Landslides

Besides precipitation triggered landslides, a major thread from landslides is related to earthquake triggered landslides, which account for the majority of catastrophic landslides. This fact is complicated due to the progressive development of urban areas and infrastructure, the dependency of our society on a functioning infrastructure and an increasing number of endangered objects in the affected areas. Therefore there is a need to improve basic understanding of the technical, financial and social risks posed by earthquakes triggered landslides. Furthermore basic understanding of processes and cascading hazards related to earthquake triggered landslides must be improved. For the past two decades an increasing number of landslide warning systems are developed and applied for general public and industrial purposes. On the other side earthquake triggered landslide warning and monitoring has made very little advances and is still under development. Resent research in the area of sensor network development focus on the application of micro sensors (MEMS) in ad hoc wireless sensor networks operated in an interoperable spatial data infrastructure (SDI) according to the sensor web enablement (SWE) guidelines of the OGC (Open Geospatial Consortium) for real-time monitoring of landslides like the SLEWS – Sensor based Landslide Early Warning System. The SLEWS sensor nodes provide next to motion detection also a 3D acceleration data to evaluate direction and value of the peak acceleration. This information can be used in an event case both to monitor endangered slopes or critical infrastructures and to initiate warnings to trigger e.g. rail or road blocks. Furthermore the data from the sensor network can be provided in real-time for shake or alert maps via standardized interfaces.

The aim of the research was to monitor and assess landslide hazards by remote sensing data processing and GIS spatial analysis. The automatic classification of remote sensing images provides many useful land use information to combine in a GIS environment with other spatial factors influencing the occurrence of landslide. The upper part of Susa Valley, in the Italian Western Alps, was chosen as test area because of a large variety of remote sensing data available by ISPRS WG VIII/2 with the aim to exchange information and experience in the field of geomatic techniques. It is well known that the occurrence of landslides is controlled by a lot of morphological, geological, and human factors. We have chosen, regarding the available data, the following factors: acclivity, aspect, lithology, land use and precipitations. We have built up a mathematical predictive model enabling actual/potential unstable slopes. It is a linear model where the hazard score depends on instability factors and...

Steep slope, steep dips of the lithotypes, presence of clay layering in weathered rock types, events of continuous heavy rains, flooding on the slopes and improper land use practices play a major role in the genesis of landslides in the Nilgiris. Recent enhancement in the events of the landslides in the Nilgiris is mainly due to ongoing Seismotectonic activities in Southern Granulite Terrain (SGT) of South India and reactivation of hidden blind shear zones of Nilgiri Hills. Mitigation measures are highlighted.

Early warning systems are becoming one of the main pillars of disaster prevention in natural hazards
especially where mitigation strategies are not realizable. Therefore, the call for multi-hazard early warning systems and improvement of monitoring of natural hazards is steadily growing. However, data gathering (generation) through sensor integration as well as system independent supply of information from early warning networks are of particular challenge. Because very complex information and warning chains have to be served for, standardization and interoperability plays an important role for all organizations and infrastructures being involved. The SLEWS project investigates the complete information chain, starting from data gathering using wireless sensor networks via information processing and analysis to information retrieval. This is demonstrated for landslides and mass movements. The proposed approach adds especially to the funding target of mobile, cost-reduced and easy deployable measurement systems, as well as the modern information systems under consideration of interoperability and service orientated architecture concepts. The proposed wireless network provides the basis for applying further techniques like sensor fusion, identification of malfunctions or errors. The obtained geodata is processed according to the requirements of particular users and can be provided for use in a local or regional as well as global information structure. Interfaces will be created, which make a mobile and flexible adaptation or integration of geodata possible. Thus, it is ensured that the early warning system reaches the spectrum of potential users and provides a maximum flexibility.

Rainfall-triggered landslides are part of a natural process of hillslope erosion that can result in catastrophic loss of life and extensive property damage in mountainous, densely populated areas. As global population expansion on or near steep hillslopes continues, the human and economic costs associated with landslides will increase. Landslide hazard mitigation strategies generally involve hazard assessment mapping, warning systems, control structures, and regional landslide planning and policy development. To be sustainable , hazard mitigation requires that management of natural resources is closely connected to local economic and social interests. A successful strategy is dependent on a combination of multidisciplinary scientific and engineering approaches , and the political will to take action at the local community to national scale.

Quick clay has been involved in most serious, large clay slides in Sweden, Norway, and Canada. This paper describes geotechnical and geophysical methods that can be used to locate and map the extent of quick clay formations. Surface resistivity measurements and four different sounding methods have been tested. The results have been compared with sensitivities determined using fall-cone tests. The investigation shows that there is a correlation between sensitivity and electrical resistivity, which can be used to discriminate between marine clays that have been leached sufficiently to possibly form quick clay and those for which the salt content remains sufficiently high to prevent this. Although the most reliable evaluation of the variation in sensitivity was obtained by the CPT with additional measurement of total penetration force, this investigation suggests that any sounding method that uses a constant rate of advance into the ground and in which the penetration force applied on the top of the rods is measured may be used for quick clay mapping.

An 8 Richter Scale (RS) earthquake struck West Sumatra on Wednesday, 30 September 2009, at 17.16 pm which led to huge number of landslides. Hence a comprehensive landslide susceptibility mapping (LSM) should be produced in order to reduce the damages to people and infrastructures. In the international landslide literature, various statistical methods such as frequency ratio (FR) and logistic regression (LR) have been widely used individually for LSM, but they have some weaknesses. FR which is able to perform bivariate statistical analysis (BSA) assesses the influence of classes of each conditioning factor on landslide occurrence. However, the correlation between the factors is mostly neglected. On the other hand, LR is able to analyze the relationship among the factors while it is not capable to evaluate the classes of each landslide conditioning factor. This paper aims to propose an ensemble method of FR and LR in order to overcome their weak points. For LSM, a landslide inventory map with a total of 87 landslide locations was extracted from various sources. Then the landslide inventory was randomly divided into two datasets 70% for training the models and the remaining 30% was used for validation purpose. The landslide conditioning factors consist of: altitude, curvature, river, SPI, rainfall, soil type, soil texture, land use/cover (LULC), peak ground acceleration (PGA), geology, slope, aspect, lineament and topographic wetness index (TWI). Four PGA of 7.5, 8, 8.6 and 9 were acquired and PGA 8 which was related to the 2009 earthquake was used to generate the model. Finally, the produced landslide susceptibility maps were validated using an area under the (ROC) curve method. For the model which was derived by PGA 8, the validation results showed 84% and 78% success and prediction rates respectively. Furthermore, the prediction rates for the models made by PGA 7.2, 8.6 and 9 are 79%, 78% and 81% respectively. The result proved the reasonable efficiency of the proposed method for earthquake induced landslide susceptibility mapping. Also the proposed ensemble method can be used in other hazard studies as it is capable to produce rapid and accurate assessment for disaster management and decision making.

Since 1990, we have maintained a database of historical information on landslides and floods in Italy, known as the National Research Council's AVI (Damaged Urban Areas) archive. The database was originally designed to respond to a request of the Minister of Civil Protection, and was aimed at helping the regional assessment of landslide and flood risk in Italy. The database was compiled in 1991-1992 to cover the period 1917 to 1990, and then updated to cover systematically the period 1917 to 2000, and non-systematically the periods 1900 to 1916 and 2001 to 2002. The database currently contains information on more than 32000 landslide events occurred at more than 21000 sites, and on more than 29000 flood events occurred at more than 14000 sites. Independently from the AVI archive, we have obtained other databases containing information on damage caused by mass movements and inundations, daily discharge measurements and solid-transport measurements at selected gauging stations, bibliographical and reference information on landslides and inundations, and a catalogue of National legislation on hydrological and geological hazards and risk in Italy. The databases are part of an information system known as SICI (an Italian acronym for Sistema Informativo sulle Catastrofi Idrogeologiche, Information System on Hydrological and Geomorphological Catastrophes), which is currently the largest single repository of historical information on landslides and floods in Italy. After an outline of the history and evolution of the AVI Project archive, we present and discuss: (a) the structure of the SICI information system, including the hardware and software solutions adopted to maintain, manage, update, use and disseminate the information stored in the various databases, (b) the type and amount of information stored in each database, including an estimate of their completeness, and (c) examples of recent applications of the information system, including a web-based GIS system to show the location of sites historically affected by landslides and floods, and an estimate of geo-hydrological (i.e. landslide and flood) risk in Italy based on the available historical information.

An innovative wireless sensor network (WSN) based on Ultra-Wide Band (UWB) technology for 3D accurate superficial monitoring of ground deformations, as landslides and subsidence, is proposed. The system has been designed and developed as part of an European Life+ project, called Wi-GIM (Wireless Sensor Network for Ground Instability Monitoring). The details of the architecture, the localization via wireless technology and data processing protocols are described. The flexibility and accuracy achieved by the UWB two-way ranging technique is analysed and compared with the traditional systems, such as robotic total stations (RTSs) and Ground-based Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (GB-InSAR), highlighting the pros and cons of the UWB solution to detect the surface movements. An extensive field trial campaign allows the validation of the system and the analysis of its sensitivity to different factors (e.g., sensor nodes inter-visibility, effects of the temperature, etc.). The Wi-G...

Minor-scale rockfalls (up to 100 m 3 ) are the most frequent type of landslides on steep slopes, such as rock faces, coastal cliffs and the sides of transportation corridors (Guzzetti et al., 2004; Copons and Vilaplana, 2008; Lim et al., 2009). Since their impact energy can be very high (Agliardi and Crosta, 2003; Dorren and Seijmonsbergen, 2004), rockfall phenomena present a common risk to infrastructures, buildings and/or populations in steep mountainous terrain. The overall aim of this PhD is to improve our understanding of rockfall phenomena by means of terrestrial Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) technology. Specifically, we used a Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS), ILRIS-3D model (Optech). This new technology acquires dense 3D information of the terrain, with high accuracy (σ = 0.72cm at 50m), high resolution (mm-cm order) and very high data acquisition speeds (up to 2,500 points/second). The TLS instrument is currently being used in different applications related to rockfalls, such as the generation of a high-resolution, high-accuracy Digital Elevation Models (DEM) of steep slopes, the characterization of 3D discontinuities that play a key role in rockfall detachment, the monitoring of rock slopes, the study of rockfall magnitude-frequency relationships, etc. (e.g. Slob and Hack, 2004; Bauer et al., 2005; Rosser et al., 2005; Lim et al., 2006; Jaboyedoff et al., 2007; Oppikoffer et al, 2008a; Sturzenegger and Stead, 2009). In relation to these applications, one of the most interesting challenges is the possibility to link spatial and temporal prediction of rockfalls (Rosser et al., 2007; Abellán et al., 2009; Abellán et al., accepted).

The slope stability evaluation using the generalized Hoek-Brown criterion and regarding the scale effect has been implemented in terms of the Chaarat gold project. Furthermore, the probabilistic assessment and sensitivity analysis are performed. Slope failure probabilities are determined, and the slope stability factors are obtained as functions of the slope height and angle. The slope stability estimation based on classified approach considering the scale effect, including GSI rating and probabilistic analysis is tested in rock slopes. Slope stability is mainly governed by variability of the Geological Strength Index related with the scale effect.

Landslides, including slope failures, are one of the significant natural disasters in Malaysia. Their frequency and impacts, such as injuries, loss of lives and damage to property, have been increasing over the years. However, current policy measures and response towards landslide risk reduction have not taken into account the full spectrum of the problem. This paper discusses the landslide disaster risk reduction (LDRR) scenario in Malaysia taking into account the priorities and action plans proposed in the Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015 (HFA). Issues related to landslide events, current practices and selected planning and management approaches that incorporate the HFA are highlighted.

Landslides are a major hazard causing human and large economic losses worldwide. However, the quantification of fatalities and casualties is highly underestimated and incomplete, thus, the estimation of landslide risk is rather ambitious. Hence, a spatio-temporal distribution of deadly landslides is presented for 27 European countries over the last 20 years (1995)(1996)(1997)(1998)(1999)(2000)(2001)(2002)(2003)(2004)(2005)(2006)(2007)(2008)(2009)(2010)(2011)(2012)(2013)(2014). Catastrophic landslides are widely distributed throughout Europe, however, with a great concentration in mountainous areas. In the studied period, a total of 1370 deaths and 784 injuries were reported resulting from 476 landslides. Turkey showed the highest fatalities with 335. An increasing trend of fatal landslides is observed, with a pronounced number of fatalities in the latest period from 2008 to 2014. The latter are mostly triggered by natural extreme events such as storms (i.e., heavy rainfall), earthquakes, and floods and only minor by human activities, such as mining and excavation works. Average economic loss per year in Europe is approximately 4.7 billion Euros. This study serves as baseline information for further risk mapping by integrating deadly landslide locations, local land use data, and will therefore help countries to protect human lives and property.

Heyelanların tespiti, izlenmesi, tehlikesi ve riskinin belirlenmesi, olası zararlarından korunulması ile afet durumunda atlatılması-yönetilmesi pek çok karmaşık işlem adımlarını barındırmaktadır. Bu işlem adımları genellikle heyelan envanterinin oluşturulması, duyarlılık tehlike ve risk haritalarının yapılması ile gerekli analizlerin yapılması günümüzde heyelanla ilgili çalışmaların önemli bir kısmını oluşturmaktadır. Heyelanların oluşmasında etkili olan faktörlerin çok çeşitli olması onların belirlenmesi ile izlenmesinde çeşitliliğe neden olmaktadır. Heyelan alanının topoğrafyası, jeolojisi, hidrolojisi ile bu alana dışarıdan yapılan müdahaleler bu faktörlerin en önemlileri arasında yer almaktadır. Heyelan alanlarının morfolojik yapısının belirlenmesi, günümüzde ilerleyen teknolojik yazılım ve donanımlar sayesinde çeşitlenmiş, haritalama çalışmalarına yeni bakış açıları kazandırmış ve bu çalışmaları kolaylaştırmıştır. Bu çalışmada, ilerleyen teknolojiyle birlikte gelişen haritalama ve deformasyon ölçmelerinin heyelanlarda uygulanması konusu üzerinde durulmuştur. Bu çalışmada Taşkent (Konya) ilçe merkezinin güneyinde oluşan heyelan üzerinde Yersel lazer tarama (YLT) sistemleri, Küresel konumlama sistemleri (GNSS) yöntemleri, İnsansız hava aracı (İHA) ve Mobil lazer tarama (MLT) teknikleri ile yapılan çalışmalar değerlendirilmiştir. Heyelan hareketi 2010 yılından bu yana yapılan gözlem, ölçüm, analiz ve değerlendirmelerle izlenmiştir. Bu çalışmada hacimsel karşılaştırma analizleri ile izleme yapılmış ve sonuçları sunulmuştur. Aktif sensör sistemleri sayesinde (Lidar, yersel lazer tarama, mobil lidar vb.) heyelan alanlarında farklı zamanlarda elde edilen verilerin karşılaştırılması ile hareket eden kütlenin yer değiştirme miktarları ve hızları belirlenebilmektedir. Bunun yanında yersel, klasik haritalama teknikleriyle yapılan kontrol ölçmeleri sayesinde üretilen bilgilerin doğruluğu denetlenebilmektedir. Yüksek çözünürlükte, hassas, doğru, güvenirliği yüksek ve özelliklede düşük maliyetle elde edilmiş verilerle heyelan bölgelerinin haritalarının üretilmesi kısa zamanda yapılabilmektedir. Ulaşımın kolay olduğu alanlarda ise klasik haritalama teknikleri geometrik nivelman, GNSS ölçmeleri, EDM ölçmeleri yeterli bilgiyi sağlayabilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Heyelan izleme, modern jeodezi, lazer tarama, GNSS, İnsansız hava aracı.

Resumen
El Terremoto de Limón (Ms = 7.5) se presentó el 22 de abril de 1991 y tuvo su epicentro en las coordenadas 9.685 N y-83.073 W. El objetivo de esta investigación fue estudiar la relación de los procesos detonados por el sismo en el modelado del relieve en el área más afectada: la Cuenca Li-món Sur. La metodología consistió en una revisión bibliográfica de los estudios técnicos así como científicos realizados sobre el desastre y el análisis de sus implicaciones geomorfológicas. Los efectos cosísmicos fueron el levantamiento tectónico, la licuefacción, deslizamientos, inundacio-nes y un aumento de la carga de sedimentos en el sistema fluvial. Este suceso fue una importante enseñanza para Costa Rica en términos de gestión de una emergencia de gran magnitud, además cimentó la base de incipientes medidas de prevención y mitigación del riesgo de desastres.

Abstract
The Limon Earthquake (Ms = 7.5) occurred on April 22, 1991 with its epicenter located at coordinates 9,685 N and -83,073 W. The objective of this research was to study the relationship of the processes triggered by the earthquake on modeling the topography of the most affected area -the Southern Limon Basin. The methodology consisted on a literature review regarding the technical and scientific studies conducted about the disaster and the analysis of its geomorphological implications. The coseismic effects that occurred were the tectonic uplift, liquefaction, landslides, floods, and an increase of the fluvial system´s sediment load. This event was a great lesson for Costa Rica in terms of managing a major emergency, and it also helped building the foundation for
emerging prevention measures and disaster risk reduction.

Before my senior year as a double major in Economics and Portuguese with a concentration in climate change, I spent the summer of 2019 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil as an intern working with the NGO Catalytic Communities.  A Latin American city facing the ever-intensifying effects of climate change as both a coastal and mountainous region, Rio de Janeiro is an incredibly vulnerable area for water-related disasters. Rather than a longer duration of light rain as we may see in the United States east coast, Brazil (and Rio in particular) receives rainfall in much more intense downpours which lasts less time, which can cause water to concentrate very quickly, creating land movement or flash flooding. Low-income communities, called favelas, face harsher and harsher eviction threats veiled as environmental concerns and climate change policy becomes more difficult due to political and social implications.

On December 3, 2013, a large complex landslide was triggered SW of the town of Montescaglioso (Southern Italy), causing the destruction of roads, commercial buildings and private dwellings, as well as several direct and indirect economic losses. A set of interferometric ground measurements acquired by the Cosmo-SkyMed satellite constellation and processed by means of the SqueeSAR algorithm was used to study the pre-event slope displacements in the entire Montescaglioso municipal area. Data span from January 30, 2012, to December 2, 2013, and show average line-of-sight velocities of 1–10 mm/year in the slope sector ultimately affected by the collapse. In retrospect, a time series analysis of the radar targets was performed in order to identify and characterize all the slope instabilities in proximity of the town. This was based on the setup of characteristic thresholds of displacement. The procedure permitted to locate several areas which recurrently exceeded these previously established thresholds, in consistency with the amount of precipitation. In particular, the major source of potential hazard in the area was indeed found where the December 3, 2013, landslide eventually occurred. The results of this quick data processing technique were validated through comparison with two independently developed landslide maps. This simple method, which is not supposed to diminish the importance of geo-morphologic field surveys, could improve both the accuracy and the update rate of landslide susceptibility maps. Not relying on arbitrary or empirically derived approaches, it has the advantage of computing statistically based thresholds specific for each time series. By indicating the slope sectors in higher need of deeper in situ investigation, more support could be provided to administrative bodies for the processes of risk assessment and management.

The 270 km long National Highway (NH-44) is the only way that connects the Kashmir valley to the rest of India. Stretches of the expressway go through extremely dubious terrains and mountains. Consequently, blockage of NH-44 has turned into a repetitive wonder for past numerous years which affects the state economy and trade. The NH-44 national highway is highly prone to landslides because of high terrains and steep slopes along the roadside. There are several parameters that impact landslides on NH-44 National highway. Those parameters were evaluated by testing the soil samples at three different sites on NH-44 National Highway. One sample was taken from the site where landslide has already occurred and has active landslide, second from the landslide-prone site where there are high chances of landslide and third one from the minimal or less prone site. The impact of parameters: direct share (c, phi), Atterberg Limits (liquid limit, plastic limit, plasticity index), natural density, specific gravity and moisture content on landslides were analyzed and warning levels are made based on different soil moisture levels for early warning system.

On the basis of 1,834 landslide data for Hong Kong Island (HKI), landslide susceptibility maps were generated using logistic regression and GIS. Regional bias of the landslide inventory is examined by dividing the whole HKI into a southern and a northern region, separated by an east-west trending water divide. It was found that the susceptibility map of southern HKI generated by using the southern data differs significantly from that generated by using northern data, and similar conclusion can be drawn for the northern HKI. Therefore, a susceptibility map of HKI was established based on regional data analysis, and it was found to reflect closely the spatial distributions of historical landslides. Elevation appears to be the most dominant factor in controlling landslide occurrence, and this probably reflects that human developments are concentrated at certain elevations on the island. Classification plot, goodness of fit, and occurrence ratio were used to examine the reliability of the proposed susceptibility map. The size of landslide susceptible zones varies depending on the data sets used, thus this demonstrates that the historical landslide data may be biased and affected by human activities and geological settings on a regional basis. Therefore, indiscriminate use of regional-biased data should be avoided.

Günümüzde küresel iklim değişikliği ile birlikte, Karadeniz havzasında yağış, sel ve kütle hareketlerinin sıklığı ve şiddetinde artışa bağlı afetlerde bir artış gözlenmektedir. Bunlardan biri de Türkiye'de Batı Karadeniz Bölümü'nde Zonguldak ili Devrek ilçe merkezinde oluşan Devrek Heyelanı afetidir. Bu çalışmada, yerleşim alanı ve alt yapıya büyük zarar veren, 2015 yılında gerçekleşen Devrek (Zonguldak) Heyelanı jeomorfolojik metotlarla incelenmiştir. Önce, heyelana yol açan jeolojik, jeomorfolojik, antropojenik, klimatik faktörler incelenmiş daha sonra ise arazide gözlemler yapılarak heyelanın jeomorfolojik özellikleri gözlemlenmiş ve güncel durum değerlendirilmesi yapılmıştır. Heyelan alanında, Devrek Çayı'nın yan kolu olan Çomaklar Deresi'nin V şeklindeki vadisinin ortalama yamaç eğimi %23 olup kiltaşından oluşan yamaçlar kütle hareketlerine karşı duyarlıdır. Heyelanın gerçekleştiği alan Alt-Orta Eosen silttaşı, kumtaşı ve çoğunlukla kiltaşından oluşur. Devrek Heyelanı bölgesinde olayı yaşayan insanlarla yapılan mülakatlarda, heyelan öncesinde yamacın üst bölümündeki çukurlukta sürekli bir su birikmesi olduğu bilgisi alınmıştır. Bu da heyelan öncesinde, tabanda geçirimsiz kil katmanı üzerinde su birikmesi olduğunu göstermektedir. Heyelan alanına yaklaşık 2,5 km mesafede bulunan Devrek otomatik meteoroloji gözlem istasyonunun 2008-2017 yılları arasındaki ölçümlerine göre ilçenin yıllık ortalama yağış miktarı 762,48 mm. dir. Heyelan, yaz mevsiminde temmuz ayında yağışlı geçen günün ertesinde gerçekleşmiştir. Yapımı devam eden Devrek-Ereğli Karayolu'nda önlem alınmaksızın yapılan yarma ve dolgu işlemleri ve heyelan açısından riskli yamacın ortasından geçirilen yol yamacın denge açısını değiştirmiştir. 2015 yılının yağışlı geçen baharını izleyen yaz mevsiminde aşırı yağış sonrasında kütle hareketi 16.07.2015 tarihinde gerçekleşmiştir. Bu durum maddi sorunların yanı sıra sosyal ve psikolojik sorunlar da doğurmuştur. İnsanlar evlerini terk etmek zorunda kalmıştır. Heyelan sebebiyle 86 bina hasar görmüş, bazıları ise yıkılmıştır. Boşaltılan alanlardaki binalarda hırsızlık olayları meydana gelmiş, metruk binalar madde bağımlılarının barınağına dönüşmüştür. Bunların yanında, heyelan kopma bölgesinin üst tarafında kalan bir mahallenin zarar görme riskini önlemek için üst kütleye yamaç tesviyesi, fore kazık, beton bariyer, duvar örme, tahliye kanalı gibi uygulamalar yapılmıştır. Heyelan açısından duyarlı alanlar tespit edildikten sonra yapılaşma öncesinde, yapılaşma sırasında ve sonrasında yapılabilecek ıslah çalışmaları ile heyelanların zararları azaltılabilir. İnsan ve doğanın ortak etkileri sonucu gerçekleşen Devrek Heyelanı bu yönüyle ele alınacak, yol çalışmalarının heyelanlarla ilişkisi ortaya konulmaya çalışılacak ve çözüm önerileri sunulacaktır.
Nowadays with the global climate changing, there is an increase in disasters due to increase in frequency and severity of precipitation, flood and mass movements in the Black Sea Basin. One of them is "Devrek Landslide" which comprised in the Section of Western Black Sea, Zonguldak province, Devrek county town. In this study, the Devrek (Zonguldak) Landslide in 2015, which great damaged to the settlement area and infrastructure, was investigated by geomorphological methods. First, geological, geomorphological, anthropogenic, climatic factors which causing landslides were analyzed, then geomorphological characteristics of the landslide was observed and actual status was evaluated. In the landslide area, the average slope of the V-shaped valley of Çomaklar Brook, which is shunt of Devrek Stream, is 23% and the slopes of claystone are sensitive to mass movements. The area where the landslide takes place, consists of Lower-Middle

Landslide is a regular geologic hazard in Bangladesh, especially in Chittagong, the South-eastern Part of the country. Landslides in Bangladesh and its associated causes were studied using multidisciplinary approach taking two recent landslides as reference. Landslide caused death to more than 300 peoples in Bangladesh since 2000, with a loss of hundred of houses and millions of dollars of properties. One single event, the landslide of 11 June 2007 caused death to 135 people, affecting 1.5 million people of the region. Most of the landslides happened after heavy rainfall. Heavy monsoon rainfall intensified by strong storm from the Bay of Bengal (BOB) caused an abnormal precipitation in the area caused the referred landslide. Combined effect of rainfall and hill cutting induced slope instability triggered landslide in Chittagong. Combined effect of hill cutting and climatic change induced erratic behaviour of the nature caused 11 June Tragedy. Detailed Area Planning, landslide vulnerability zoning, landslide database development, and a geophysical analysis of the area are recommended a complete understanding of the landslides of Chittagong. Influential peoples of the societies are involved with hill cutting in Bangladesh, violating existing rules and regulations. Legal instruments should be in place and the enforcement of existing rules should be ensured to avoid further 11 June Tragedy.

During a severe rainstorm on 7 June 2008, over 2,000 landslides were recorded on Lantau Island, the largest island in Hong Kong. Numerous road links were severed and many landslides impinged on existing villages. As a result of this storm, and as part of the Hong Kong Government's recently commenced long term programme to assess the risk from natural terrain landslides to existing developments, an evaluation of potential landslide hazards affecting an area of some 18.5 km² in the western part of Lantau has been undertaken. The study reviewed both the landslide hazards, predominantly using an engineering geomorphological approach, and landslide consequences based on the impact to end users. A risk matrix approach was then applied in order to rank hillside catchments in terms of their overall risk and allow the prioritized selection of key study areas for further investigation and hazard mitigation.

Southwest Monsoon (Habagat) and Typhoon Luis caused a deep-seated landslide that struck Sitio Kayang, Brgy. Immuli, Pidigan, Abra on August 15, 2018. Rainfall-induced deep-seated landslides displace partially at a time which necessitates the determination of remaining landslide volume along the slope. In this study, the potential landslide volume and mass transport were estimated using several remote sensing products, including SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) data and LiDAR-DTM (Light Detection and Ranging-Digital Terrain Model). The post-landslide DTM was generated using Sentinel-1 SAR data. The potential landslide volume and landslide failure surfaces were ascertained through the stability analysis using Scoops3D, while the mass transport volume was obtained from the pre-and post-landslide DTM. Results showed that the estimated total volume in all the landslide areas was 135,962 m 3. Meanwhile, the remaining landslide volume (i.e., difference between potential volume from pre-landslide event and volume of transported mass) yielded illogical values due to the derived large mass transport values. This blunder may be attributed to the generalization of the transported volume (due to Sentinel-1 DTM coarse resolution), and decorrelation due to vegetation cover. Overall, the LiDAR-DTM data delivered a high-resolution estimation of the potential landslide volume and proved to be useful for landslide application studies. Future studies may incorporate field data (e.g., geotechnical parameters, groundwater, landslide actual measurements) for more accurate performance of stability analysis and may best to utilize LiDAR-DTM in post-landslide volume computation for a more reliable estimation of mass transport and potentially remaining landslide volume.

"Landslide" denotes downward and outward movement of slope-forming materials composed of natural rock, soils, artificial fills, -or combinations of these materials. The moving mass may proceed by any one of three principal types of movement: falling, sliding, or flowing, or by their combinations. Landslide = "the movement of a mass of rock, debris or earth down the slope" (Cruden, 1991).

El siguiente proyecto está basado en un trabajo de campo de carácter descriptivo, donde se plantea realizar un inventario cartográfico semidetallado de movimientos masa en los sectores Mesa de Aura, Paramo El Zumbador, Queniquea, del estado Táchira. El estudio se realiza con la finalidad de presentar un inventario cartográfico semidetallado de los movimientos ocurridos en esa zona y así mismo, sintetizar los rasgos característicos de la geología, geomorfología y geotecnia de los movimientos en masa que se dan en la corteza terrestre y en la interface de este levantamiento tectónico. En la hoja cartográfica 5739 I NE. El trabajo se efectuó mediante levantamiento geológico de campo, identificación y descripción de la litología, mediante medición de espesores, cálculo de rumbo y buzamiento y georreferenciación de los datos adquiridos en el área de trabajo. Con el fin de presentar un mapa semidetallado de los movimientos en masa hallados en la Región Andina.

RESUMO Este artigo científico tem como objetivo investigar se o poder público está gerenciando corretamente as situações de crise ocasionadas por deslizamentos de terra devido à chuva em Manaus. Para isso foram estabelecidos alguns procedimentos que se dirigiram aos resultados. A metodologia desse estudo exploratório consistiu apenas em pesquisa bibliográfica e na análise dos procedimentos do poder público noticiados na imprensa local confrontada com a literatura especializada no assunto visando explicar o contexto. O resultado constatado foi que o poder público está gerenciando bem as situações de crise ocasionadas pelas ocorrências de deslizamentos de terra devido à chuva na cidade de Manaus no período estudado, janeiro de 2017. Todavia, o poder público precisa dar uma 'resposta' definitiva para acabar com o ciclo vicioso que foi constatado nesse estudo. Palavras-Chave: Gerenciamento de crise, deslizamento de terra, chuva.
ABSTRACT This scientific article aims to investigate if the governmental power is correctly managing the crisis caused by landslides due to rain at Manaus. For this, some procedures were established to direct the results. The methodology of this exploratory study consisted just in bibliographic research and analysis of the procedures of the governmental power reported on local press confronted with a literature specialized in the subject to explain the context. The verified result was that governmental power is managing well the crises caused by the occurrence of mudslides due to rainfall in the city of Manaus in the studied period, 2017 January. However, the governmental power needs to find a definitive answer to finish the vicious cycle that was verified in the study.

Modern, so called Ad-Hoc wireless sensor networks (WSN) arec haracterized by as elf organization and self-healing capacity of the system (autonomous systems), without predefined infrastructures . It permits an on hierarchic data exchange and thus allows av ery simple adaption of the network to changing conditions. The use of a SLEWS -Aprototype system for flexible real time monitoring of landslides using an open spatial data infrastructure and wireless sensor networks

Research assessment landslide and sedimentation of Hoa Binh hydropower reservoir  by Vietnamese language.
This work presents the research results lakeshore landslides and sedimentation Hoa Binh hydropower reservoir by synthetic methods analyze high-resolution satellite images, survey, surveying and mapping.

Hydrocarbon transmission pipeline projects are major infrastructure developments that involve
numerous technical, environmental, political and social challenges. Pipeline route selection is
multidisciplinary task where the construction cost, environmental impact, community interface, and
technical design criteria are evaluated simultaneously. If mistakes are made at the stage of route
selection, remedy is often costly, complicated, and time consuming. Geohazards are one of the key
contributors to the construction cost and to the operability of a pipeline. The diversity of terrain
conditions and particular design requirements of each pipeline project has resulted in lack of a
standardized/formulated Geohazard risk assessment method for the oil and gas pipelines. Country of
Kenya is home to many types of Geohazards and recent hydrocarbon exploration and developments
makes it a good candidate for a Geohazard assessment study. This project introduces a practical pipeline
Geohazard modelling and quantification method that can be performed by use of publicly available
information and data sources, and probably can be used as a basis for other similar pipeline projects.
Terrain Analysis and geo-statistical analysis of past events were performed on a GIS platform to look at
each of the four major geohazards: Volcano, Earthquake, Flood, and Landslide. A combined Pipeline
Geohazard map was produced for the whole country and then a route options evaluation matrix was
designed to quantitatively assess and compare the three proposed pipeline routes.

Los modelos de probabilísticos de fenómenos naturales, se basan en combinaciones lineales de distintas situaciones y características de la variación del fenómeno a estudiar, que se cuantifican de forma booleana, es decir utilizando rangos de mayor que o menor que. Estos modelos de predicción son los que se utilizan de forma generalizada, son estándar y utilizados por la mayoría de investigadores.
El presente proyecto presenta un método alternativo para crear un modelo probabilístico de deslizamientos mediante la lógica difusa en las parroquias de Papallacta y Cuyuja, Cantón Quijos, de la provincia de Napo. Se presenta una breve revisión de los métodos probabilísticos existentes, que han sido utilizados para el análisis de varios fenómenos, en ciertos sectores del área de estudio.
Esto permite comparar que modelo se adapta de mejor forma a la realidad del terreno, y cual estadísticamente posee menor error.

The probabilistic models of natural phenomena are based on linear combinations of different situations and characteristics of the variation of the phenomenon to be studied, which are quantified with Boolean method, using ranges greater than or less than. These prediction models are standard, used across the board, and most of the researchers.
This project presents an alternative method for creating a probabilistic model of landslides using fuzzy logic in parroquias de Papallacta and Cuyuja, which belong to canton Quijos - provincia de Napo. It provides a brief review of existing probabilistic methods, which have been used for the analysis of many phenomena, in certain sectors of the study area. And allows to compare what model fits better to the terrain reality, and which has the statistically lower error.

On 24 January 2012, a fatal landslide with an estimated volume of 3Mm3 hit villagers and infrastructure in the Tagali Valley, Southern Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea (PNG). Although a moderate event by PNG standards, the associated human casualties and infrastructure destruction give a human as well as a scientific need to review the potential causes for the event. PNG experiences numerous landslides annually, most of which are trigged either by rainfall events or seismic activity. Here, we review the short-term rainfall patterns leading up to the slope failure at Tumbi Quarry and compare the rainfall accumulations obtained over durations of 30, 60 and 90 days prior to the landslide, with comparable rainfall accumulations obtained for other failures observed in PNG over a 12-year period. Additionally, a review of long-term rainfall over a period of 6 months prior to the failure is
completed as well as an assessment of seismic activity. Based on our analysis, we believe a seismic trigger to be very unlikely, while the increase in rainfall in the 2 weeks prior to the failure in conjunction with a high-intensity rainfall event at the end of
October 2011 could have had a greater influence in enhancing
rather than restraining slope failure. This, in addition to natural
denudational processes, geological structure and the anthropogenic activity in the vicinity of the landslide, could all have served to affect slope stability.

Development of hilly areas requiring deforestation and increased human activities has raised many environmental issues in the world. This paper presents the results of investigation to assess the parameters that contribute to the risk to environment by reviewing available reports from Penang Island and surrounding areas. Nine parameters were identified that mostly contribute to the environmental risk. These are casualties of people, soil properties, earth coverage, soil grading characteristics, land use suitability, factor of safety, blasting area, distance between proposed structure to slope and geometry of slope. From these parameters, the rated risk approaches were proposed based on the prediction of occurrences of environmental issues. The rated risks were categorised from very high (5) to very low (1) with high, medium and low in between. The assessments were reviewed and evaluated based on rated risk for the chosen parameters. A map was developed identifying areas of environmental risk. The map can be used to quantify risk to the environment based on the parameters due to the proposed development. The overall result shows that areas PD3 of Tanjung Bungah and PD3, PD8 and PD9 of Paya Terubong have high-rated risk. No development area is classified as very high risk and very low-risk areas. These rating approaches can be used to develop potential risk zoning of proposed development areas. From this zoning guideline or standard, the viability of any proposed development can be measured.

One of the lessons drawn from past disasters is that active involvement of the local people in the affected areas during disasters has been lacking and formed the weakest link in all risk management strategies. Despite the advances in science & technologies for disaster prevention, mitigation and management, the actual levels of successfully dealing with any disaster have been found to be low. This realization led the author to think for a workable methodology for community based disaster risk management which may be applied effectively by the rural communities in a part of Rudraprayag District, Uttarakhand State, India. The paper aims to discuss the methodology, its potential application in similar situations and the limitations therein. The methodology has basically six distinct activities proposed in two phases: Hazard, Vulnerability, and Capacity Assessment in the first phase and Hazard Prevention / Mitigation, Vulnerability Reduction and Capacity Building are the subsequent activities for the second phase. The first phase requires informing people through awareness and sensitization campaigns about the impending risks due to disasters so that their self interests are aroused in this activity. Subsequently, inspire them to act against these risks and ensure them outside support to gain necessary knowledge, technologies, resources, and skills for managing these risks. Thereafter, the methodology explains how communities in rural areas can assess, plan and manage disaster risks by active participation / partnership of the public with support from professionals, administrators and other stakeholders. Finally, a proactive continuum plan with necessary socioeconomic , scientific and technical considerations as well as implementation, monitoring and review strategies for effective disaster risk management is available for deriving self initiatives and actions on the part of local communities to eliminate / reduce losses or threats from potential disasters.

The Guinsaugon rock slide-debris avalanche was the most catastrophic single landslide event in Philippine history, with 14–18 M m3 of debris instantly burying an entire village. Hummocky topography, pressure ridges and other internal structures suggest that the landslide deposit was emplaced as a debris avalanche and debris flow. Susceptibility to planar and wedge failures as well as to toppling due to rock discontinuities were demonstrated using kinematic analysis and SMR. Limit equilibrium analysis on planar failures yielded factors of safety ranging from 0.8 to 1.5. The study showed that pore pressure on discontinuities had a more significant effect on the slope stability than seismicity. For wedge failures, there is a sudden drop in the factor of safety at pore water pressures of 258–306 kPa. At the site, the pore water pressure may have been as high as 490 kPa. The possibility of such a landslide event in the future is discussed. Le glissement rocheux/avalanche de roches de Guinsaugon est le glissement le plus catastrophique de l’histoire des Philippines, avec 14 à 18 M m3 de débris rocheux submergeant entièrement un village. La topographie chaotique, les rides de pression et différentes structures internes suggèrent que les dépôts se sont mis en place comme une avalanche de roches ou un écoulement de débris. La prédisposition du massif rocheux aux glissements plans ou en dièdres, ainsi qu’aux basculements a été établie à partir de l’analyse des discontinuités et en considérant la classification SMR. L’analyse suivant la méthode des équilibres limites a conduit à des facteurs de sécurité variables entre 0,8 et 1,5 pour les glissements plans. Les études ont montré que les pressions interstitielles dans les discontinuités avaient une plus forte influence sur la stabilité que les actions séismiques considérées. Pour les ruptures en dièdres, une baisse rapide des coefficients de sécurité apparaît lorsque les pressions interstitielles passent de 258 à 306 kPa. Sur site, les pressions interstitielles peuvent avoir atteint la valeur de 490 kPa. La possibilité d’un événement comparable à l’avenir est discutée.