Landscape Ecological Planning

It is increasingly recognized that more sustainable approaches are needed for planning and managing landscapes worldwide.  New tools are needed to effectively apply sustainable principles to planning and management. The spatial dimension of sustainability engages processes and relations between different land uses, ecosystems and biotopes at different scales, and over time. Therefore ecological knowledge is essential when planning for sustainability. The paper briefly reviews the historical role of ecological in planning, and ecological planning and management theories and methodologies. Building on existing ecological planning methods, we have developed a conceptual framework for sustainable landscape planning applying landscape ecological concepts and exploring the multiple potential roles of landscape metrics as ecological planning tools. We argue for a common framework that applies ecological knowledge in land planning, applicable to all physical planning activities. We believe this framework represents a significant contribution to increase the acceptance and use of ecological knowledge across the horizontal sectors planning, and to enhance communication between planners, thus contributing to an increased scientific and cultural consensus for sustainable landscape planning. These metrics are essential tools to address the spatial dimension of sustainability in a quantitatively rigorous and robust manner.
This paper proposes a core (sub)set of metrics, identified through literature reviews, which are understood as the most useful and relevant for landscape planning. A two-part sustainable landscape planning perspective is proposed, integrating horizontal and vertical perspectives.  We believe that this dual approach can help to structure and clarify why, where, how and which landscape ecological principles and metrics can most effectively assist planning.  We include a demonstration of this approach in the Mill river Watershed, USA. We argue that proper and informed use of landscape metrics will contribute to advance landscape planning theory and practice towards the goal of sustainability.

Urban ecological networks are defined differently in ecology, urban planning and landscape ecology, but they all have linearity and linkage in common. Early urban representations evolved from the constraints of deep ecological structure in the landscape to built elements that must work around natural linear obstacles-rivers, coastlines, dunes, cliffs, hills and valley swamps. Village commons were linked by roads. The Industrial Revolution led to accelerating urban growth, where the role of open space focussed on public health and transport. The Renaissance, Baroque and Picturesque movements accentuated networks in wooded parks, boulevards and sweeping riverine vistas. These provided a new aesthetic and sense of grandeur in the urban centres of European empires and later their colonies. Grafted onto this visual connectivity has been an awakened ecological understanding of spatial dynamics. The emergent notion of ecological corridor functionality provided support for green linear features, although initially this was based on untested theory. The idea of organisms moving along green highways seemed logical, but only recently has unequivocal empirical evidence emerged that demonstrates this functionality. Nevertheless, the main role of corridors may be to provide habitat rather than to act as connectors of nodal habitats. Most organisms can utilise stepping stones, and these may accommodate desired meta-populations while deterring pest movement. Swale drains and treatment wetlands provide riparian services and serve as biodiversity corridors. However, to most people the obvious function is visual-providing green fingers through what would otherwise be urban grey. The health benefits of these are have been demonstrated to be psychological as much as biophysical.

Através de uma compreensão sistêmica da paisagem urbana, a presente dissertação-projeto busca propor estratégias e diretrizes de planejamento paisagístico que fomentem uma ocupação mais integrada entre as dinâmicas urbanas e biofísicas, tendo os córregos e nascentes como agentes ativos e estruturantes desse processo. Utilizando-se como estudo de caso a cidade de Uberlândia, em Minas Gerais, analisa-se aqui o desenvolvimento urbano perante os corpos d’água presentes no território, desde um primeiro momento em que estes eram um atrativo para fixação; até os conflitos posteriores advindos das constantes tentativas de controle e condicionamento da rede hídrica. Partindo assim dos padrões atuais de ocupação urbana no entorno de córregos e nascentes, propõe-se alternativas de planejamento para futuros assentamentos, que incorporem de forma espacial e funcional as potencialidades associadas ao meio biofísico local.

Dissertação de Mestrado Profissional em Arquitetura Paisagística submetida ao Programa de Pós-graduação em Arquitetura Paisagística da Faculdade de Arquitetura e Urbanismo da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, como requisito necessário à obtenção do título de Mestre em Arquitetura Paisagística. Orientação: Profa. Dra. Raquel Hemerly Tardin Coelho.

ABSTRACT
Through a systemic understanding of the urban landscape, this dissertation-project seeks to propose landscape planning strategies and guidelines that promote an integrated land use between urban and biophysics dynamics, in which streams and springs (headwaters) are an active and structuring element of this process. Using the city of Uberlandia, in Minas Gerais, as a case study, urban development is analyzed concerning existing water bodies, from the first moment in which they were attractive attributes to settlements until the subsequent conflicts arose from the constant attempts to control and to condition water network. Regarding the current patterns of land use in the surroundings of streams and springs, alternatives of landscape planning to future settlements are proposed to incorporate in a spatial and functional way the potentialities associated to the local biophysical environment.

Wetlands are a vital link between land and water in Bangladesh. A majority of the people of Bangladesh are critically dependent on wetlands. In this paper, the values of wetlands, causes and effects of wetlands degradation, as well as the present wetlands management approach, are analyzed and recommendations for wetlands management are suggested based on participatory rural appraisal (PRA), field visit, personal experience, and existing literature and information. Wetlands play a crucial role in maintaining the ecological balance of ecosystems, but wetlands habitat of Bangladesh is under constant threat due to increase of population, intensive agriculture, overfishing, siltation, pollution, ill-planned infrastructures, lack of institutional coordination, lack of awareness, etc. As a result biodiversity is reducing, many species of flora and fauna are threatened, wetlands-based ecosystem is degenerating, and the living conditions of local people are deteriorating as livelihoods, socioeconomic institutions, and cultural values are affected. Wetlands management is not addressed separately in water management activities of Bangladesh. In order to balance human needs and wetlands conservation, a mainly community-based wetlands management approach has been taken in Bangladesh, but this is not enough to prevent the degradation of wetlands. Therefore, Bangladesh now needs a comprehensive strategy combining political, economic, social, and technological approaches to stop further degradation of wetlands. Therefore, wetlands management should be incorporated into a system of integrated land and water use and, indeed, into the socioeconomic system of the country. Policies, strategies, and management plans for sustainable use and conservation of wetlands of Bangladesh must be based on solid knowledge and understanding of their ecological and socioeconomic functions and processes.

Edited by Gareth Doherty and Charles Waldheim, Is Landscape . . . ? surveys multiple and myriad identities of landscape. Rather than seeking a singular or essential understanding of the term, the collection postulates that landscape might be better read in relation to its cognate terms across expanded disciplinary and professional fields. The publication pursues the potential of multiple provisional working definitions of landscape to both disturb and develop received understandings of landscape architecture. These definitions distinguish between landscape as representational medium, academic discipline, and professional identity. Beginning with an inquiry into the origins of the term itself, Is Landscape . . . .? features essays by more than a dozen leading voices shaping the contemporary reading of landscape as architecture and beyond.

Contents: Foreword Mohsen Mostafavi; Introduction Doherty and Waldheim; Is Landscape Literature? Gareth Doherty; Is Landscape Painting? Vittoria Di Palma; Is Landscape Photography? Robin Kelsey; Is Landscape Ecology? Nina-Marie Lister; Is Landscape Gardening? Udo Weilacher; Is Landscape Planning? Frederick Steiner; Is Landscape Urbanism? Charles Waldheim; Is Landscape Infrastructure? Pierre Bélanger; Is Landscape Technology? Niall Kirkwood; Is Landscape History? John Dixon Hunt; Is Landscape Theory? Rachael Z. DeLue; Is Landscape Philosophy? Kathryn Moore; Is Landscape Life? Catharine Ward Thompson; Is Landscape Architecture? David Leatherbarrow.

Στην σύγχρονη εποχή κυριαρχεί η άποψη για τη μεταβολή του κλίματος στη γη που δεν οφείλεται μόνο σε φυσικές διεργασίες αλλά και στην ανθρωπογενή δραστηριότητα, όπως η συνεχής χρήση ορυκτών καυσίμων, η αποψήλωση των δασών, η εντατική γεωργία κ.α. Οι επιπτώσεις της έχουν ήδη αρχίσει να επηρεάζουν τη καθημερινότητα και την ποιότητα ζωής των σύγχρονων αστικών κέντρων. Ενώ οι πόλεις του σήμερα έρχονται αντιμέτωπες με ακραία καιρικά φαινόμενα παράλληλα είναι και αυτές που ευθύνονται σε μεγάλο βαθμό για την κλιματική μεταβολή. Η έντονη αστικοποίηση, η άναρχη και άτακτη μορφολογία του αστικού τοπίου, η έλλειψη σχεδιασμού και η απουσία πρασίνου είναι παράγοντες που εντείνουν το φαινόμενο και κάνουν τις πόλεις λιγότερο βιώσιμες. Η βιώσιμες χωρικές λύσεις είναι στενά συσχετισμένες όχι μόνο με την ποιότητα ζωής αλλά και με την προστασία του περιβάλλοντος. Η ανθεκτικότητα είναι μία έννοια που έχει προβληθεί τις τελευταίες δεκαετίες ως εξέλιξη της αειφορίας, υπογραμμίζει τη μεταβλητότητα ως στοιχείο βιωσιμότητας και χρησιμοποιείται για να υποδείξει την αγωνία της εξέλιξης, της προσαρμογής έπειτα από οποιαδήποτε κρίση καθώς και την επαναφορά μετά από απρόβλεπτες αλλαγές. Η επιστήμη της αρχιτεκτονικής τοπίου διαχρονικά παράγει ανθεκτικά τοπία και παραδίδει έργα που έχουν την ικανότητα της αυτοσυντήρησης και ενισχύουν την προσαρμοστικότητα των πόλεων σε εξωτερικές επιθετικές επιδράσεις, με κύριο εργαλείο το στρατηγικό σχεδιασμό του αστικού τοπίου. Στην επιστήμη της αρχιτεκτονικής τοπίου η έννοια της ανθεκτικότητας χαρακτηρίζει την αίσθηση της αντοχής και της ικανότητας των πόλεων να σχεδιάσουν με αειφόρο τρόπο την εξέλιξή τους.

In modern times, the view of climate change on Earth is dominated, which is not only due to natural processes but also to anthropogenic activity, such as continued use of fossil fuels, deforestation, intensive agriculture, etc. The impact of climate change have already begun to influence the everyday life and quality of the modern urban centres. While cities of today come faced with extreme weather phenomena, they are also the ones responsible to a great extent for climate change. The intense urbanisation, the unregulated and disorderly morphology of the urban landscape, the lack of planning and the absence of greenery are factors that intensify the phenomenon and make cities less liveable. Sustainable spatial solutions are closely associated not only with the quality of life but with the protection of the environment. Resilience is a concept that has been screened in recent decades as a development of sustainability, underlines volatility as a sustainability element and is used to indicate the agony of evolution, adaptation after any Crisis as well as the reinstatement after unforeseen changes. The science of landscape architecture over time produces resilient landscapes and delivers projects that have the ability of self-preservation and enhance the adaptability of cities to external offensive influences, with the main tool the strategic urban landscape design. In the science of landscape architecture, the concept of resilience characterizes the sense of endurance and the ability of cities to plan sustainably their evolution.

Table of Contents

Editorial: Queering ecopsychology
Jamie Heckert, Martin Milton, Meg Barker

Queer mad animals
Margot Young

Eco-queer movement(s): Challenging heteronormative space through (re)imagining nature and food
Joshua Sbicca

From queer spaces to queerer ecologies: Recasting Gregory Batesons Steps to an ecology of mind to further mobilise & anticipate historically marginal stakeholders in environmental planning for community development
Gordon Brent Ingram

"Marriages"
Michael Leunig

Queer ecology: A roundtable discussion
Jill E Anderson, Robert Azzarello, Gavin Brown, Katie Hogan, Gordon Brent Ingram, Michael J Morris, Joshua Stephens, Jamie Heckert

Gender queering Mother Earth
Deborah Anapol

An inclusive natural world
Kirk Mikel Shepard

The main goal of the present study is to contribute for the improvement of landscape sustainability of the golf activity, focusing on the Algarve region, Portugal. Although the economical dimension of sustainability is arguably assured its landscape, ecological and territorial dimensions are not entirely. In Portugal, and particularly in the Algarve, tourism plays a key role for its economy. Golf is one of the touristic activities by excellence in the region of Algarve. Golf players have increasing demands on the quality of their experience, including environmental and landscape dimensions. This study provides a brief theoretical introduction focusing on the role of golf courses in landscape sustainability from both a landscape ecological and cultural viewpoints. A practical application study was developed approaching from a broad perspective the 39 golf courses existent in the Algarve. From these a sample of 13 courses was selected based on several criteria, in order to estimate th...

Green infrastructure offers a contemporary approach to the conceptualisation and management of landscape resources. It has developed rapidly in the UK, Europe and North America due to the opportunities it provides meeting the ecological, economic and social challenges of spatial planning. The
growth witnessed in green infrastructure has been supported with the development of a number of overarching principles. Principles that provide green infrastructure research with a multi-layered understanding of the changing nature of landscape resources.

This thesis outlines the complex nature of green infrastructure development, its meanings, its perception and use as an approach to landscape planning. By exploring variations in the meaning of green infrastructure this thesis presents an examination of its conceptual development to date. The second
theme explores the role of perceptions on the value and use of green infrastructure resources. This examines the role of ecological, psychological and social constructions of green infrastructure assessing how these affect personal and communal landscape interpretations. The final theme discusses current green infrastructure use in practitioner and planning research outlining the varied nuances of green infrastructure assessing how the principles of green infrastructure have been translated into appropriate landscape management. Each of these themes explores the relationships between green infrastructure principles, its perceptions (by users), and its use in practice (spatial planning) to argue for a better
understanding of its development and subsequent value.

The themes developed in this thesis propose a number of conceptual and implementation principles for green infrastructure. The roles of integrated planning policy, strategic thinking, multi-functionality, connectivity, and access are all discussed highlighting the different forms that green infrastructure research have taken. Based on these discussions this thesis proposes that a green infrastructure approach to planning can be used to meet the complex challenges of current landscape planning. With continued development of green infrastructure some of the most pressing issues in planning; green space planning or sustainable urban development can be targeted. These issues are discussed throughout proposing clear links between this exploratory green infrastructure research and planning practice.

The European Commission and the Brazilian Ministry of Science, Technology, Innovation and Communication started a dialogue on nature-based solutions (NBS) in 2015. In this report, European and Brazilian experts analyse the occurrence and potential of NBS in Brazil, highlight good practices in the EU for possible adaptation to the Brazilian context, and contribute to the elaboration of a NBS strategy in Brazil. This body of knowledge results in a strong case for nature as a solution to social, environmental and economic challenges.

25 case studies from both sides of the Atlantic illustrate how working with nature can have a positive impact on people’s lives. The chosen examples address many challenges: from water management, to ecosystem restoration, urban heat island effect, floods, landslides or coastal erosion. In particular, the Brazilian case studies span all regions of Brazil and the country’s most threatened biomes (the Atlantic Rainforest, the Cerrado, and the Amazon). They display how Brazil’s mega-biodiversity could be the solution to a series of issues and provide inspiration to us all.

The report concludes that nature-based solutions are not only smart investment choices but also a means to enhance quality of life and an opportunity to shift to a new economy and a new lifestyle - more connected to nature.

Reviewed the concept of green infrastructure (GI) and five cases of GI-like application in Japan; proposed four general landscape planning and design guidelines of GI from a landscape ecology perspective; and made recommendations of four areas of application of GI to Asian cities

Biyolojik gölet tasarımlarının temel amacı bölge ekosisteminin ve su rezervlerinin korunmasıdır. Bölge ekolojik değerlerinin korunabilmesi ve geleceğe aktarılabilmesi için doğru kullanımlara yer verilmesi gerekir. Biyolojik gölet kullanımı bireylerin boş zamanlarını verimli, sağlıklı geçirmeleri sağlamanın yanı sıra, toplumsal eğitimi de sağlamaktır. Çalışmada Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi, Botanik Bahçesi'ne ve Çanakkale kentine uygulanabilecek biyolojik gölet için kullanıma uygun tasarım bitkileri belirlenmiştir. Belirlenen su kıyısı, su kenarı ve su içi bitkilerinin özellikleri, kullanım ilkeleri ve tasarım önerileri tablo halinde değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışmada belirlenen bitki türlerinin bölge doğal bitki örtüsünde yer alan örnekleri vardır. Bunların yaşam alanları, iklim istekleri, morfolojik ve dendrolojik özellikleri tablo ile açıklanarak, botanik bahçesi için önerilerde bulunulmuştur.

It is increasingly recognized that more sustainable approaches are needed for planning and managing landscapes worldwide. New tools are needed to effectively apply sustainable principles to planning and management. The spatial dimension of sustainability engages processes and relations between different land uses, ecosystems and biotopes at different scales, and over time. Therefore ecological knowledge is essential when planning for sustainability. The paper briefly reviews the historical role of ecological in planning, and ecological planning and management theories and methodologies. Building on existing ecological planning methods, we have developed a conceptual framework for sustainable landscape planning applying landscape ecological concepts and exploring the multiple potential roles of landscape metrics as ecological planning tools. We argue for a common framework that applies ecological knowledge in land planning, applicable to all physical planning activities. We believe this framework represents a significant contribution to increase the acceptance and use of ecological knowledge across the horizontal sectors planning, and to enhance communication between planners, thus contributing to an increased scientific and cultural consensus for sustainable landscape planning. These metrics are essential tools to address the spatial dimension of sustainability in a quantitatively rigorous and robust manner.
This paper proposes a core (sub)set of metrics, identified through literature reviews, which are understood as the most useful and relevant for landscape planning. A two-part sustainable landscape planning perspective is proposed, integrating horizontal and vertical perspectives. We believe that this dual approach can help to structure and clarify why, where, how and which landscape ecological principles and metrics can most effectively assist planning. We include a demonstration of this approach in the Mill river Watershed, USA. We argue that proper and informed use of landscape metrics will contribute to advance landscape planning theory and practice towards the goal of sustainability.

This thesis elaborates on a theoretical, epistemological and design research framework for the possibility of an operative synthesis of, on the one hand, climate-related risk management (primarily, flood exposure from multiple sources, i.e. sea level rise and coastal/tidal flooding, fluvial flooding and pluvial flooding) and, on the other, the planning and design of operational landscapes of material production, as a means for sustainable ecological development.
Contemporary practices of managing ecological, environmental and climatic risk rely heavily on a ‘mitigation’ approach, where the imperative is the restoration of a previous ‘natural’ order or the spatial planning of the next waves of development and urbanization according to the evaluation of the internal logics of natural processes. However, this line of thinking severely hinders the possibility of a creative and proactive reorganization of human processes of material production precisely because it presupposes a “nature-society rift” (Moore, 2014). Similarly, the negative externalities associated with the extensive and intensive operationalization of vast terrestrial terrains are viewed as singular phenomena to be addressed in situ and not as opportunities to fundamentally re-conceptualize contemporary planetary urbanization (Brenner, 2016).
The basis upon which this work is built, is that to properly address climate-related risk one has to, also, address unsustainable patterns of material production and the physical and functional organization of urbanization. Following the development of the concepts of “concentrated” and “extended urbanization” through the construction of gradients of “agglomeration” and “operational landscapes” (Brenner, 2014a, 2016; Katsikis, 2018; Moore, 2014) and in contrast to the predominant approach of placing the emphasis on the agglomeration side of these gradients, this thesis attempts the opposite: shifting the analytical centrality from agglomerations to the operational landscapes that sustain them, we are able to formulate an urbanization hypothesis that addresses the requirements of the latter not as externalities of the former (thus hindering the capacity of the framework to be adequately socio-ecologically sustainable) but as the fundamental elements of the planning and design of the urban fabric. It is, thus, suggested that an incorporation of biophysical processes and ecosystem functions, which are central to the performance of operational landscapes, within the urbanized landscape would, at the same time, offer climate-related performance.
Assuming, therefore, that this act is an act of construction of the urban landscape and, even further, it partakes in its economic activities, this work reformulates Lefebvre’s (2003) opening statement in “The Urban Revolution” as following: ‘the urban has been completely operationalized’, and attempts to elaborate on the coming-into-being of this reality: ‘the project of the cultivation of the urban’.
As such, the objective of this thesis is to develop a framework for a design exercise that could inform a potential urban and territorial project. The design research proposal elaborated here is one that seeks to discuss the possibility that “agglomeration landscapes” become hybridized with “operational landscapes” (Katsikis, 2018). By that I mean that contemporary cities and urban regions renounce their sole correspondence with the secondary and tertiary sectors of economy and, in turn, take on the role of encompassing primary (i.e. material) production as well. In other words, this work assumes that there is a possibility that the various productive hinterlands of the planet be diffused within and throughout the urbanized landscapes that they sustain. By concurring with Moore (2014) that operational landscapes represent, essentially, the way that humanity interacts with nature, I evoke Foster (2000) to propose the possibility of retrofitting material production within the economies of agglomerations and, thus, operationalizing the urban.

Öz Ulusal yasa ve uluslararası etik kurallar milli park alanının özelliklerinin kaybolmasına veya değiştirilmesine sebep olabilecek işlemleri yasaklamakta, yapılacak faaliyetlerde doğal denge veya ekolojik dengeyi referans olarak sun-maktadır. Plancılar bu sınırları hangi ölçütlerle belirleyebilir? Sorusuna cevap arayışı olarak yapılan bu çalışmada; doğal eşik-lerin; sürdürülebilir ekolojik planlamada kullanmak için analitik bir araç olarak başvurulabileceği savunulmaktadır. Bu çalışma Uludağ Milli Parkı'nda iki odağı belirlemeye yönelmiştir. Bu odaklardan ilki doğal dengenin sağlandığı varsayılan istikrarlı alanları, ikincisi kullanım için nihai kısıtlamalar yani doğal eşiklerdir. Yapılan analizde; Uludağ Milli Parkı'nın % 46'sı ekolojik istikrarlı, % 54'ü ekolojik istikrarlılığı olmayan alanlardan oluşmaktadır. Bu çalışma neticesinde; sürdürülebilir bir yönetim için doğa koruma alanlarında doğal eşiklerinin belirlenmesi ve ekolojik parametrelere dayalı analizinin yapılması ve değerlendirmesi önerilmektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Ekolojik eşik, doğa koruma alanı, istikrarlı ekosistemler, doğal denge. Abstract National laws and international ethical rules in the action to be taken to prohibit a transaction that might cause a loss or change the characteristics of the national park natural balance or ecological balance serves as references. Planners can identify these limits to what extent? In the quest for answers to the question made in this study; natural threshold; It can be applied as an analytical tool to use sustainable ecological planning is advocated. This study was directed to determine the Uludag National Park two focuses. The first of thes in is supposed to focus on providing the natural equilibrium stable areas, second one is the ultimate limitation for use that are natural threshold. In the analysis; Uludag National Park is comprised; 46 % of ecological stability and 54 % of non-ecological stability of the area. In this stady result; determination of the natural threshold in the field of nature conservation and analyzing based on ecological parameters is recommended for a sustainable management.

Розроблено науково-методологічні і методичні засади конструктивно-географічного дослідження гірничопромислових територій Західного регіону України з метою практичної реалізації заходів, спрямованих на покращення стану гірничопромислових геосистем. Обґрунтовано концепцію, підходи та алгоритми ландшафтного аналізу геоекологічних проблем гірничопромислових територій та обʼєктів. Сформульовано поняття “гірничопромислова геосистема”, виокремлено морфологічні одиниці ландшафту та одиниці регіонального рівня й окреслено межі цих геосистем. Удосконалено програму і методики вирішення еколого-географічних питань, пов’язаних з раціональним веденням видобування і збагачення корисних копалин зокрема і природокористування загалом, які є підставою для розроблення рекомендацій для потреб оптимізації природокористування, проектування стійких геосистем, розв’язання екологічних проблем тощо. Обґрунтовано методику геоекологічного дослідження ГПТ, застосування картографічного і геоінформаційного методів. Проаналізовано особливості організації ландшафтно-техногенних систем районів видобування і збагачення корисних копалин. Розширено і конкретизовано класифікацію гірничопромислових і постмайнінгових геосистем. Досліджено механізми функціонування і розвитку гірничопромислових геосистем, зокрема особливості їх виникнення, формування і зникнення. Окреслено стадії (етапи) і варіанти еволюційних змін цих геосистем та співвідношення і домінуючі напрямки міграційних потоків. Виявлено закономірності розвитку природно-антропогенних процесів в межах ГПТ. Сформульовано конструктивно-географічні основи оптимізації гірничопромислових геосистем як системи заходів, спрямованих на відновлення та підвищення їх продуктивності, господарської, природоохоронної та естетичної цінності, на оптимальну реконструкцію і планування оточуючих ПГС. Визначено основні напрями реалізації оптимізаційних заходів з метою ефективного виконання виробничих функцій (сільсько- чи лісогосподарських), утворення рекреаційних і природоохоронних об’єктів, ревалоризації історичних пам’яток тощо. Ключові слова: гірничопромислова територія, природно-господарська система, гірничопромислова геосистема, постмайнінгова геосистема, функціонування, геоінформаційне моделювання, оптимізація. The thesis is focused on the development of scientific, methodological and methodical principles for the structural and geographical study of mining areas in Western Ukraine aimed at the practical implementation for the measures designed to improve the natural and economic systems. The concept of landscape approaches and algorithm for the environmental problems analysis at mining areas and facilities are formulated. The term “mining geosystem” is grounded, morphological landscape units and regional level units were defined, and the boundaries for the geosystems were outlined. The program and methodology for solving environmental and geographic problems, which are related to the rational management in mining and minerals processing including management of natural resources in general, and are the basis for the development of various application options especially for the purposes of optimization, design, and resolving various environmental problems, were improved. Geoecological research methods for mining areas were grounded. The special role in these methods belongs to cartographic and geoinformation researches. Among the methodological approaches, evaluation for the ecological state of natural and economic systems and stages of human transformation should be highlighted. The basis for geoecological mapping and modeling of mining areas is field survey aimed at knowledge of landscape structure, mining impacts on the geosystems, and the study of current ecological situation. The features of the landscape and industrial systems within the areas of mining and mineral processing were analyzed. The classification of mining and post mining geosystems was expanded and elaborated. The mechanisms of functioning and development for mining geosystems, in particular, features of their origin, formation and disappearance were studied. Phases (stages) and variants of these evolutionary changes in the geosystems and the ratio for the dominant trends and migration flows were outlined. The patterns of natural and anthropogenic processes within the mining areas were revealed. Structural and geographical bases for the optimization of mining and industrial geosystems as a system of measures aimed at restoring and improving their productivity, economic, environmental and aesthetic value, the optimal reconstruction and planning around natural and economic systems were formulated. The main directions for the implementation of optimization measures for the effective implementation of production functions (agriculture or forestry), creation of recreational facilities, of historical monuments revalorization, etc. were defined. Important areas for improvement the environment within mining geosystems and industrial areas in Western Ukraine include the creation of efficient geoecological monitoring system and geo-location data bank for the mining areas. The detailed model laid areas network (scale f survey 1 : 1000 ‒ 1 : 5000) was established for this purpose. 11 operating banks of GIS location for mining and post mining geosystems with different functioning within the Lviv-Volyn coal basin (“Mezhyrichchia”, “Novovolynsk”, “Vizeiska” and “Sosnivka”), West oil province (“Boryslav ozokerite”), Precarpathian sulfur basin (“Yavoriv water reservoir”, “Rozdil water reservoir” and “Podorozhne reservoir”), Carpathian and Zakarpattia salt mining province (“Dombrowski open cast mine”, “Stebnyk tailing dump” and “Solotvyno”) were created. Landscape structure at mining areas in Western Ukraine in general and specific model areas in particular was studied. The specifics of the functioning and development for mining and postmining geosystems, which formed within heaps, dumps, quarries, tailings were studied. The degree of anthropogenic transformation for the natural and economic areas of coal mining and enrichment was analyzed. The status and intensity of natural and anthropogenic processes, including the surface subsidence, flooding, landslides, erosion and karst processes was estimated. The landscape optimization basics for ecological state of natural and economic areas of coal mining, oil, gas, wax, native sulfur, rock salt and potash were grounded. The existing approaches were discussed and new approaches to improving the environment within the mining areas and setting up the system for landscape and environmental monitoring, operations optimization, recreational areas formation, etc. were proposed. The systematized and generalized information should be applied for solving problems of reclamation, revitalization, rational use and protection of the environment in key mining regions of Western Ukraine. The created geoinformation database and mapping models should be used for creating mapping planning and zoning for liquidated mining and concentration enterprises. The received results are recommended for optimization and self-regeneration processes and phytomelioration for soil and vegetation within the mining and postmining geosystems. Key words: mining areas, natural and economic system, mining geosystems, postmining geosystems, functioning, GIS modeling, optimization.

Landscapes - Chapter 8: WORK PROGRAM FOR A PLANNING LABORATORY Experiences and disciplines that investigated landscapes provide a new perspective on which to formulate a research program for land use planning, which will be based on some arguments to qualify it as a science: (a) the field of investigation is the whole territory in its wholeness and integrity; (b) the scientific development of urban planning requires measurements and comparability over time for the same place and in the space between different territories, to evaluate objectives, tools and implementations achievements; (c) methods and measurements must follow clear, transparent and verifiable protocols; (d) monitoring should cover all times of the plan (before-during-after) to evaluate what was predictable and what was not foreseen or that could not be foreseen (the concept of ‘surprise’); (e) landscape, land, environment and biosphere are ways of seeing a complex system, but this does not mean making it complicated; (f) any explanation must be understandable, allow participation: it must be trans-disciplinary; (g) it is necessary to explain cities and lands in their becoming; (h) we must have adequate human resources and economic resources, but also we need to work in a network of research centers. These arguments must be understood as the focus of a general discussion on the meaning we must give to the territorial organization so that it can be inclusive, protective and productive. Paesaggi - Capitolo 8: PROGRAMMA PER UN LABORATORIO DI URBANISTICA Le diverse esperienze e le diverse discipline che si sono misurate con i paesaggi forniscono una nuova prospettiva su cui formulare un programma di ricerca per l’urbanistica, che avrà come basi alcune argomentazioni per qualificare l’urbanistica come scienza: (a) il campo di indagine è tutto il territorio nella sua interezza e integrità; (b) lo sviluppo scientifico dell’urbanistica richiede misurazioni e confrontabilità nel tempo per lo stesso luogo e nello spazio tra territori diversi, per valutare obiettivi, strumenti e risultati delle implementazioni; (c) metodiche e misurazioni deve seguire protocolli chiari, trasparenti e verificabili; (d) il monitoraggio deve riguardare tutti i tempi del piano (prima-durante-dopo) per valutare ciò che era prevedibile e ciò che non era stato previsto o che non era possibile prevedere (il concetto di ‘sorpresa’); (e) paesaggio territorio ambiente e biosfera sono modi di vedere un sistema complesso, ma questo non vuol dire rendere complicato; (f) ogni spiegazione deve essere comprensibile, permettere la partecipazione: deve essere transdisciplinare; (g) bisogna spiegare città e territori nel loro divenire; (h) bisogna disporre di adeguate risorse umane e risorse economiche e poter lavorare con una rete di centri di ricerca. Queste argomentazioni devono essere intese come il fulcro di una discussione generale sul senso che dobbiamo dare all’organizzazione territoriale affinché possa essere inclusiva, protettiva e produttiva.

(Paper in Spanish)
This study focuses on considering the landscape as the main criterion for analysis, evaluation and proposals for the framework of territorial and urban planning, to organize and harmonize changes induced by social, economic and environmental conditions in the territory. It also considers the landscape as a common good of society as a participatory process that includes citizens of the town residents and visitors to the analysis of visual perception of the landscape of the town of Yeste.
The revitalization of local economies has been a key strategy for rural development over the past two decades. Often, one of the main difficulties for people in rural areas has been to change their perception of land assets and identify their potential role as a source of employment and income. Consistent with the idea of 'social construction' of the territory advocated by these programs, we propose the use of landscape as a key argument for local development planning. The landscape is a particular resource, an asset of the emerging rural activities, easily identifiable and assessable by the population.
We used a method where the landscape criteria define a set of attractive models and territorial vulnerability that rule the supply and demand for the different types of land use. These criteria, together with an inventory and an economic analysis are analyzed and evaluated through GIS to determine landscape-territorial strategies for the municipality. An important aspect of the study is to develop a model of participatory visual preference for the determination of protection zones and landscape-territorial management. The visual model has been developed using 60 photographs of the town (some of them digitally altered photo), which were used in a survey that was asked 50 tourists and 150 residents dictate the visual preference system categories using each of the photographs. This categorization and identification of visual preference, allowed us to generate a visual model. Using geographic information Systems, maps were generated with the visual preference in the landscape that were incorporated into the landscaping attractive models. The methodology has proven to be very useful, because it allows linking planning criteria that traditionally did not have geographical connotations and landscape. With these criteria and the geographical landscape we gave recommendations for the protection, management and planning of the landscape to be incorporated into spatial planning policies and urban planning of the municipality and the region, as well as other sectoral policies that may have a direct or indirect impact on the landscape.
Keywords: landscape planning, sustainability, participatory planning, visual preference model

"Wars and their aftermaths frequently transform land use and ownership, reshaping ‘post-conflict’ landscapes through new boundaries, population movements, land reforms and conditions of access. Within a global context of controversial land concessions and farmland acquisitions, we bring to light the continued salience of historical memories of war in the ways land conflicts are being negotiated in Laos. Considering circumstances at different scalesdfrom bilateral government relations to village-level claimsdwe find that political capital linked to memories of wartime affiliations have crucial spatial and place-based connections, and that they affect the ways investors, government officials and villagers negotiate over land concessions. Ethnographic evidence, spatial analysis and a survey of expatriate development workers engaged with land issues in Laos suggest that such ‘political memories’ are an important but often overlooked factor in shaping an uneven concessions landscape. We discuss implications for foreign development organizations that tend to privilege technical and legal aspects of land
management over such political dimensions."

Recently, thermal properties of the landscaped rooftops and walls have attracted the interest of researchers because of the potential to minimize energy consumption in urban areas and to aid summer-time thermal control. For this reason the creation of a plant-based shade for walls or above buildings is highly important. In this paper we evaluate using Lygodium japonicum, one of the many ferns and fern allies traditionally used in Japanese gardening, as a component of thermal-buffering green walls. Lygodium japonicum, the only climbing fern species in Japan, is fast-growing, adheres easily to walls and has a climbing nature. A simple thermal analysis of the sun-shading effect of Lygodium canopy suggested that local surface temperature above the ceramic tiles placed on the rooftop of a building can be buffered (lowered in daytime and maintained relatively warm at night) by the presence of leafy climbing ferns covering the tiles, possibly due to the reflection and absorbance of solar radiation. Furthermore, the presence of the plants may also slow the night-time release of heat from the building surface. Because plants installed on tall walls or on the tops of buildings are not easily accessed for manual care, we performed a real-time routine monitoring and control of plant growth status using various optical sensors that could be automated and monitored remotely for large-scale applications. For this purpose, the optical properties of a L. japonicum canopy under solar incident light have been determined. In order to evaluate the natural shading and growing properties of a green canopy, the incident solar radiation spectrum (J), leaf canopy-filtered light spectrum (transmittance, T) and leaf-reflectivity spectrum (R) were measured. By reading the reflectivity spectrum, concomitant chlorophyll fluorescence signals (F) from Lygodium leaves were also detected at 760 nm, which corresponds to the O2-A Fraunhofer line. Our data suggests that the daily change in photosynthetic status (P) can be traced by monitoring the change in relative F in relation to the estimated heat loss (H) and measured J, R, and T using a series of practical equations designed to roughly estimate the gross photosynthetic response within the plant canopy. Using our equations, the photosynthetic capacity in the plant canopy structure could be simply simulated and predictable by optical sensors.

The Uzundere district, which is located in NE Turkey, has attractive rural tourism areas with noticeable potentials and rural tourism development activities. This paper concentrates on sustainability development of rural tourism. Sustainable tourism concentrates to conserve environmental and cultural resources and emphasizes on the responsibility of tourists and participation of local people for economic growth of the region. In this study, Delphi method is used to identify important factors for evaluating sustainable development of rural tourism in the Uzundere region. It consists of thirty-three indicators in four dimensions: service quality, facilities, management system, and results. Indicators are advisers for future tourism development activities at all levels of planning. These indicators plainly reflect the situation of area tourism. In this study, a questionnaire was prepared to evaluate the rural tourism developments in the Uzundere region, based on the Delphi method. Expe...

The 21st century is the time of a deepened ethical awareness of ecology. Among the topics that have been gaining more and more recognition are the ethical issues connected with restoration ecology, sustainability, the importance of insects (bees, for example) for the environment, the environmental impact of the fashion industry or of the meat and dairy industries. A notable example of a relatively new ethico-ecological topic is the ethics of space: according to some ethicists, we can no longer think that ecology is restricted to the condition of our planet alone. Apart from gaining recognition within the academic discourse, some of these topics are becoming increasingly popular on the level of everyday functioning and lifestyle choices. Such lifestyle choices may be connected with what one eats, with the way one travels during holidays or commutes on a daily basis, with buying local goods instead of those transported internationally, with reducing the amount of waste one produces (the zero-waste lifestyle), or with buying clothes that have been manufactured without causing environmental damage. In fact, we are faced with a multitude of new everyday practices motivated by the ethical concern for the environment, and these practices in themselves are worthy of research.

Bali Island, Indonesia, is undergoing rapid land use changes owing to tourism-related development and urbanization. Consequently, urban green spaces, which provide a myriad of benefits to residents, are disappearing and deteriorating. Focusing on telajakan, a strip of traditional green space between the frontal wall of a housing compound and a ditch/pedestrian path in a roadside, the study aims: 1) to investigate and document the changes that are occurring with regards to telajakan in Denpasar, Bali and 2) to evaluate the functions of the plantings in telajakan. The research methods include literature review on traditional green spaces in Bali, vegetation survey at a lot scale, and homeowner interviews with the help of local experts. The study found that: 1) aesthetics, economics, and rituals are the top three functions provided by the telajakan plants with aesthetic function being by far the most provided function; 2) species diversity does not correspond with functional diversity; and 3) telajakan space itself is often minimized or sometimes lost completely for more inner, privatized space or for vehicle parking lot for shop owners. Since telajakan is an important component of traditional Balinese architecture, its loss, degradation, and marginalization necessarily lead to the loss of Balinese culture and identity. This study hints, however, a new form of social interaction through aesthetically-pleasing telajakan. Also, functional diversity, which is arguably as important as species diversity, can be maintained by carefully selecting indigenous species with multiple functions.

In the last two decades Portuguese landscapes are changing, in some parts dra-matically, and regional asymmetries have become more profound. The rural land-scapes, mostly in the interior, are subject to either marginalization or intensifica-tion. The coastal areas are increasingly dominated by urbanization. Sustainable landscape planning is needed to counteract the negative effects of such transfor-mations, namely landscape fragmentation, and provide alternative directions for future urban expansion. Hereby we present some results of an ongoing project entitled "Landscape – Algarve", which focus on land use changes in the Algarve region in the last two decades, both in the rural interior areas and in the more urban, coastal areas. Based on Corine Land Cover (1985-2006) and COS Maps (1990-2007) we developed a multi-scale spatial analysis, and build a trend scenar-io (2025) for one of the most compromised sections of the Algarve coast, mostly rural but rapidly changing. We present the preliminary results of a proposal for a green infra-structure for this section. This proposal aims to contribute for the im-plementation of the Regional Environmental Structure (ERVPA) at a sub-regional level, to the debate on the actual and potential spatial consequences on coastal landscapes caused by urbanization trends and on subsequent planning strategies.

Cities are extremely human-modified environments, with few existing original habitats. Local, regional and global studies have indicated scale-dependent patterns of communities in relation to urbanization. In general, species with high abundance in urban environments are generalist species, whereas specialists have declined. However, these results do not indicate directly if urban habitats are either sink or source habitats for wildlife. Reproductive success, mortality, and dispersion are key factors to improve our understanding of how to support more diverse animal communities in urban environments. We need more research on the factors affecting the behavioral responses to urbanization of species with different life-histories. Some studies have demonstrated that urbanization has clear impacts on the behavior of wildlife species, a character that is strongly related to the success of species in a given habitat. Indeed, animals can adapt to urban ecosystems behaviorally, for example, by adjusting their food preferences, foraging behavior, anti-predator behavior, or extending the length of their reproduction season. Merging community and behavioral ecology will enable a more effective conservation of remnant semi-natural habitats in urbanized landscapes.

Urban ecological networks are defined differently in ecology, urban planning and landscape ecology, but they all have linearity and linkage in common. Early urban representations evolved from the constraints of deep ecological structure in the landscape to built elements that must work around natural linear obstacles-rivers, coastlines, dunes, cliffs, hills and valley swamps. Village commons were linked by roads. The Industrial Revolution led to accelerating urban growth, where the role of open space focussed on public health and transport. The Renaissance, Baroque and Picturesque movements accentuated networks in wooded parks, boulevards and sweeping riverine vistas. These provided a new aesthetic and sense of grandeur in the urban centres of European empires and later their colonies. Grafted onto this visual connectivity has been an awakened ecological understanding of spatial dynamics. The emergent notion of ecological corridor functionality provided support for green linear features, although initially this was based on untested theory. The idea of organisms moving along green highways seemed logical, but only recently has unequivocal empirical evidence emerged that demonstrates this functionality. Nevertheless, the main role of corridors may be to provide habitat rather than to act as connectors of nodal habitats. Most organisms can utilise stepping stones, and these may accommodate desired meta-populations while deterring pest movement. Swale drains and treatment wetlands provide riparian services and serve as biodiversity corridors. However, to most people the obvious function is visual-providing green fingers through what would otherwise be urban grey. The health benefits of these are have been demonstrated to be psychological as much as biophysical.

El trabajo comprende en una vista general sobre el paisaje de la comuna de Portezuelo y desarrolla una metodología de indicadores para el análisis territorial por cuencas, partiendo como muestra con la Cuenca Cucha Urrejola. El trabajo pone en evidencia las oportunidades para un crecimiento adaptado al entorno y sostenible a largo plazo.

ÖZET Doğal kaynakların tükenmesinin kendi varlığının da sonu olduğunu anlayan insanoğlunun bu kaynakların devamlılığını sağlama çabaları ancak 20 y.y. dan itibaren başlatabiliriz. Sürdürülebilirlik kavramı ile tüm politikaları yeniden belirlenirken doğa koruma çabaları; " korunan doğal alanlar " üzerine ilgiyi artırdı. Bütün dünyada olduğu gibi yirminci yüzyılın son çeyreğinde farklı isimlerle, farklı amaçlarla ve farklı kurumların kontrolünde korunan alanlar oluşturulmuştur. Günümüzde korunan bu alanların; çevresiyle soyutlanmasının yeni bir tehlike oluştuğunu fark eden bilim çevreleri " ekolojik ağlar " , " ekolojik koridorlar " gibi yeni yaklaşımlar önermektedir. Türkiye de uluslararası anlaşmalarda yeni yaklaşımlara taraf olan ülkelerden biridir. Bu çalışma " etkileşim – geçiş sahalarının belirlenmesini " doğal eşik verilerinden elde edilmiş haritaların yorumlanması ve ilişkilerin betimlenmesi ile elde edilebilirliğini savunur. Doğal kaynakların ekolojik sürdürülebilirliği bağlantılarına yani ilişkilerine bağlıdır. Burada kastettiğimiz bu süreçlerin önemi doğal, kültürel ve sosyal yapılar arasındaki ilişkilerdir. Doğal eşikler; hem sürdürülebilir alan kullanımını belirler; hem de, korunan alanların koruma amacına uygun ekolojik sınırı belirler. Çalışma örneğimiz Türkiye'nin en eski milli parklarından biri olan Uludağ Milli Parkıdır. (UMP). Anahtar Sözcükler: Uludağ milli parkı , korunan doğal alan etkileşim geçiş sahası, ABSTRACT ITS NATURAL THRESHOLD BUFFER ZONE DETERMINATION OF NATURAL PROTECTED AREAS: THE CASE OF ULUDAĞ Realizing the danger of total extinction as a result of depleting the natural resources, we can date back the records of humanity's efforts to sustain the continuity of natural resources to 20 th century. With the redefinition of the policies on sustainability concept and the attempts to protect the nature itself, the concern of people about " protected natural areas " has developed significantly. As within the whole world, protected areas have been established under the inspection of various institutions-with various names and ambitions-in the last quarter of the 20 th century. The science authorities, that realize a newborn danger on protected areas due to a kind of isolation, are suggesting new approaches like " ecological networks " and " ecological corridors ". Turkey is also one of the countries that favor new approaches in international treaties. This paper defends the obtainability of " interaction-transition area determination (buffer zone) " via the interpretation and description of the maps acquired from natural threshold data. The real importance of the process we pointed here is the relation among natural, cultural and social patterns. Natural thresholds specify not only the use of sustainable areas, but also the protected areas' expediency of ecological limits. Our project model, Uludağ National Park (UNP), is also one of the oldest national parks in Turkey.

Cultural landscape is a set of values consisting of all the formations, activities, local traditions and customs shaped in due to course as a result of the mutual interaction of the human and the environment. The aim of this study was to determine the cultural landscape values of Lake Suğla (Konya,Turkey) and its surrounding areas, which are rich in cultural values, and to develop a future management approach. In the study, in order to determine the cultural characteristics of the area, a method based on inventory work and the quantification of the data was used. In the study, in view of the assessment of the information forms applied to 34 settlements and expert opinions during the field studies, cultural values of the area were determined by twelve criteria. All the settlements were examined in terms of each criterion and given points. As a result of this assessment, Akçapınar, Ahırlı, Balıklava, Çiftlikköy and Kuruçay in the study area were determined as the areas that have the highest cultural function. In conclusion, it was proved that stating the cultural landscape elements by quantificating them in terms of certain criteria can be an important source of data in the planning studies that will be done particularly at a sub-regional scale or on districts and village groups.

The World Resources Institute reported that nearly half of the world population will experience water shortage in 2030; the effects of floods will be tripled globally. Drought and floods threaten several cities all around the country, including Istan-bul. The most important factors that control the physical environment are stream systems and their basins. Are the stream basin systems ready for this process? Hydraulic system balanced in its natural basin has lost its natural morphology and direction of overland flowing because of land decisions given wrongly by the authorities. This situation shows that it is essential to analyze the physical structure of stream/river ecosystems and land use decisions on the urban, national, and international scales. The lack of integrated water law, management problems, and the laws against the protection of stream systems have caused the problem. The present study focuses on the 3344 km long stream systems that are in the basins of 168 running streams and in nearly 2740 km2 outside drinking water basin in Istanbul. The findings show that 73% of the stream systems have protected their natural structure, 27% have transformed its natural structure, and 79% have protected their natural structure in rural areas according to longitude. Of the stream systems, 21% have transformed its natural structure in urban areas because of various interventions, but they have not disappeared, they have been affected by land use decisions, and stream protective zones have been deforced. Based on the stream basin scale,

Non Urbanised Areas (NUAs) are part of agricultural and green infrastructures that provide ecosystem services. Their role is fundamental for the minimization of urban pollution and adaptation to climate change. Like all natural ecosystems, NUAs are endangered by urban sprawl. The regulation of sprawl is a key issue for land use planning. We propose a land use suitability strategy model to orient Land Uses of NUAs, based on integration of Land Cover (LCA) and Fragmentation Analyses (FA). With LCA the percentage of evapotranspiring surface is defined for each land use. Dimensions and densities of NUAs patches are assessed in FA. The model has been developed with Geographical Information Systems, using an extensive set of geodatabases, including orthophotos, vectorial cartographies and field surveys. The case of the municipality of Mascalucia in Catania metropolitan area (Italy), characterized by a considerable urban sprawl, is presented.

The value of a landscape is an important issue for landscape protection planning, as different rules or land-use limitations can be defined according to the intensity of values that are visible from certain positions. Viewshed analysis is often used in landscape evaluation, classifying an area by its degree of visibility. This approach however may be not able to consider the value of landscape features that can be observed, as it is only based on terrain morphology features. A landscape assessment methodology is proposed here, by integrating both viewshed analysis and landscape values assessment. In the first part of the work, a viewshed is calculated from a set of viewpoints of panoramic roads. The landscape value is then assessed, using different available thematic layers that are overlaid with GIS geoprocessing tools. Finally, an index of visible landscape values is calculated, through the overlay of the viewshed and landscape value rasters previously obtained. The study area is the province of Enna in Sicily (Italy), where landscape protection is a relevant issue due to the importance, as well as the number, of cultural and natural elements. The resulting visibility map of landscape values is a useful tool to find appropriate policies for landscape protection and design plans.