Labrum

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Los lavabos, pilas o tazas de fuente circulares son elementos funcionales y decorativos bastante comunes en el mundo romano donde recibían el nombre de labra. Dentro de esta categoría se han incluido a menudo también las tazas rectangulares, para las que se prefiere reservar el término alvei. En el ámbito de la antigua Hispania estos elementos han pasado bastante desapercibidos, lo que obedece a un problema de publicación más que de una ausencia en el registro arqueológico. En algunas ocasiones, la confusión terminológica ha llevado a identificar las fuentes no como el elemento arquitectónico o escultórico del que brotaba el agua, sino con el espacio físico donde se ubicó aquel. La revisión historiográfica de los labra documentados hasta el momento en la Península Ibérica, tanto en ámbitos públicos como privados, nos ha permitido analizar su procedencia, tipología, funcionalidad y material de fabricación, además de su contexto arqueológico. Fabricados en marmora de diferentes variedades, locales e importados, las tazas de fuente, que presentan diferentes tamaños y morfología, suelen estar vinculadas a edificios termales, así como a atrios y peristilos.

The shape shifting of Dionysus:  When metamorphoses from myths appear in Greek and Roman art, it is for the most part only the central moment that is indicated, and the physical change in shape is left to the imagination of the viewer. 
This study will point out, by means of a Roman monument, the possibility that water and fountains could represent one particular metamorphosis; the self-willed transformation of a god.  The fountain as such may solve the artistic problem of how to represent a perpetually recurring metamorphosis and would in itself realize that metamorphosis by means of its iconography and water.

Purpose: The overall purpose of our study was to examine the sensitivity of physical examination, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and magnetic resonance (MR) arthrogram for the identification of arthroscopically confirmed SLAP lesions of the shoulder. Methods: An analysis of 51 consecutive patients with arthroscopically confirmed SLAP lesions and no history of shoulder dislocation was performed. Before undergoing surgery, all patients underwent a standardized physical examination and had either an MRI and/or MR arthrogram performed. Sensitivity analysis was then performed on the results of both the physical examination maneuvers and the radiologic imaging compared to the arthroscopic findings at surgery. Results: The sensitivity of O'Brien's (active compression) test was 90%, whereas the Mayo (dynamic) shear was 80% and Jobe's relocation test was 76%. The sensitivity of a physical examination with any 1 of these 3 SLAP provocative tests being positive was 100%. Neer's sign (41%) and Hawkin's impingement tests (31%) each had low sensitivity for SLAP lesions. The sensitivity of MRI for SLAP lesions was 67% when interpreted by the performing surgeon, 53% when read by a radiologist. When the MR arthrograms were analyzed alone, the sensitivity was 72% (surgeon) and 50% (radiologist), respectively. Conclusions: All 3 physical examination maneuvers traditionally considered provocative for SLAP pathology (O'Brien's, Mayo shear, and Jobe's relocation) were sensitive for the diagnosis of SLAP lesions. MRI and MR arthrogram imaging had lower sensitivity than these physical examination tests in diagnosing SLAP lesions. Patient history, demographics, and the surgeon's physical examination should remain central to the diagnosis of SLAP lesions. Level of Evidence: Level II, development of diagnostic criteria on basis of consecutive patients with universally applied gold standard. Key Words: Glenoid labrum—Magnetic resonance imaging— Physical examination—Superior labrum anterior-posterior.

The overall purpose of our study was to examine the sensitivity of physical examination, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and magnetic resonance (MR) arthrogram for the identification of arthroscopically confirmed SLAP lesions of the shoulder. Methods: An analysis of 51 consecutive patients with arthroscopically confirmed SLAP lesions and no history of shoulder dislocation was performed. Before undergoing surgery, all patients underwent a standardized physical examination and had either an MRI and/or MR arthrogram performed. Sensitivity analysis was then performed on the results of both the physical examination maneuvers and the radiologic imaging compared to the arthroscopic findings at surgery. Results: The sensitivity of O'Brien's (active compression) test was 90%, whereas the Mayo (dynamic) shear was 80% and Jobe's relocation test was 76%. The sensitivity of a physical examination with any 1 of these 3 SLAP provocative tests being positive was 100%. Neer's sign (41%) and Hawkin's impingement tests (31%) each had low sensitivity for SLAP lesions. The sensitivity of MRI for SLAP lesions was 67% when interpreted by the performing surgeon, 53% when read by a radiologist. When the MR arthrograms were analyzed alone, the sensitivity was 72% (surgeon) and 50% (radiologist), respectively. Conclusions: All 3 physical examination maneuvers traditionally considered provocative for SLAP pathology (O'Brien's, Mayo shear, and Jobe's relocation) were sensitive for the diagnosis of SLAP lesions. MRI and MR arthrogram imaging had lower sensitivity than these physical examination tests in diagnosing SLAP lesions. Patient history, demographics, and the surgeon's physical examination should remain central to the diagnosis of SLAP lesions. Level of Evidence: Level II, development of diagnostic criteria on basis of consecutive patients with universally applied gold standard.