanshah province by using a descriptive-analytical  method and as a documentary and library study with a strategic geopolitical perspective. The results show that although the current geopolitics is peace-based in the current situation, but  some of the threats remain in place and will probably be eroded in the future due to the nature of the border; Therefore, increasing attention to intelligence, wall-building and reinforcement of structures across the border between the two countries is in line with the growing trend of social military threats, including the main needs of the country's official institutions.

The prevalence of obesity and overweight among children and adolescents is increasing worldwide and it is one of the most important general health problems. One of the routine methods in diagnosis of physical growth in children is Body Mass Index (BMI).

The main purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between information technology and employees' job performance in sports and youth departments of Kermanshah province and. This research is a correlation study has been conducted in the field. All employees of Kermanshah province sports and youth departments have established statistical population of research (N=228), that that sample size were equaled population. For collecting research data, three standard questionnaires including Moharram Zade (2011), information technology questionnaire and Heresy & Goldsmith (1981) job performance questionnaire was used. For data analyses proper inferential statistics (K-S, Pearson Coefficient and Regression) were used. The findings showed that there is significant correlation among all dimensions of information technology with job performance of Kermanshah province sports and type variables and the use of computers, the use of computer software and internet use and the ability to predict job performance are variable. With regarding research results, it is recommended that managers of Kermanshah province sports and youth departments with proper use of information technology increase and job performance of their employees.

Neanderthal extinction has been a matter of debate for many years. New discoveries, better chronologies and genomic evidence have done much to clarify some of the issues. This evidence suggests that Neanderthals became extinct around 40,000–37,000 years before present (BP), after a period of coexistence with Homo sapiens of several millennia, involving biological and cultural interactions between the two groups. However, the bulk of this evidence relates to Western Eurasia, and recent work in Central Asia and Siberia has shown that there is considerable local variation. Southwestern Asia, despite having a number of significant Neanderthal remains, has not played a major part in the debate over extinction. Here we report a Neanderthal deciduous canine from the site of Bawa Yawan in the West-Central Zagros Mountains of Iran. The tooth is associated with Zagros Mousterian lithics, and its context is preliminary dated to between ~43,600 and ~41,500 years ago.

The last two decades have seen a significant development in the field of rescue archaeology in Iran due to the increasing legal protection of archaeological sites in areas that are threatened by rapid urban and rural development. The construction of numerous dams, used for irrigation, hydropower, and other purposes in different parts of the country forced the Iranian Center for Archaeological Research (ICAR) to take action and organize rescue projects. Except for a few projects in the Khuzestan and Fars regions (Wright 1979; Tsuneki and Zeidi 2008), these rescue projects have been focused mainly on excavation of mound sites, which is not surprising given that they are the most common site type in the alluvial plains of Iran. As a result, archaeological salvage projects have predominantly contributed information on late prehistoric and historic periods. The construction of Darian Dam on the Sirwan River in the Central Western Zagros, where archaeological deposits are better preserved in cave and rockshelter contexts, have allowed us to explore such sheltered sites in the framework of a dam salvage project.

Neanderthal extinction has been a matter of debate for many years. New discoveries, better chronologies and genomic evidence have done much to clarify some of the issues. This evidence suggests that Neanderthals became extinct around 40,000–37,000 years before present (BP), after a period of coexistence with Homo sapiens of several millennia, involving biological and cultural interactions between the two groups. However, the bulk of this evidence relates to Western Eurasia, and recent work in Central Asia and Siberia has shown that there is considerable local variation. Southwestern Asia, despite having a number of significant Neanderthal remains, has not played a major part in the debate over extinction. Here we report a Neanderthal deciduous canine from the site of Bawa Yawan in the West-Central Zagros Mountains of Iran. The tooth is associated with Zagros Mousterian lithics, and its context is preliminary dated to between ~43,600 and ~41,500 years ago.

It is essential to monitor the spatial and temporal patterns of urban development and identify factors to urban planning and sustainable development, especially in developing countries. The main purpose of this study was to identify the spatio-temporal changes in Kermanshah land-use patterns as a lever, control the changes of future developments the city. To produce a land use map from satellite images Landsat 7 and 8 sensors OLI and ETM+ Related to 1991 and 2016 were used. After processing and pre-processing, necessary land use map was prepared and maps Enter were FRAGSTATS 4.2 software. The analysis of landscape patterns was done based on landscape ecology approach using spatial criteria (landscape metrics). The results showed that during the period studied residential area of 3304 hectares has been increased. More reduction amount is related to the user without covering 2492 hectares. Also, according to the results of the analysis metrics landscape has an increasein Residential User Metrics PLAND, NP, PD, LPI, TE. Farmer User has an increase in three Metrics MPS To the) 42/81 Hectare (, Shape- MN to the (0/03 Hectare) and ENN-MN to the (10/48 Hectare).Users without coverage has an increase Only Metrics MPS, TE, ED, LSI and Shape-MN. Tree cover in the five Metrics) NP, PD, LSI, IJI) increases while other metrics have decreased. The blue zone has increased only metric TE to the 81870 Meter.
Extended Abstract
1-Introduction
The evolution of the spatial structure of a city is the result of economic-socio factors and natural (Tian et al., 2011). Today, urbanization in the developing countries and developed with an unprecedented growth is on the rise (Kazemi Pour and Hajian, 2011, United Nations Report 2008). This rapid and uncontrolled growth in cities, numerous changes in structure and function to do landscape (Solon, 2009). Quantifying these patterns and their changes will be very useful for sustainable urban development. Recently spatial metric in urban environments, due to their ability to demonstrate the spatial components of landscape structure, and process dynamics of environmental degradation and urbanization growth are used to overcome management problems (Porter Bolland, 2007).
2- Materials and Methods
In this study, satellite images Land sat 8 and 7 Sensor OLI and ETM+ geo_ reference were used for the preparation of map of the Earth's surface and analyzing the changes, respectively. That The first, preprocessing operations including geo_ referencing was performed on the images. In the next step (step processing) primary land use was marked. That human land use, wasteland and without cover, tree cover, agricultural and water according to the understanding of the area. Then the images were classified with maximum likelihood method by software ENVI 4/7 and land use map was prepared.
Next step, kappa coefficient was calculated to verify the accuracy of image classification, using test samples, the accuracy of the statistical parameters. In the final step raster map of land-use Enter the software FRAGSTATS 4.2 and metrics CA NP,TE ,MPS, PLAND, Shape-MN, ENN-MN, LPI, PD, LSI ,IJI وED were studied.
3- Results and Discussion
Residential area has increased to 3304 hectares during the period of the study which is caused by the increase of Kermanshah population. But other users have a decreasing trend, in which wasteland and without cover the 2492 hectares have more reduction. Due to lower sales of agricultural and horticultural land and lack of economic efficiency of the industry, drop margins of agricultural land lead to drought because most of Kermanshah dry land cultivation and development projects for the social welfare of population growth and migration due to be built. But due to neglecting natural resources and urban infrastructure destroyed and turned into wasteland and without cover these projects is very much. . Also, according to the results of the analysis metrics landscape has an increasein Residential User Metrics PLAND, NP, PD, LPI, TE. Farmer User has an increase in three Metrics MPS To the) 42/81 Hectare(, Shape- MN to the (0/03 Hectare) and ENN-MN to the (10/48 Hectare). Users without coverage have an increase Only Metrics MPS, TE, ED, LSI and Shape-MN. Tree cover in the five Metrics) NP, PD, LSI, IJI) increases while other metrics have decreased. The blue zone has increased only metric TE to the 81870 Meter.
4- Conclusion
According to the results Increased population growth and urbanization in the region during the period under review, make man-made stains in this area increase while with the expansion of human development, the percentage of bare lands has decreased. The area of stains agricultural and barren are also a lot of changes and addition the number and size of applications has also changed which caused destruction and annihilation of agricultural land in the immediate boundaries of urban. It is matter caused changes in the composition and distribution of the urban landscape, that increasing human activities. At the natural environment and urban development, the destruction of the natural environment and tend to take a more spots which is a sign of increased human activity in the region and increasing destruction of nature in the city. Also in Kermanshah city, the texture fine-grained urban with too little distance between them is urban landscape which was lost.  As well as reducing the number of stains and increase the distance between stains on the one hand and lack of proper distribution stains on the other hand reason reduce connection and bond between uses the urban environment.

Neanderthal extinction has been a matter of debate for many years. New discoveries, better chronologies and genomic evidence have done much to clarify some of the issues. This evidence suggests that Neanderthals became extinct around 40,000-37,000 years before present (BP), after a period of coexistence with Homo sapiens of several millennia, involving biological and cultural interactions between the two groups. However, the bulk of this evidence relates to Western Eurasia, and recent work in Central Asia and Siberia has shown that there is considerable local variation. Southwestern Asia, despite having a number of significant Neanderthal remains, has not played a major part in the debate over extinction. Here we report a Neanderthal deciduous canine from the site of Bawa Yawan in the West-Central Zagros Mountains of Iran. The tooth is associated with Zagros Mousterian lithics, and its context is preliminary dated to between~43,600 and~41,500 years ago.

Neanderthal extinction has been a matter of debate for many years. New discoveries, better chronologies and genomic evidence have done much to clarify some of the issues. This evidence suggests that Neanderthals became extinct around 40,000–37,000 years before present (BP), after a period of coexistence with Homo sapiens of several millennia, involving biological and cultural interactions between the two groups. However, the bulk of this evidence relates to Western Eurasia, and recent work in Central Asia and Siberia has shown that there is considerable local variation. Southwestern Asia, despite having a number of significant Neanderthal remains, has not played a major part in the debate over extinction. Here we report a Neanderthal deciduous canine from the site of Bawa Yawan in the West-Central Zagros Mountains of Iran. The tooth is associated with Zagros Mousterian lithics, and its context is preliminary dated to between ~43,600 and ~41,500 years ago.

"Background: Food security and access to sufficient healthy food are the basic needs of humans. Food insecurity may cause severe health and nutritional problems. Therefore, assessment of food security and the influential factors is essential in different communities. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of food insecurity in the households in Kermanshah in the west of Iran.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at 1,185 households in Kermanshah city, which were selected from eight areas via cluster sampling. Data were collected using the questionnaire of the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). Data analysis was performed in SPSS version 16 using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Pearsonchr('39')s correlation-coefficient, and Kruskal-Wallis test.
Results: In total, 69.5% of the households had food insecurity. Significant correlations were observed between food insecurity and family size, occupation status of the household head, number of rooms, monthly income, and education level (P = 0.001).
Conclusion: According to the results, food insecurity was highly prevalent in the families in Kermanshah. Therefore, planning and implementation of interventional programs by organizations are recommended for better food access and improving the quality and quantity of food consumption in families."

Neanderthal extinction has been a matter of debate for many years. New discoveries, better chronologies and genomic evidence have done much to clarify some of the issues. This evidence suggests that Neanderthals became extinct around 40,000–37,000 years before present (BP), after a period of coexistence with Homo sapiens of several millennia, involving biological and cultural interactions between the two groups. However, the bulk of this evidence relates to Western Eurasia, and recent work in Central Asia and Siberia has shown that there is considerable local variation. Southwestern Asia, despite having a number of significant Neanderthal remains, has not played a major part in the debate over extinction. Here we report a Neanderthal deciduous canine from the site of Bawa Yawan in the West-Central Zagros Mountains of Iran. The tooth is associated with Zagros Mousterian lithics, and its context is preliminary dated to between ~43,600 and ~41,500 years ago.

Employment and production in rural areas largely depend on the status of labor market indicators in these areas. These indicators can greatly reflect the extent of rural development as well. The purpose of this study was to classify the rural areas in Kermanshah province of Iran based on labor market indicators. It was conducted in a descriptive-analytical method. The required data were based on the population and housing census of the country in 2016 and analyzed by using TOPSIS, SPSS and GIS software. In addition, 30 key economic indicators of the province were analyzed through TOPSIS and cluster analysis techniques. The study results showed that in terms of the labor market indices of the rural areas, Qasr-e-Shirin and Javanrood were respectively the most developed and non-developed counties of Kermanshah province. Therefore, it could be suggested that the provincial budgeting system would allocate more funds to the undeveloped areas identified by such indices.

Introduction: Safety climate is defined as the employees' common insights about safety management in a specific place and time. Nurses have a highly risky occupation, in which they are required to take safety issues into consideration. This study aimed at investigating the attitude of nurses towards safety climate in the hospitals of Kermanshah City, Iran.
Methods: This descriptive-analytical research was conducted with 112 nurses in the hospitals of Kermanshah City. A two-section questionnaire was administered for data collection. The first part was related to the nurses' demographic and occupational characteristics and the second part contained the nurses' safety climate questionnaire. After data collection, the data were analyzed by SPSS-16.
Results: Results showed that the mean and standard deviation of the safety climate in nurses was 0.56±3.06. A significant relationship was found between all factors, except for the relationship between cumulative burnout and error reporting. The safety climate was almost equal between men and women. Moreover, safety climate was higher in single people than the married ones. In the morning shift, the highest safety climate was in the workplace. Furthermore, people with a second job felt safety climate more.
Conclusion: Research results showed that safety climate was not at a satisfactory level in the studied nursing personnel. Therefore, it is suggested to improve the safety climate and its effects on the safety performance by training safety issues, holding technical courses on safety, and adjusting work-rest time.

Generally incantation bowls are written in a formal standardized literary Eastern Aramaic or less frequently in a ”koiné” of Southern Babylonian Aramaic. The present article treats a magic bowl that is written in an idiom that is related to Talmudic Aramaic. Although the term Talmudic Aramaic has been used indiscriminately in several studies to describe the language of incantation bowls, the only attested evidence for this dialect in a bowl written in Aramaic square characters is the one British Museum bowl, BM 135563 (1971-2-29,1) presented here. The text has a strong parallel in a late copy of a Mandaic incantation series Shafta ḏ Pishra ḏ Ainia which is also reminiscent of a passage in the incantation series Maqlû.

                 This study aims at investigating the sexual size dimorphism phenomenon (SSD) in the frog of a tree population Hyla savignyi Audouin, 1827 (Anura: Hylidae) from the province of Nasiriyah, southern Iraq. Thirty-nine specimens (19 females , 20 males) were captured, Digital calipers measured sixteen metric characters to the closest 0.01 mm and released in their natural habitat. SPSS Statistics V22.0 has been used to conduct the measurement of the study. Statistical data analysis clarified that there is a significant difference between genders of the study sample, females larger than males. 

While bears (Ursidae) are well represented in Western Europe and the Caucasus during the Pleistocene, bear remains from this period are rare in Southwest Asia. Only a limited number of sites, both natural and archaeological, have yielded evidence of brown bear (Ursus arctos Linnaeus, 1758). Skeletal remains for this species are often represented by a limited number of elements. The discovery of 192 remains identified as brown bear in Wezmeh Cave (Kermanshah Province, Iran) is exceptional. This paper presents a detailed description of the Wezmeh osteological assemblage, which confirms that U. arctos was already present in Zagros during the Upper Pleistocene.

Background: The prevalence of obesity and overweight among children and adolescents is increasing worldwide and it is one of the most important general health problems. One of the routine methods in diagnosis of physical growth in children is Body Mass Index (BMI). Methods: This study is a cross-sectional one in which 742 students from primary schools aged 7-11 years were chosen in a two-stage cluster sampling by considering their gender and age. Weight and Height of students were collected and their Body Mass Index (BMI) was also calculated. BMI percentiles of these students were compared with the Iranian Reference (Husseini) and the center of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reference data. For statistical analysis t-test was used to compare data. Results: The prevalence rates of obesity on the base of Iranian reference and CDC were estimated 4.5%, 1.7% (P <0.001), respectively, and the prevalence of overweight were 8.7%, 4% respectively (P < 0.01). Considering the prevalence of overweight, there was no statistically difference between girls and boys while, prevalence of obesity based on Iranian reference in both gender was statistically different (p=0.046). The overall prevalence of obesity and overweight based on Iranian reference was significantly higher than that of the CDC reference (P <0.0٠١). Conclusion: The prevalence rate of obesity and overweight based on CDC was acceptable. As the results of different references the prevalence of obesity were not the same, so the employment of relevant BMI percentile and further studies to determine the effect size of various factors affecting weight and height are recommended.

Taq-e Bostan: Sassanid Paradise, Sacred Lake, Mithraic Reliefs, and Representation of the Vanquished Julian the Apostate
Republication from the currently inactive blog 'The Greeks of the Orient'
First republished on 12th August 2021 here:
https://profmegalommatistextsingreek.wordpress.com/2021/08/12/ταγ-ε-μποστάν-σασανιδικός-παράδεισος/

ΑΝΑΔΗΜΟΣΙΕΥΣΗ ΑΠΟ ΤΟ ΣΗΜΕΡΑ ΑΝΕΝΕΡΓΟ ΜΠΛΟΓΚ “ΟΙ ΡΩΜΙΟΙ ΤΗΣ ΑΝΑΤΟΛΗΣ”
Το κείμενο του κ. Νίκου Μπαϋρακτάρη είχε αρχικά δημοσιευθεί την 13η Σεπτεμβρίου 2019.
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– Υπάρχουν πολλά ιστορικά κι αρχαιολογικά ενδιαφέροντα εκεί, και θα μπορούσε κάποιος να περάσει μέρες και χρόνια ασχολούμενος με τα μνημεία του χώρου εκείνου και τη σημασία τους, αλλά το πιο σημαντικό θέμα είναι περισσότερο ιστορικο-θρησκευτικού χαρακτήρα. Ένας παράδεισος είναι το Ταγ-ε Μποστάν, ή ίσως υπόλοιπο του αρχικού, ή ενδεχομένως πρότυπο του τελικού – εσχατολογικού, και πιθανώτατα όλη η διαχρονική αξία του Ιράν να περιστρέφεται γύρω από την αναζήτηση του Παραδείσου. Πόσο μάλλον εφόσον κι ο εθνικός τους ποιητής ονομάζεται Παραδεισένιος (Φερντοουσί)! Οι Αχαιμενιδείς διαμόρφωναν χώρους δίπλα σε ποτάμια, λίμνες, πηγές και καταρράκτες μικρούς κήπους εν είδει παραδείσου. Κι η συνήθεια διατηρήθηκε μέχρι τα νεώτερα χρόνια. Ποτέ στο Ιράν ένα ανάκτορο δεν είναι πλήρες αν δεν έχει διευθετηθεί ένας μικρός παράδεισος δίπλα του. Και ποτέ ένας αρχαιολόγος στο Ιράν δεν έχει ολοκληρώσει την ανασκαφή ενός χώρου με ανάκτορο αν δεν εντοπίσει και την έκταση που θα χρησίμευε ως παράδεισος.
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Κι αυτό φτάνει ως αυτοκρατορική πρακτική μέχρι τα ισλαμικά χρόνια. Στο Εσφαχάν, ο σαφεβίδης Σάχης Αμπάς Β’ (1642-1666) ανήγειρε το ανάκτορο Τσεέλ Σοτούν (: Των Σαράντα Κιόνων / چهل ستون / Chehel Sotoun) μέσα σε ένα τεράστιο κήπο με μικρή λίμνη. Είναι σαν να δίνουν ο κήπος και η λίμνη τα πειστήρια ότι το κτήριο είναι όντως ένα ανάκτορο. Κι ο γιος και διάδοχος του Σάχη Αμπάς Β’, ο Σάχης Σουλεϋμάν (1666-1694), τι έκανε; Ανήγειρε ένα άλλο ανάκτορο στο Εσφαχάν, για να ξεπεράσει τον πατέρα του, και πως το ονόμασε; Χαστ Μπεχέστ (هشتبهشت/Hasht Behesht)! Δηλαδή το ανάκτορο των Οκτώ Παραδείσων! Αυτά συμβαίνουν όταν ένας πολιτισμός διαμορφώνεται ως αυθεντική συνέχεια του μεσοποταμιακού πολιτισμού των Ασσυρίων και των Βαβυλωνίων που ακόμη για μας σήμερα έχει ως σύμβολο τους Κρεμαστούς Κήπους της Βαβυλώνας.

Sciences dispatched a response team to the earthquake-stricken areas. This team provided the affected people with health services for 10 days. This article intends to examine the experience of this team in Kermanshah earthquake-stricken areas. Materials and Methods: After the team's return from Kermanshah, a meeting was held to examine the challenges and review the learned lessons with 60 participants, including authorities and the people who were members of the team. The discussed issues were coded using content analysis. The similar codes were merged, and then categories were extracted. Results: The analysis of discussions led to 9 categories of experiences that included delay in recalling process and its challenges, lack of preparedness, use of the virtual space capacity, lack of proper assessment of the health needs and the estimation of facilities, management experience of the team on the dispatch, shortcomings, and imperfections, managerial challenges, lack of coordination, and setting up of field hospitals without planning. Conclusion: Iran is susceptible to natural disasters, and from time to time, parts of the country are affected by these disasters. One of the priorities in these disasters is people's need for health services. Since health facilities in the area usually encounter problems in these circumstances, other medical universities should provide help and relief. The present experience shows that there are still many challenges that should be addressed.

"Narrative" and "narration" appear to be inseparable parts of the human psychosocial life, to the extent that it can even be mentioned that human being seems to be indefinable and inconceivable without this component and its twin component, namely "time". The present manuscript is an attempt to understand how the mechanism of narration works, with regard to the concept of collective memory and specifically the silent historical objects in the elderly. Such an effort may help to "understand" such a mechanism and, to its maximum extent possible, open the door to the subject matter. Of course, this launching can be opened directly or indirectly, and as a dilatory goal, to the subsequent studies of or empathetic therapeutic proceedings for the elderly, in the field of reminiscence therapy. The nature of this manuscript demands theoretical allusions and the conceptual composition of those allusions, and therefore an essential part of its body will be based on such a basis. To concretely configure the story of this manuscript, the narrative world of the 82-to 84-year-olds from Kermanshah, Iran have been selected as the experimental domain of study. The central object of their childhood collective memory was set on the settlement of some Polish migrants in Kermanshah during the presence of the allied, that is, when they were between seven and eight years old. Having conducted a semi-structured interview with them, there was compiled the way of imprinting the elements of that central object in their "world of perception" and the parade of the overt and covert elements of that central object in their narrative system. Besides, based on theoretical concepts, an attempt has been made to provide a concrete discussion.

1 ‫ﻓﺮﻳﺪ‬ ، ‫اﺣﻤﺪزاده‬ 2 * ‫ﻧﻮرﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻣﻴﺪ‬ ، 3 ‫ﭼﻜﻴﺪه‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺎه‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ‬ ‫اﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﺪف‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﮔـﺬاري‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺰان‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺟﺎر‬ ‫دورة‬ ‫ﻛﺮﻣﺎﻧﺸﺎﻫﺎن‬ ‫اﻳﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻛﺮد‬ ‫زﻧﺎن‬ ‫ﮔﺰارش‬ ‫ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‬ ‫اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ،‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎرﻫﺎي‬ ‫در‬ ‫آﻧﺎن‬ ‫ﻧﻘـﺶ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﺳـﻨﺎد‬ ‫ﺳـﻴﺎﺣﺎن،‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﻗﺒﺮﻫـﺎي،‬ ‫ﺳـﻨﮓ‬ ‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ‬. ‫ﺟﻨﺒﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻋﺸﺎﻳﺮي‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻳﻠﻲ‬ ‫زﻧﺪﮔﻲ‬ ‫درﺑﺎرة‬ ‫ﻧﺎدري‬ ‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎت‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺎﺣﺎن‬ ‫اراﺋـﻪ‬ ‫زﻧـﺎن‬ ‫اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫زﻧﺪﮔﻲ‬ ‫دﻳﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫دﻫﻨﺪ‬. ‫ﺑﻦ‬ ‫را‬ ‫زﻧﺎن‬ ‫آﻧﺎن‬ ‫داﻧﺴﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻮﺷﺶ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺗﻼش‬ ‫ﻫﺮﮔﻮﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻮر‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺮات‬ ‫ﺳﺘﻮن‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻳﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻘـﺶ‬ ‫زن‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺘﻘﺪﻧـﺪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻧﺪ‬ ‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫داﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫اﻳﻠﻲ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻧﻮادﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎم‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﺪاري‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻤﻲ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺷﺎﺧﺺ‬. ‫ﻗﺒﺮﻫـﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﮓ‬ ‫آﻧﻜﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﻧﻜﺘﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺟ‬ ‫دورة‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﺪه‬ ‫ﻳﺎدﮔﺎر‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ‬ ‫اﻳﻦ‬ ‫در‬ ‫زﻧﺎن‬ ‫از‬ ‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺎر‬. ‫ﺳﻨﮓ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ‫ﻛﺮﻣﺎﻧﺸﺎﻫﺎن‬ ‫اﻳﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺰارﻫﺎي‬ ‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻮده‬ ‫ﺧﻮد‬ ‫زﻣﺎن‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﻓﻲ‬ ِ ‫ﻓﺮدي‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺎه‬ ‫ﺑﺎزﺗﺎب‬. ‫روش‬ ‫ﺑـﻪ‬ ‫روﻳﻜـﺮدي‬ ‫ﭼﻨـﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺑـﺎ‬ ‫ﭘـﮋوﻫﺶ‬ ‫اﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﺬا،‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺨﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮع‬ ‫ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺪاﻧﻲ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اي‬ ‫ﭘﺮدازد‬. ‫ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎن‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫دﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫زﻧﺎن‬ ‫اﻳﻔﺎ‬ ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ،‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎرﻫﺎي‬ ‫در‬ ‫اﻧﻜﺎرﻧﺎﭘﺬﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺸﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺟﺎر‬ ‫دورة‬ ‫ﻛﺮﻣﺎﻧﺸﺎﻫﺎن‬ ‫اﻳﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﺮد‬ ‫ﻛﺮده‬ ‫اﻧﺪ‬. ‫ﻣﺎﻟﻜﻴـﺖ‬ ‫اﻳﻞ،‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ‬ ‫رﺋﻴﺲ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ارﺑﺎب‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺎه‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻛﺮﻣﺎﻧﺸﺎﻫﺎن‬ ‫ﻋﺸﺎﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﺮد‬ ‫زﻧﺎن‬ ‫ﺣﻀﻮر‬ ‫ﺷﺎﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ،‬ ‫آن‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬
‫و‬ ‫دﺳﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫زﻣﻴﻦ،‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫زﻧﺎن‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬ » ‫وﻗﻒ‬ « ‫ﻫﺴﺘﻴﻢ‬ .
The aim of this study is to understand the status of Kurdish women in the Kermanshahan tribe community in the Qajar era and their impacts on social, economic, and political structures based on traveler's reports, documents and documented archaeological data in the region. Travelers provided the researchers with a plenty of unique information about the life of the nomads and the tribes and other aspects of the social life of the women. They consider women to be the backbone of any effort and believe they have played an important role in the sustainability of the family and the tribe system. An interesting point is related to the preserved gravestone of women in this area, which belongs to the Qajar era. The motifs of the gravestones of the Kermanshahan tribe community have reflected the social and individual status of the deceased in their time. Therefore, this research is based on a descriptive and analytical approach and based on library resources and field data. Research findings show that Kurdish women in the Kermanshahan tribe community in the Qajar era have played the undeniable role in social, political and economic structures. Thus, we witness the presence of Kurdish women among the Kermanshahan tribesmen in the role of the lord and as the head of the society, the women as land owners, production of handicrafts and their role in the "waqf" operation.

This paper studies the urban system and the reasons for its formation in the province of Kermanshah. The research method is descriptive-analytical and the data gathering technique is documental analysis (master plan, city consultant, population and housing census, reports of organizations and departments and statistical yearbooks. The results show that since 1335 the population distribution of urban areas has not been balanced in population thresholds. There are no large mid-sized cities and large medium cities. In all the censuses, there was the first city phenomenon in the province, and now, the population of the first city (Kermanshah) is 10.45 times that of the second city (Islamabad (.The service distribution in urban areas with population distribution has the correlation of 0.99. This means that services are distributed based on population and there is no plan to solve this imbalance of the urban system. The political and economic reasons for the imbalance of the urban system are: the first, land reforms hampered rural production and the village lost the ability to maintain its population, and it shaped rural- urban migration.  Second, the development plans through special attention to some urban areas, such as Kermanshah metropolitan increased their attractions. And it caused the urban balance shuffle. Third, the war caused massive migration of frontier population to Kermanshah metropolitan.