Urban Landscape

As the number of references to landscape increases in the Brussels-Capital Region, the article analyses its place and meaning within the Regional Development Plans (1995-2018). The article intends to show that landscape may be considered as a category of Brussels public action and that in this sense it constitutes a good indicator of its evolution. The analysis allows us to identify significant changes, such as the progressive association of landscape with nature as the sustainability framework replaced the interest in heritage, and its change of scale in connection with the process of metropolisation. It also highlights certain contents which are more stable over time, such as the association of landscape with the imaginary of slow mobility or the view of it as a relatively positive and consensual subject.

Abstract:  This paper presents an argument for considering issues of class in analyses of communicative planning projects. In these projects, class interests tend to be obscured by the contemporary preoccupation with the class-ambiguous category of “community”. Through a case study of a project of urban redevelopment at King's Cross in London, we conceptualize and map class interests in an urban redevelopment project. Three aspects of the planning process that contain clear class effects are looked at: the amount of office space, the flexibility of plans, and the appropriation of the urban environment as exchange or use value. These aspects structure the urban redevelopment but are external to the communicative planning process. The opposition to the redevelopment has in the planning discourse been articulated as “community”-based rather than in class-sensitive terms. We finally present three strategies for reinserting issues of class into planning theory and practice.

Il castello nasce, storicamente, come entità di natura urbanistica ancora prima che architettonica. La sua relazione con la struttura fisica e l’immagine della città si afferma al momento dell’edificazione e si conferma nei secoli stabilendo forme di interdipendenza in continua evoluzione. A Rimini, il binomio castello-città offre l’occasione per descrivere i diversi volti che assume il paesaggio costruito in più di cinquecento anni di storia.

Historically, the castle’s structure has always been more urban than architectural. Its connection with the physical structure and outlook of the city gets clear already at the time of its construction and continues over the centuries, constantly developing new types of interdependence. In Rimini, the castle-city duo offers the opportunity to describe the different landscapes that have been built in more than five hundred years of history.

If you would like to write for this, or any other Emerald publication, then please use our Emerald for Authors service information about how to choose which publication to write for and submission guidelines are available for all. Please visit www.emeraldinsight.com/authors for more information. About Emerald www.emeraldinsight.com Emerald is a global publisher linking research and practice to the benefit of society. The company manages a portfolio of more than 290 journals and over 2,350 books and book series volumes, as well as providing an extensive range of online products and additional customer resources and services. Emerald is both COUNTER 4 and TRANSFER compliant. The organization is a partner of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) and also works with Portico and the LOCKSS initiative for digital archive preservation. Abstract Purpose-Urban landscapes play a significant role in supporting municipal, ecological and social systems. Besides, valuable environmental services and urban green spaces provide social and psychological services, very important for the liveability of modern cities and the well-being of urban residents. It is clear that the area of green space in a city, the method of designing urban landscape and access to urban green space potentially affect the health, happiness, comfort, safety and security of urban dwellers. Urban landscape plays a significant role in providing habitats for wildlife, and an important vegetation type in doing this is species-rich herbaceous vegetation that provides pollen and nectar plus physical habitat for native fauna. Any factor that makes an impression on the urban landscape (such as climate change) will affect people's lives directly or indirectly. There is a universal consensus that the temperature has increased in most of the world over the past century the investigation of climate change impacts on the urban landscape is the purpose of this study. Findings-Understanding the process of climate change adaptation is necessary to design plant communities for use in public landscapes. Increased CO 2 and air temperature in conjunction with the changing rainfall conditions, as the three important factors of climate change, potentially alter almost all world ecosystems. Climate change provides new opportunities, and in some cases, an obligate need to use non-native plant species in conjunction with native plant species, not only to reduce the side effects of climate change but also to increase the species diversity and aesthetic value in meadow-like naturalistic planting design. Originality/value-The authors confirm that this work is original and has not been published elsewhere. In this paper, the authors report on the effects of climate change on urban landscape and suggest different kind of solutions to reduce the effects. The paper should be of interest to readers in the areas of landscape architecture, landscape ecologist, landscape planner, landscape managers and environmental designer.

Chiang Mai is one of the most severe smog areas in Thailand. It was the world's ranked No.1 city with the worst air quality. Has detected the PM2.5 dust concentration higher than 500 micrograms per cubic meter. Which is the value than the Thai air quality index criteria. While the way to alleviate problems from the government as a distribution of assistance, such as installing a large air purifier and water drop spraying system in some area or there are officers leading the convoy to spray water spray to various points.

Sustainable Drainage Systems (SuDS) can be considered the joint product of water engineering and urban planning and design since these systems must comply with hydraulic, hydrologic, and social-ecological functions. To enhance this joint collaboration, a conceptual model of mesoscale SuDS is introduced based on the observed rainfall-runoff responses from two catchments with SuDS and a pipe-bound catchment. The model shows that in contrast to pipe systems, SuDS disaggregates the catchment into a group of discrete mini catchments that have no instant connection to the outlet. These mini catchments start to connect to each other (and perhaps to the outlet) as the rainfall depth increases. It is shown that the sequence of stormwater control measures (SCMs as individual components of SuDS) affects the system’s overall performance depending on the volumetric magnitude of the rainfall. The concept is useful in the design and implementation of mesoscale SuDS retrofits, which include several...

Urbanization generates human-made habitats with novel resources. Such change is not homegeneous, and includes different urban land uses characterized by specific habitat traits. In this study we explored the ecophysiologial response of an urban-exploiter species in three different urban land uses (urban, suburban, industrial). Our results show that corticosterone (obtained through fecal samples) and immunoglobulin (obtained through blood samples) concentrations did not differ significantly among the studied urban land uses. Corticosterone and immunoglobulin concentration showed both high and low values in urban and suburban areas, while industrial areas had low and high levels of corticosterone, and medium-to-low immunoglobulin concentration values. Also, we found a negative relationship between corticosterone and immunoglobulin concentrations in industrial areas. Based on corticosterone and immunoglobulin concentration thresholds established from previous studies, our results suggest that:

What I’m interested in stressing here, is that the unique amount, beauty and fame of Italian landscapes and vedute painted between the 17th and 18th Century – images that we all know since they are widely exhibited all over the globe (who has never crossed eye with a Canaletto, original or reproduced?) – are partly responsible for the #StateofException in which a constantly growing part of the Italian territory is being held captive, through Law, by City Councils, Superintendencies, and so on.

In this paper, we examined twelve riparian forests along urban-rural gradients in Austin, TX (USA), on the relationship among watershed urbanization and the invasion of alien woody species. We assessed the degree of biological invasion by measuring relative alien cover (RAC) of the riparian forests. We also measured environmental variables (15 in total) that characterize the study forests, including impervious surface percentage of corresponding watersheds, stream hydrology of adjacent streams, species diversity, canopy gap percentage, and soil nutrient contents of the riparian forests. Stream hydrology was quantified by the transfer function model. The results indicate that impervious surface percentage was related to stream hydrology: the more the impervious surface in a watershed, the faster streamflow recedes after the storm, and the longer dry period the riparian forest experienced (R 2 = 0.722). Impervious surface percentage was also related to RAC (R 2 = 0.498). Nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) grouped the 15 environmental variables into five dimensions. Multiple regression analysis of RAC on the five NMDS dimensions shows that RAC was related only to the dimension related to hydrological drought. Based on these results, we concluded that watershed urbanization facilitates the invasion of alien species in riparian forests by causing hydrologic drought, particularly in hot and semi-arid regions.

Este capítulo trata de la ciudad informal, de los asentamientos informales, o, si lo prefieren, de la ciudad oculta en sentido metafórico en tanto que construcción social del paisaje. Específicamente, analiza algunas situaciones dentro del contexto brasileño. Sabemos que lo oculto es algo desconocido, inesperado, no revelado. Los paisajes de la ciudad informal, en realidad, no están ocultos, pues son muy visibles en las ciudades donde se encuentran, específicamente en el caso de Brasil. Sin embargo, los asentamientos informales en Brasil sufrieron y aún sufren, en cierto modo, un largo proceso de ocultación por parte del Estado y de gran parte de la sociedad, que los considera indeseables y, por tanto, no visibles, en línea con lo apuntado en la Introducción al presente libro. La ciudad informal, oculta para la mayoría de los que pertenecen a la ciudad formal u ocultada por los que no la viven, por los que no les han enseñado a mirarla o que no desean mirarla, es el objeto de este capítulo. Cabe señalar que este es un tema sobre el cuál abundan los análisis socioeconómicos, pero son pocos los análisis espaciales, centrados en su construcción, en la materialidad de este paisaje. En este contexto, y con la intención de incidir en este análisis, el capítulo se centra en el estudio de los asentamientos informales y su inserción en el paisaje urbano con la intención de iluminar algunos de sus códigos espaciales y asociarlos a la vivencia del lugar. El capítulo está subdividido en tres partes, que se desarrollan de la siguiente forma: la primera, con el título de los paisajes de la aglomeración, analiza el caso de las favelas; la segunda, con el título de los paisajes de interferencia, estudia la realidad de los cortiços insertados en los tejidos urbanos y otros modos de apropiación informal del espacio formal; y, a modo de conclusión, se presentan los paisajes de la proliferación, basándose en la conformación del paisaje urbano desde la mirada global de los asentamientos de la ciudad formal y de la informal y desde la necesidad de reconocer la ciudad a partir de la comprensión de ambas realidades.

Os viadutos constituem um dos equipamentos contemporâneos mais representativos da profunda alteração que os transportes motorizados impuseram ao cenário citadino, traduzindo uma ideia de mobilidade urbana que, independentemente das questões que hoje se levantam sobre a sua validade e eficiência, caracterizam de forma indelével a paisagem das cidades. Em Lisboa conhecem-se vários, alguns dos quais revestidos por azulejos que, de diferentes modos, exploram a integração destes equipamentos nos espaços onde foram edificados. O presente artigo centra-se, precisamente, nesta questão, procurando perceber de que forma as intervenções cerâmicas em viadutos contribuem para a requalificação da paisagem urbana da capital. /// Even considering the issues related with its efficiency, the flyovers are one of the urban equipment that most features the cities landscape, expressing an idea of urban mobility which results from the changes imposed by the motor transportations during the last decades. In Lisbon there are many flyovers, some of them “decorated” with azulejos that, in different forms, try to integrate these structures into their surrounding spaces. This article aims to focus precisely on this issue, trying to understand how the ceramic interventions contribute to the requalification of the city’s landscape.

As urbanized areas expand and develop throughout the world, the importance of understanding their effects on wildlife increases. Living in cities may be stressful for animals but may also provide benefits at the same time, and the sum of these effects should manifest in the body condition of individuals. Studies addressing this phenomenon tend to evaluate one or few indices of body condition, each of which may be subject to various confounding effects and seasonal changes. In this study we used multiple approaches to assess the effects of urbanization on adult body condition in house sparrows (Passer domesticus), a passerine undergoing population declines in urban habitats. In line with earlier studies, we found that sparrows in more urbanized habitats have reduced body mass. However, birds had similar scaled mass index (body mass corrected for body size) along the urbanization gradient at all times of the year, contradicting the previous result on type-1 regression residuals. In the non-breeding season, urban and rural birds had similar levels of corticosterone, hematocrit, and heterophil:lymphocyte ratio. In the molting season, hematocrit indicated better condition in rural birds whereas H:L ratio showed the opposite; however, these trends were not consistent between age groups. Two condition-dependent plumage traits, male bib size and wing bar size, showed no systematic variation along the gradient of urbanization. These results suggest that the environmental conditions experienced by adult house sparrows are not more stressful in more urbanized habitats, and they also highlight the importance of considering multiple indices of body condition.

Development threats to beautiful and productive agricultural areas occur throughout the world. This case study of one such productive valley reveals its agricultural uniqueness to Mexico and the pressures for its industrialization. Landscape and regional planning and environmental impact assessment tools were applied to suggest compatible and sustainable uses. Five environmental units were selected according to a digital model of the terrain and the overlapping of ecological maps, aerial photos and Landsat images. Descriptions included both natural and transformed physical attributes. Cultural and landscape architecture parameters were added to evaluate the aesthetics of each unit. Contrasting six potential land-uses (agriculture, agri-industry, tourism-recreation, urban, range management for cattle, and conservation) generated the capacity for sustained land-use, together with an environmental impact assessment. Economic means for directing land-use toward sustainability are to be developed by the local government. Community organization, local political pressure and the tastes of the national government will dictate its future use. #

Marche Region, as other Italian regions, is reviewing its Landscape Plan. In this article I will argue that the most important expected outcome of the review process is the construction of active policies for landscape meant as actions capable of producing landscape quality, either directly or indirectly. Environmental Landscape Plan (PPAR); then I will try to describe the demand for change that it is bound innovation required, can turn out to be the most relevant outcome in the renewal process.

Paper about some results of the research about the integrated policy for urban development “Die Soziale Stadt - Gebiete mit besonderem Entwicklungsbedarf” in Germany and the city of Berlin, as case study.
The research is part of the research project “Urban regeneration issues. Scenario, strategies, tools, competence”, which concerns different European case studies.
Coordinator: Prof. Anna Laura Palazzo, DIPSU, Università Roma Tre

Polazeći od klimatskih promena kao ključnog izazova regeneracije i savremenog razvoja grada, ovo istraživanje posebnu pažnju posvećuje odnosu korisnika i mesta, te za cilj ima formiranje strategije koja je antropocentrična, jer za osnov uzima aktivno učešće pojedinca u proizvodnji prostora. Ovo istraživanje zasniva se na prošlogodišnjem, koje je pratilo uticaj klimatskih promena na planiranje i projektovanje kroz razvoj optimalnih modela, a čiji je sledeći korak formiranje mogućih strategija delovanja.

Prošlogodišnje istraživanje bilo je uobličeno kroz tri osnovne tematske celine, odnosno bavilo se ispitivanjem fenomena (de)fragmentisanja prostora grada, zatim procesa (de)notiranja fragmenata i potencijalom (re)komponovanja fragmenata grada. Kao eksperimentalni prostorni poligon preispitivana su ograničenja i mogućnosti napuštenih prostora u gradu kao prostornih okvira u koje bi bile pozicionirane
urbane bašte kao potencijalni model delovanja. Posebna pažnja posvećena je ispitivanju benefita transformacije napuštenih prostora koristeći elemente prirode, odnosno transformacije ovih prostora od odbačenih u komforne, od zaboravljenih u edukativne, i potencijala umrežavanja novonastalih fragmenata u cilju obnavljanja izgubljenog urbanog pejzaža. Kroz ispitivanje distinskcija i sadejstva dva oprečna fenomena, kao što su napuštena izgrađena sredina i elementi prirodnosti, težilo se postavljanju principa delovanja buduće strategije. Cilj ovakve strategije bilo bi formiranje mreže elemenata potencijalno atraktivnih lokalnoj zajednici za dalje korišćenje, bez do kraja definisane programske postavke, tj. proizvodnja prostornog poligona potencijalne društvene interakcije kroz edukaciju o samom mestu, ali i o njegovom značaju i potencijalu.
Posmatrano kroz prostornu fragmentiranost i vremenski sekvenciran razvoj, priobalje Novog Beograda sagledano kao pejzaž različitosti predstavlja ogledni prostorni poligon formiranja produktivnog urbanog pejzaža koji bi mogao da postane održivi resurs za ponovno stvaranje prirode i društvenih interakcija sa prirodom u gradu. U pokušaju da zadovolji ovaj kompleksan i kontradiktoran izazov, istraživanje preispituje mogućnosti primene „eko-matrice“ kao moguće strategije stvaranja produktivnog urbanog pejzaža, kao donekle „alternativne“ tipologije
javnih prostora. U suštini, strategija „eko-matrice“ može se posmatrati kao alternativna „eko-infrastruktura“ za buduću urbanost savremenog grada. Cilj je proizvesti prostor u kome su spojeni priroda i društvo i koji će štititi urbanu strukturu od ponovnog napuštanja i u isto vreme (re)kreirati izgubljenu vezu između prirode, ljudi i grada.

Predstavljena strategija pokušava da proširi koncept održivosti u društvenu i kulturnu praksu, pozivajući se na vrednosti svakodnevnog iskustva pejzaža. Savremeno
kreiranje urbanog pejzaža ne bi trebalo da postane samo stvaranje prirode radi prirode, već i kulturni proizvod u kom je moguće steći znanje. Ovo podržava koncept
strategije „eko-matrice“, kao proizvodnje produktivnog pejzaža koji može da obezbedi spoj prirodnih procesa sa ljudskim dnevnim rutinama. Ona mora da se distancira
od pružanja isključivo udobnog mesta rekreacije i dokolice sa simboličkom predstavom prema (urbanom) pejzažu koji izaziva ljudsku percepciju i tako pomaže
dovršetak kreiranja mesta imaginacijom.

Until 1993 there were conducted first excavations in what promised to be the site of one of the most important buildings of Petra, the stunning capital of the Nabataean kingdom. Its construction, whose initiation century BC, several changes, reconstructions and landslides along its more than five hundred years of operation. But despite this still unknown for certain functions for which it was designed and that, regardless of the construction elements, materials have been located just still less inscriptions that shed some light on a mystery that will try here exhibit various theories that enable closer to resolution.

Green spaces play a crucial role in supporting urban ecological and social systems, a fact recognised in public policy commitments in both the UK and Europe. The amount of provision, the distribution of green space and the ease of access to such spaces are key contributors to social and ecological function in urban environments. We measured distance along the transport network to public green space available to households in Sheffield, and compared this with the distribution of private garden space. In addition, we used a geodemographic database, Mosaic UK, to examine how access to green space varies across different sectors of society. Public green spaces are chronically underprovided relative to recommended targets. For example, 64% of Sheffield households fail to meet the recommendation of the regulatory agency English Nature (EN), that people should live no further than 300 m from their nearest green space. Moreover, this figure rises to 72% if we restrict attention to municipal parks recognised by the local council. There is an overall reduction in coverage by green space when moving from neighbourhoods where green space is primarily publicly provided to those where it is privately provided. While access to public green space varies significantly across different social groups, those enjoying the greatest access include more deprived groups and older people. This study highlights the need for additional green space to be created and existing green space to be protected in light of increasing development pressure.

Planners, architects, landscape designers, geographers and the like have assigned the term terrain vague to describe those muddled landscapes lying in between use, and between nature and civilization. In a much-cited essay on such spaces the late Spanish architect and critic Ignasi Solà-Morales Rubió noted how they assumed the status of fascination for photographers, and indicated it was thanks to the work of practitioners (he mentions John Davies, amongst others) that his own regard was drawn to what had hitherto lain largely un-remarked and un-theorized elsewhere. In the twenty years since Solà-Morales Rubió’s piece, with the further decline of industry and failing economies, such sites have proliferated across the North of England, and their indeterminate landscapes have come to preoccupy a new range of contemporary photographers.

This paper will begin by considering the way this recent photography (and associated painting) has investigated Northern terrains vague, and remarks there a shift in attention from the large scale images made in the mid/late twentieth century to more intimate viewpoints; it discerns tendencies to address the everyday surfaces of such places, their shattered remnants, rusty artefacts and eroded structures, or to enumerate the recurrences of particular forms identified through repeated walking and slow looking, some of which have been informed by perspectives from psychogeography. Between these instances of visual abstraction and conceptual pattern recognition, it seeks to discuss what might be thought Northern in these depictions – how do they differ from the exploration of similar sites elsewhere – and to reflect upon their consequences for how such places can be theorised. In doing so it refers to research through practice (photography/writing/visual communication) for ‘Vague terrain’, issue 4 of my Pam Flett Press independent serial publication, and ongoing work for ‘Returns’, a project on post industrial landscapes, for which I have been investigating sites in Sheffield, Stoke-on-Trent, Teesside and the North Pennines.

Recorded urban landscape for centuries has been an important part of material culture, shaping the identity of the city. Images are of great importance due to the recording of urban space, re-defining the space in culture, creating the image of the city. A special type of so recorded landscape is the one at the crossroads of the river. This paper is an attempt to look at the problem of the urban space imaging on the example of riverside landscape in Wroclaw.

Numerous fast-growing coastal cities in the Global South are exposed to coastal, fluvial and pluvial floods, as a consequence of decades-long rapid urbanisation and weak enforcement of planning regulations. Integrating Blue–Green Infrastructure (BGI) concepts into the development of the urban landscape has the potential to increase flood resilience and offer broader environmental benefits. BGI is an innovative approach that combines water management and green infrastructure to maintain natural water cycles and enhance environmental and urban renewal. This paper identifies socio-economic, cultural and political challenges influencing BGI adoption in Semarang city in Indonesia. Data was collected from residents of three communities through interviews (n=30), questionnaires (n=180) and focus groups with policymakers and community representatives. The combined quantitative and qualitative data provide an understanding of the specific socio-economic, cultural and political issues at play...

Information on urban tree growth, mortality and in-growth is currently being used to estimate urban forest structure changes and ecosystem services such as carbon sequestration. This study reports on tree diameter growth and mortality in 65 plots distributed among four land use categories, which were established in 2005/2006 in Gainesville, Florida, USA and were re-measured in 2009. Models for mortality

In the field of pedestrian-orientation, the notion of shared space has been proposed as a human-centered approach to the designing of contemporary urban streets with the aim of integration of vehicles and people. The woonerf phenomenon, which can literally be translated as ‘living yard’, is equivalent to traffic-calming or home zones aimed at realizing shared space on the scale of residential neighborhoods. Aiming to create safe and vital neighborhoods and set a speed limit for passing vehicles in the region, woonerf increases the symbiotic potential of personal vehicles and pedestrians; it gives pedestrians the right of way, allows for their free movement, especially in the case of the elderly and those with physical disabilities, and provides a safe playing area for children in the neighborhood. As part of the urban landscape on the neighborhood scale, woonerf consists of physical-functional, aesthetic and semantic-spatial aspects of landscape. It is achieved through the combination of natural and human-made environments based on human activities and it can provide delightful emotional, perceptual and cognitive experiences for local residents by adjusting the ergonomic, personal, social and cultural needs of people in a special neighborhood by recourse to “form, function and meaning” simultaneously. The sum total of perceptual, formal and symbolic levels in an aesthetic experience centered on humans and pedestrians leads to aesthetic pleasure. Finally, the woonerf urban landscape as an objective-subjective phenomenon will metaphorically remind inhabitants of the living street by enhancing vitality, increasing social interaction and inducing a sense of place in integrated spaces for pedestrians, bicycles and motor vehicles as pedestrian-oriented shared space for a democratic and livable neighborhood.

Over two hundred years, increasing urban growth and an influx of migrants transformed Tehran from a 7.5 square kilometer city of 15,000 inhabitants into a mega-city of ten million sprawling over 600 square kilometers. Having subsumed flatlands to the east and west and seventy villages on its adjacent mountain slopes, now Tehran varies 800 meters in elevation from south to north. The rapid growth of the city has resulted in different pollution and environmental changes. As the awareness of environmental quality has noticeably increased throughout the last decades, the need to regenerate degraded urban areas, preserve and restore natural resources, and improve water quality beside space qualities is highly necessitated. In order to alleviate the environmental problems, landscape architecture should take the main role in the urban extension planning and design. In this study, Tehran riverfronts are analyzed in order to achieve a high quality environment. The seven river-valleys that pass through Tehran have been reviewed as a cohesive urban planning for the future extensions. To achieve the detailed concepts of riverfront landscape planning design, Kan River was chosen as the case study in Tehran. Different sections of the Kan River are analyzed with regard to ecological and landscape aspects and thereby some general landscape strategies were achieved. These strategies are concluded by the concept of Rehabilitation of Tehran river-valleys. The study of Kan River is aimed to provide insight into the main principles of its rehabilitation. Although the Kan River is used as a case study, regarding its similarity to the other rivers in Tehran, the rehabilitation principles could be used for other rivers in Tehran as well.

A functional network of green space is important for the maintenance of the ecological dimension of a sustainable urban landscape. We used avian ecological diversity as a proxy for evaluating the functionality of different types of urban green space. The urban landscape of the municipality ofÖrebro in Sweden was stratified into four strata (City centre, Residential, Greenway and Periphery). Bird species found in these strata were classified into four ecological groups with decreasing degree of specialisation (woodpeckers, hole-nesters, forest birds and urban birds). Overall there was lower bird species richness in the City centre and Residential areas compared to the Greenway and Periphery. Woodpeckers, hole-nesters and forest birds showed an increasing trend in the number of species as well as individuals from the City centre to the Periphery while urban birds showed the opposite trend. The amount and quality of green space as well as natural vegetation increased from the City centre to the Periphery. Species richness of woodpeckers, forest birds and hole-nesters were positively correlated with tree density while urban birds showed an inverse correlation. There was no dead wood in City centre, Residential and Greenway in contrast to the Periphery, which held some dying trees, stumps and old windthrows. Our findings emphasise the importance of urban green space with natural structures to maintain high ecological diversity. Finally, we discuss how conflicts between habitat for biodiversity maintenance and other functions of green space could be handled by zoning.

Izmir province has experienced a tremendous increase in population such as other metropolitan cities of Turkey due to migration issues in last 30 years. Land use and land cover (LULC) of Izmir was affected from this unplanned population increase in province scale, natural ecosystems were destroyed by settlement, and agricultural activities of that doubled population. The aim of this study was determining LULC changes in Izmir and 30 m spatial resolution Landsat images were used as the main data along with geographic information systems (GIS) and remote sensing (RS) procedures. Satellite images from 1986 to 2015 were used to investigate LULC change patterns and a transition matrix was created. Object-based image classification technique was used for creating segments before classification. Segments, created by multi-resolution segmentation approach, were classified by visual analysis by the help of old maps, high-resolution imagery, Google Earth, and Landsat images. GIS-RS based hybrid method provided a very high accuracy (about 93%) in satellite image classification and maintained a transition matrix of changing dynamics. The results showed that increased impervious surfaces and decreased natural areas such as forests and meadows were the main features of LULC change in study area.

El paradigma occidental de simplificación y parcialización del conocimiento formulado por Descartes, postuló el pensamiento disyuntor como método en la investigación científica. No sería hasta el siglo XX cuando éste, comenzaría a revelar vacios, con el surgimiento del pensamiento estructuralista, la teoría de sistemas y los estudios de la complejidad como respuesta a esta parcialización del conocimiento, evidenciando la necesidad de una integración del conocimiento en sus tres grandes campos; la biología, la física y las humanidades. A este último campo pertenece la disciplina de la conservación del patrimonio, que en este comunicado argumenta la necesidad de considerar metodologías integrativas para una nueva visión de la conservación del patrimonio cultural enfatizando la importancia de la investigación del paisaje cultural como parte esencial de una metodología que permita hacer una lectura más acertada del espacio habitable (en sus tres niveles de concreción –territorio, asentamientos humanos, arquitectura-) con el objetivo de englobar diversos enfoques, que coadyuven a una lectura, interpretación y registro del paisaje cultural. Los argumentos a favor de considerar un enfoque holístico, integrativo y transdisciplinario del conocimiento tienen aplicación clara en la identificación, protección, conservación y políticas de desarrollo sustentable de los paisajes culturales. Para este estudio se toma el paisaje de la Cuenca Lacustre de Pátzcuaro que fue en época mesoamericana el centro de la cultura purépecha, conservándose en la actualidad como uno de los sitios más extensos y homogéneos de esta cultura.

Palabras clave: Transdiciplina, Paisaje cultural, Patrimonio intangible, Páztcuaro

Our team was asked by the Chattanooga Downtown Planning and Design Studio to study how the downtown plan could be environmentally sound. We were charged with articulating the issues, framing the problems, looking for larger integrative patterns, and proposing innovative solutions for an ecologically healthy downtown. The objective was to find practical ways for natural systems and urban development to reinforce each other.

We make six main recommendations that are necessary to fully take advantage of our integrated approach.

1  An Integral Development Framework
2  A Green Infrastructure Network
3  An Integrated Water Network
4  A Green Neighborhoods Program
5  A Green Buildings Program
6  A Green Policy Framework

INTRODUCTION
From thousands of years, Istanbul witnessed many historical eras, formed very important cultural heritages and sheltered valuable landscapes. Capital of three empires, from Roman to Byzantine, Ottoman to Republic of Turkey, Constantinople evolved to Istanbul with large natural and cultural accumulations. Hosting the bostans along with other important historical, architectural and archaeological sites, the Historical Peninsula is the oldest settlement in Istanbul and is under the conservation of UNESCO since 1985. 
Bostans were formed as the cultural landscapes of Ottoman Empire, where vegetables were grown in old Istanbul. They were also functioned as resting area, where women used to bring their agricultural productions and spend their day. From Yedikule Gate to Belgrad Gate, Yedikulebostans are the most important one for growing vegetables today in Istanbul, and unlike others, Yedikulebostans survived from urbanization thanks to its location along the city walls (Aktas, 2011).
Starting from 1950s, Istanbul became the economic head of the country, causing a rapid population growth and an urbanization explosion. Along with these developments, green areas disappeared respectively. Natural or cultural landscape of the city suffered a lot in this period; anyhow a green trace including the Yedikule Bostans remained in a heavily constructed district.

Dark Sides of the City-Editorial And work of every description ceased, and all the trades were abandoned by the artisans, and all other work as well, such as each had in hand. Indeed, in a city which was simply abounding in all good things, starvation almost absolute was running riot.

With rapid global urban growth, the proximity between urban and protected areas will increase. We identify four categories of nations, based on the proportion of people in urban areas, the amount of protected area, and the 1995 and estimated 2030 distance between cities and protected areas: urbanized nations (>60% urban) with a high population density (>40 people/km 2 ) and close proximity between urban and protected areas (e.g., Europe); urbanized nations with a relatively low population density and moderate proximity between urban and protected areas (e.g., United States); rural nations with a lots of parks (>5% of land area), where proximity will dramatically increase (e.g., China); and rural nations with limited protected area systems (e.g., West Africa). A literature review of 163 studies identified 22 important urban effects on protected areas. Effects range from global to local, with two-thirds of the effects essentially limited to within 50 km of an urban area. We also examined conservation projects of The Nature Conservancy to determine if threats reported by conservation practitioners varied with proximity to urban area. Although many types of threats occurred at all proximities, threat types overall correlated significantly with proximity to an urban area, including more frequent problems with habitat loss due to residential development and wastewater/sewage. Thus, with the median distance from a park to an urban area already less than 50 km in many regions, we conclude that thousands of protected areas are already impacted by urban areas and many more will be impacted in the future.

B 454 G5 opy 1)OWN THE GARDEN PATH (3y Dorothy Qiles SB 454-.G 5 Down the Qarden Path PRACTICAL DIRECTIONS for FLOWER and VEGETABLE GARDENING is one of a series of service books issued by McCalL'S for its readers. The purpose of the booklets is to help the homemaker to arrange and simplify her daily life, enabling her to find time and strength for those interests which lie outside the narrow circle of household cares. Gardening is one such interest, too often thrust aside for want of time. But when America shall have become a land of little gardens as well as of great ones, when the flower-garden on the farm, along the village street, in the suburbs, is the rule and not the exception we shall find a new spirit abroad and a loveliness which will do much to bring beauty to dwell with us. €?.

Recent practice of staged photography in China renders views of urban landscapes as active elements in performative actions directed for the camera. These cityscapes, featured in photographs produced by artists such as Li Wei, Cao Fei, Chi Peng and Xing Danwen, not only reflect the country's rapid urbanisation but also ongoing processes of globalisation. The same processes reconfigure time-space relations around the globe and offer an opportunity to 'decentre' the world, but they equally escape capture and document in real time. Fictional photographic elaborations of their accompanying elements, such as the technologisation of culture and the inability to fix a stable image of the future, provide a point of departure to explore photography's role in response to the challenges posed by global urban living. This issue also creates a space for rethinking the critical potential of the medium.

The urban landscape is an objective-subjective nature that plays a significant role in the perception of collective spaces by the audience. This is possible only by s timulating the perceptual potentials of users and inducing behavioral patterns to users of a space. This s tudy inves tigates the role of urban landscaping in the perception of collective spaces using perceptual potentials. This research is descriptive-analytical and, in terms of purpose, is applied. A ques tionnaire did data collection, and for data analysis, Spearman and Friedman's s tatis tical tes ts were used in SPSS software. A case s tudy is the third square of Tehranpars, where the target community has also been selected as users of this space. In the data collected from the sample group, the highes t level of correlation between the sub-components of objective aes thetics is the composition and color indices with a correlation coefficient of .857. Among the sub-components of subjective aes thetics, the penumbra indices and physical cohesion with a correlation coefficient of 0.690 have the highes t level. In addition to the relationship between the proposed indices, the priority of these indices is ranked based on the Friedman tes t, and it is observed that the indices of composition (7.98), readability (5.89), and physical coherence (5.76) have the highes t priority among the ranking of indices in terms of the s tatis tical population. These data-driven priorities can identify design priorities and help take adequate s teps to create a vitality urban space.

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT This study aims to analyze the integrated structural approach of the International Building Exhibition Emscher Park with a closer inspection on the concept of "interconnected park system" in the regeneration process of the polycentric region Ruhr in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. This case is very unique in its attempts to focus on a "structural change" for a whole region in its goals of urban development, ecological renewal, new infrastructure, and the use of international building exhibition as a cultural catalyst. From the point of typology and goals, it definitely aims economical, social and cultural development in regional scale.

Leggere Roma Correu è una sorpresa e un regalo, consente di riprendere il filo di una corrispondenza interrotta, riappacifica e istiga a recuperare e reinventare il nostro ruolo di attori su quel grande teatro che è il paesaggio. La visione di quattro autori qui si intreccia restituendoci una scena che non abbiamo potuto calcare. Come generosa missiva ricompone un dialogo interrotto invitandoci caldamente ad un re-incontro con la città che colmi il vuoto dell’attuale capacità di re-inventarla.
Reading Roma Correu is a surprise and a gift, it allows us to resume the thread of an interrupted correspondence, reconciles and instigates us to recover and reinvent our role as actors on that great theater that is the landscape. The vision of four authors intertwines here, giving us a scene that we have not been able to tread. As a generous letter, Roma Correu recomposes an interrupted dialogue warmly inviting us to a re-encounter with the city, which fills the void of the current ability to reinvent it.