Latvian

This album comprises works created by a Latvian photographer Janis Kreicbergs over 45 years (from 1960 to 2005) within a geographically vast area (USA – Europe – Asia) and under various political regimes (the USSR during the Khrushchev Thaw, Soviet bloc and Western countries on both sides of the Iron curtain during the Cold War, and the renewed independent Republic of Latvia). The album contains widely published and exhibited works along with first publications, i.e. the photos that art editor Zenta Dzividzinska discovered while working with Janis Kreicbergs’ photo archives. All of his works contain motifs (in subject matter and formal qualities) that make them unmistakeably his next to the work of many of his contemporaries. One such motif is “style”, interpreted by Barthes as an “organised network of obsessions” (Kreicbergs’ network of ideas consists of spontaneity, freedom and sensuality). There is also a thematic leitmotif: interpretation of the feminine image and individuality, shifting between the universal (sexuality) and the individual (personality). Another important element is Kreicbergs’ photographic manner with its set of unique features, which combines the principles of snapshot and staged photography (a blend of elements from 1960s studio photography, from so-called street photography, press and report photography, as well as fashion and advertising photo stylistics). These subjective qualities along with the ever-present historically documentary aspect make Kreicbergs’ selected works a unique value within the context of European and Latvian photographic art history.

"The book „The Photograph as Art in Latvia” is the first contemporary study about the recent past of Latvian photographic art.
Being artificially separated from Western and global information space by the Soviet regime Latvian culture and art nevertheless was looking for and found the way to be incontact and interact with this space. During the 1960s those were photographers  who succeeded in attaining what was forbidden (or limited) for representatives of other arts – they joined international exhibition activities and developed West-oriented, modern aesthetics and system of artistic imagery based on western history of art.
The book gives an insight into the most significant stylistic trends and means of expression of form characteristic of the Latvian photographic art of the 1960s, which constitutes the part of the 20th century Latvian visual art heritage that has not been sufficiently studied until now. The author has analysed works of photographic art by Latvian authors created between 1960 and 1969 that were
exhibited in Latvian, USSR and international exhibitions of camera clubs and  photographic salons and were reproduced in press or photography albums and catalogues.
"

Book 1, Part II  of the Copeland-Akkadian Dictionary that not only is an English-Akkadian Dictionary but also a Concordance of Akkadian-related languages, including Indo-European, languages. We suspect that those who are of the Indo-European, languages listed, i.e., Persian, Greek, Armenian, Albanian,  Irish, Scots-Gaelic, Welsh, English, Latin, French, Italian, Romanian, Belarusian, Croatian, Polish, and specialists in Sanskrit, Avestan, Hurrian, Urartian, Etruscan,  Latvian, Georgian, Finnish-Uralic, and Basque will find the Concordance of interest. Words that are in small type (Times-Roman 10 pt) have been incorporated in our Indo-European Table 1. The link to the Indo-European Table below connects to the latest edition of the Table's sections.

Книга рассказывает о ста годах совместной жизни русских, латышей и латгалов в Латвии.

Подробно описывается, как шла реализация в этой стране «красного», «белого» и «коричневого» проектов общественного развития, какую роль в них играли различные группировки правящих элит.

Автор дает нравственные оценки тем ключевым представителям элит, с которыми ему доводилось лично сталкиваться.

Вслед за апостолом Павлом автор делит этих людей на удерживающих, то есть тех, кто несет ценности человеколюбия, и людей греха — тех, кто разрушает эти ценности.

Излагаемая в книге версия исторических событий абсолютно противоположна той точке зрения, которая навязывается обществу нынешними правящими этнократическими элитами республики.
За свои взгляды автор подвергается в Латвии уголовному преследованию.

Only Polish words from Marcin Paszkowski’s “Dictionary” have been published up to now while their Turkish equivalents have never been edited although two scholars (Ananiasz Zajączkowski 1938 and Stanisław Stachowski 1989) intended to do so. In this article the reasons for this situation are discussed and explained, as well as a solution is suggested as to how the source can be useful.

"“In her paper entitled Reportive evidentiality and reported speech: is there a boundary? Evidence of the Latvian oblique Joanna Chojnicka addresses the problem of the relationship between evidentiality and reported discourse by investigating the use of a Latvian verb-form that is difficult to categorize. In Latvian traditional grammar it is classified as a mood, but several researchers have pointed out the inadequacy of this classification. The current discussion, to which Chojnicka makes a substantial contribution, regards the oblique either as an expression of the category of evidentiality or as a marker of reported speech. Analyzing the use of the oblique in Latvian parliamentary speeches, Chojnicka postulates a cline between these two functions and describes the characteristics of utterances containing the oblique at several positions on this cline. She demonstrates how such an approach may lead to a better understanding and a more accurate description of the category and its interaction with other means of expression in Latvian. Furthermore, the article contributes to the general understanding of evidentiality and its borders.”
Usonienė, A., N. Nau, I. Dabašinskienė. 2012. Introduction to Multiple Perspectives in Linguistic Research on Baltic Languages. Cambridge Scholars Publishing, pp. 6-7"

This paper investigates Latvian verbs with causative morphology and their relations to non-causative verbs. Causative morphology comprises vowel alternation and suffixation. The different techniques are largely synonymous, but differ in frequency and productivity. A major concern of this paper is to determine which kind of base verbs have corresponding morphological causatives and how the argument structure of a causative verb can be linked to that of the base verb. The great majority of Latvian morphological causatives represent the causative prototype: they are systematically related to patientive intransitive verbs whose single argument corresponds to the direct object of the causative construction. Variations to this pattern are found with causatives based on intransitive verbs whose primary argument is an Agent, Experiencer, or Theme. Morphological causatives related to transitive base verbs are rare and predominantly used in monotransitive constructions.  In general, causatives with all kind of bases tend to be used in the basic transitive construction of Latvian with one direct object in the accusative, and possibly peripheral arguments marked with the locative or a preposition.

[If you are interested in this paper, please ask me for an electronic offprint.]

Klaipėdos universitetas, Baltijos regiono istorijos ir archeologijos institutas, Herkaus Manto g. 84, 92294 Klaipėda El. p. ernestas@inbox.lv Anotacija. Publikacijoje pristatomas 2016-2019 m. surinktas Daunoravos latvių-dundurnie-kų (Joniškio vlsč.) XIX a. pab.-1985 m. fotografijų rinkinys (1 270 vnt.). Tyrime buvo taikomi metodai-interviu, genealoginis, šaltinių ir literatūros analizės, tipologinis, palyginamasis. Tai vertingas kiekiu ir turiniu lokalinės istorijos šaltinis tirti Lietuvos šiaurinėje dalyje gyvenusių latvių antropologiją, atskirų šeimų genealogiją, jų kasdieninį gyvenimą, papročius, šventes, švietimą, visuomeninę ir ūkinę veiklą, aprangą, sodybas, trobesius ar jų detales ir kt. Esminiai žodžiai: Daunorava, dundurniekai, diaspora, latviai, fotografija. Abstract. The publication presents a collection of photographs from the end of the 19th century by Daunorava Latvians-Dundurnieki (Joniškis parish) collected in 2016-2019 (1,270 items). Methods used in the research were: interview, genealogical, source and literature analysis, typological, and comparative. It is a valuable source of local history in terms of quantity and content to study the anthropology of Latvians living in the northern part of Lithuania, the genealogy of individual families, their daily lives, customs, holidays, education, social and economic activities, clothing, homesteads, huts or their details and more.

This book is fun. It challenges readers to think about why some countries are rich, while others are poor. It explores alternative thinking about important economic, practical and philosophical matters. The variety of ideas will challenge readers to ponder, question, and engage in meaningful discussions. Underlying all this is the respect for, and tolerance of, the individual. Since 1980, Ken has been writing economic commentaries for radio. Straight commentary from an academic economist was dry and uninteresting. He thought he would spice up these radio spots with fantasy dialogues. Friends were willing to perform with him, and so Jonathan Gullible was born. Immediately, interest among listeners soared! The ideas were provocative and outlandish, yet they drove home hard-core free market ideas in a humorous way. Later, he enlisted a dozen friends as actors to produce the episodes as a dramatic series. Again it was a hit! Since then The Adventures of Jonathan Gullible: A Free Market Odyssey has been used for radio broadcasts, discussion groups, essay contests, skits and theatrical productions around the globe. Each chapter, except the fi rst, starts with a short "parable" about Jonathan Gullible and his encounters with the strange laws of an island and its inhabitants. The story highlights the absurdities of the laws, the controls imposed on people's lives, and the economic drawbacks of these laws. The laws are recognisable as common to countries throughout the world. As the story unfolds, the part we play in political decision-making and personal responsibility is introduced for discussion. There are many subtle nuances. Sometimes people miss the meaning of a story, so each "parable" is followed by commentaries and relevant background information. These commentaries are meant to provide only the gist of each issue. Books and websites are recommended for further research. They will be particularly useful for projects and debates. Questions following each chapter are guidelines for group discussions about self-responsibility and life skills that will arouse an interest in the areas of sociology, macroeconomics , philosophy, political science, and ethics.

A research report about fathers in Latvia. The report argues that fathers in Latvia are treated in exclusively supportive role. The actual cognitive scheme of family treats women and their children as default element while men are relatively changeable element that is connected to the default unit of mothers and their children by the support that they give. Even when fathers provide financial means, it is treated not as a domination, but as a support to the mothers and children. Nevertheless fathers just like mothers are satisfied with this situation.  In addition domestic chores are shifting: women and men comply with the idea that men can take over all domestic chores save suckling infants and creating cosy atmosphere at home, however, women are reluctant to do certain stereotypically male chores even if they could do them.

PRATARMĖ Serijai Bibliotheca Salensis pradžią davė nuo 2004 metų Salų dvare (prie Kamajų, Rokiškio rajone) pradėtos rengti kalbotyros vasaros mokyklos. Joje bus leidžiamos specialiai šiai serijai parašytos, daugeliu atvejų Salose perskaitytų paskaitų pagrindu parengtos mažos apimties knygos, kuriose bus pateikti įvairių kalbotyros sričių ir krypčių įvadai. Tai nebus grynai populiari, plačiai publikai skirta serija, nes joje leidžiami tekstai reikalauja pagrindinio lingvistinio išsilavinimo. Leidėjai tikisi, kad serija Bibliotheca Salensis iš dalies galės užpildyti jau seniai jaučiamą spragą knygų rinkoje: trūksta lietuviškai parašytų arba į lietuvių kalbą išverstų knygų, supažindinančių skaitytojus su XX-ojo amžiaus lingvistinės minties pasiekimais tiek teorinės, tiek istorinės-lyginamosios kalbotyros srityje. Serija, žinoma, negalės atstoti fundamentinių lingvistinių veikalų ir platesnių, sistemingų įvadų vertimų, bet specifiniai jos bruožai turėtų ją padaryti patrauklią skaitytojams Lietuvoje: autoriai yra lietuvių kalbą tyrinėjantys arba su Lietuva bendradarbiaujantys lingvistai, serijoje spausdinami tekstai daugeliu atvejų bus paremti lietuvių kalbos medžiaga. Kaip ir pačios Academia Grammaticorum Salensis, taip ir Bibliotheca Salensis tikslas yra Lietuvoje skatinti susidomėjimą naujesnėmis teorinės ir deskriptyvinės lingvistikos kryptimis.

Това е първата авторска история на Латвия и на латвийците на български език. Книгата представя историята на днешните латвийски земи от праисторически и предписмени времена до наши дни, като прокарва паралели и сравнения с личности, събития и процеси в българската история.

Summary
The present history book is the first independent research work on Latvian history by a Bulgarian author, and in the Bulgarian language. It encompasses the history of the contemporary Latvian territory and its population since pre-historic times.
In Chapter One author Ivelin Argirov Ivanov makes a short presentation of the Latvian lands in prehistoric times, as well as of the religious beliefs of their population. The author also pays attention to the rich pagan traditions and their long-lasting existence, if compared to those in other parts of Europe.
Chapter Two refers to the history of medieval Livonia. The author describes the activities of the first missionaries and bishops – Meinhardt, Berthold and Albert – and the first conquests of the Brothers of the Sword in those lands. Much attention is paid to the second stage of the conquest. The author is analyzing the battle of Saule of 1236, the end of the Order of the Brothers of the Sword, the influence of the Teutonic Order, and the establishment of the new Livonian Order. As a result from the crusaders’ conquest, a feudal federation consisting of small estates was created in Livonia.
One of the most important parts of this chapter is dedicated to the Livonian war and its impact on the history of the Latvian lands of today. The war led t o a long-lasting period (1561–1629) of Polish rule over what is now Latvian territory. Also, despite the fact that the Livonian confederacy still existed, in political and military respect it had turned into a third-world power of little importance. The Livonian Order itself was secularized in 1561, its Master Gothard Kettler having acknowledged the supreme power of the Polish-Lithuanian ruler, thus accepting the title of Duke of Courland and Zemgale in return. The aftermath of the Polish–Swedish war of 1626–1629 is also mentioned. The new military conflict turned out to be even heavier and more devastating than the Livonian war. The war ended with a treaty signed in Altmark in 1629, according to which the Polish king retained his rule only over parts of Northwest and South Livonia, whereas the Swedes settled in the developed cities along the coast and took control over the northern and eastern territories of the former Livonian confederacy. The Reformation and the introduction of Lutheranism in Livonia in the first half of the 16th century are also discussed.
The following Third Chapter deals with the period 17th – 19th cc. whose beginning could be identified with the treaty of Altmark of 1629. Despite the fact that the Latvian-speaking population was divided between the various political factions, the Altmark peace treaty put the beginning of a new territorial and political system which led to the formation of a Latvian linguistic and ethnic community. The development of education and book-publishing in the Latvian lands is among the most notable processes. A real boom in the printing out of essays in the Latvian language took place in the second half of the 17th century; around 60 of the latter have survived until today.
Next, the aftermath of the Great Northern War (1700–1721), the end of Polish rule in Latgale and the beginning of Russian rule in the 19th c. are dealt with. Much attention is paid to the birth of the Latvian nation. The beginning of the Latvian awakening to an independent national existence can be traced through the number of Latvian authors in the 19th century. While in 1844 only 3% of the authors of books and other written works were of Latvian origin, in 1858 this percentage grew up to 6%, to reach 51% in 1869. Father August Johann Gottfried Bielenstein (1826–1907),  Juris Alunans (1832–1864), Ansis Leitans, Krisjanis Valdemars  (1825–1891),  Krisjanis Barons (1835–1923), the brothers  Reinis and Matis Kaudzite, Andrejs Pumpurs (1841–1902), etc. are to be mentioned among the most eminent faces of the Latvian Awakening. The author is comparing the Latvian Awakening with the Bulgarian Revival from the 19th century, emphasizing on a number of common characteristic features. The final parts of that chapter are dedicated to the problem about the beginning of the policy of Russification dating from the last decades of the 19th century.
Chapter four is dedicated to Latvian history in the first half of the 20th c. Here the author is representing the impetuous progress of the Latvian nation on the eve of WWI, and the enormous demographic and economic consequences for the country as a result of that war. Much attention is paid to the events leading to the proclamation of the independent Latvian Republic on November 18th 1918, as well as to the period of initial stabilization and international recognition. The agrarian reform of the 1920s is also described, and a parallel is drawn with the agrarian reform started by Alexander Stamboliyski in post-war Bulgaria. Comparing the Latvian with the Bulgarian agrarian reform, the author is stressing on a number of similarities and substantial differences. A similar parallel is also used while comparing the coup and Karlis Ulmanis’s authoritarian regime following it in 1934–1940, with the authoritarian coup executed in Bulgaria on May 19th 1934. There is no doubt that in both countries the events from May 1934 were an attempt at searching for a more stable development in times of a world economic depression and a fast-changing political situation in Europe.
Among the dramatic events, the first Soviet occupation which started with the entrance of Soviet troops in the country on June 16th – 17th 1940 and the first deportation of Latvians by the repressive Soviet apparatus on June 14th – 15th 1941 stand out most vividly. 15 424 people were arrested and deported. A couple of days later another wave of deportation started but the war between Germany and the USSR which broke out on June 22nd put an end to Soviet rule. The author is depicting the German occupational rule in 1941 – 1944, paying attention to the holocaust in Latvia and to the formation of the Latvian legion in 1943. The forms of resistance and the attempts at the restoration of independence by the end of the war are also described.
The next Fifth Chapter deals with Latvian history after the end of WWII. The author describes the huge Latvian refugee wave and the armed resistance of the Forest Brethren against the second Soviet occupation. Special attention is paid to the forceful closing down of private farms and to the second deportation of 40 334 Latvians on March 25th 1949. Together, the first and second deportations had a direct impact on the lives of about 3,3% of Latvian population and caused a long-lasting trauma to the sense of historical identity of the Latvians. The development of the Latvian socialist republic in the 1950 – 1980s is also represented, with a stress on the demographic and economic progress and the policy of Russification.
A considerable part of this work deals with the events after 1985 which put an end to Soviet rule in Latvia, to the restoration of the independent Latvian Republic and the admission of the country into the UN on Sept. 17th 1991. The negotiations between Latvia and Russia concerning the pulling out of arms and military personnel, and the settling of the disputes about the border between the two countries, are discussed. The author is depicting the appearance of new parties and political factions, the economic and financial changes, and the return of the Latvian national currency – the Lat. Special attention is paid to the presentation of the contemporary linguistic legislature and to the problem about a part of the Russian-speaking minority’s citizenship. At the end of that chapter the author is making a short presentation of the Republic of Latvia’s integration into the EU and NATO in 2003 and 2004, and of some names and facts from the contemporary Latvian culture.
At the end of the present history book some appendices are attached whose aim is to make the acquisition of Latvian history on the part of the reader much easier: short biographical notes about famous Latvians, important dates and events in Latvian history, and a bibliographical list of research works on the history of Latvia.

Published in 1881, a Latvian fever charm featuring maidens dancing on ice serves as a source for research into three directions of verbal charm scholarship. It marks the northwestern border of transmission of certain motifs found in the charm, which date back to the first half of the first millennia A.D. It also allows the transformation of these motifs to be tracked adapting to religious and magic traditions en route from Syria through Byzantines and Western Slavonic regions. Last of all, it illustrates mechanical dissemination of a charm text, related to institutional practices of the discipline during the interwar period.

Young, tertiary-educated emigrants see themselves, and are seen by their home country's government, as agents of economic and social change, especially if they can be incentivized to return home. In this paper we examine the barriers that prevent this positive impact from being fully realized, taking the case of Latvia, formerly part of the Soviet Union but since 2004 a member state of the European Union. We build our analysis on data from an online questionnaire (N = 307) and from narrative interviews (N = 30) with foreign-educated Latvian students and graduates. In moving beyond remittances, we examine knowledge transfer to the home country as a form of “social remittance” and break down knowledge into two types—that which can be transferred fully and that which can be transferred only partially. We find that students and graduates do indeed see themselves as agents of change in their home country, but that the changes they want to make, and the broader imaginaries of developm...

In this bachelor's work are described existing solutions for auto climate control and
monitoring, their components and working principles. In addition it is described how auto cabin
climate affects passengers health.
Platform and sensors analysis have been made for car climate monitoring system.
Furthermore, different scenarios are predicted how to implement the solution, from which the
most appropriate has been chosen.
In scope of this bachelor's work a car climate monitoring solution has been made. Solution
consists of sensor platform and mobile application. Mobile application is capable of recieving
data from sensor platform and displaying it.

Sachsenspiegel und Magdeburger Recht stellen zwei deutschsprachigen Rechtsquellen dar, die mit der Verbreitung der deutschen Rechtspraxis in den slawisch- und baltischsprachigen Gebieten angeeignet wurden. Der vorliegende Beitrag konzentriert sich auf ihre Rezeption in der Frühen Neuzeit bzw. Moderne sowie deren Auswirkungen auf die Modernisierung, Kodifikation bzw. Erfindung der Rechtssprache in der Zielsprache Russisch und Lettisch. Sypmthomatisch ist, dass die Übersetzungen des sächsisch-magdeburgischen Rechts in beide Sprachen eine Weiche in der Entwicklung der Rechtssprache als funktionaler Domäne setzt, weil sie jeweils in der Zeit ihrer Neugestaltung erfolgte. Am Beispiel der Übersetzungen des Sachsenspiegels und Magdeburger Rechts ins Russische (entsprechend 1732 und 1735), auf ihrer Grundlage entstandenen Uloženie (1743) für Malorossija und der Urkunde zu den Rechten und Privilegien für die Städte des Russischen Imperiums (1785) sowie des lettischen Zivilgesetzes (1937) wird der Einfluss ihrer fremdsprachlichen Vorlagen auf die Rechtssprache als funktionalen Register gezeigt. Berücksichtigt werden sowohl die Rechtsterminologie und Rechtsformeln als auch Mehrworteinheiten, die statistisch ermittelt werden. Außerdem wird die Terminolgiedatenbank aufgrund der Quellen des sächsisch-magdeburger Rechts vorgestellt, ihre Zusammensetzung und Online-Darstellung diskutiert und Problematik der Archaismen darin eingegangen.

Su Daunoravos dvaru susijęs Joniškio krašte iki Antrojo pasaulinio karo buvusios didelės latvių tautinės (kartu ir evangelikų liuteronų) bendrijos įsikūrimas. Jos nariai nuo latviško Dundurmuižos dvaro pavadinimo buvo vadinami dundurniekais. 1887 m. asmuo, slapyvardžiu Ciritis, taip aprašė savo įspūdžius iš birželio 14 d. vykusios geguži-nės Blankenfeldės dvaro parke: publika buvo labai marga, nes dvaras ribojasi su Kauno gubernija, tad nereikia stebėtis, kad buvo susirinkę šio gyventojai lietuviai ir dar vadinamieji dundurniekai [pabraukta aut.]. Taip pat buvo atvykę ir vokiečiai, rusai, lenkai bei žydai, taigi skambėjo daug kalbų, viena su kita maišėsi (Latviešu 1887: 3). netrukus to paties laikraščio "Latviešu Avīzes" ("Latvių laikraštis") 1887 m. liepos 8 d. numeryje asmuo slapyvardžiu "Kahds Dundurne-eks" ("Kažkoks dundurniekas") pateikė atsakymą: "Latviešu Avižu" numeryje 25 kažkoks ponas Ciritis rašo apie Blankenfeldėje birželio 14 d. vykusią gegužinę. Autorius stebisi, kad lietin-gu metu buvo tiek daug publikos ir kad girdėjo daugybę kalbų kalbant. Ko čia stebėtis?! Kiekvienas šneka tokia kalba, kokią moka. Jei autorius vokiečių, rusų ir kitų kalbų nesupra-to, tai dėl to jis pats kaltas, o ne kalbėjusieji. Ten juk buvo renginys, kur galėjo kiekvie-na tauta dalyvauti. Tikriausiai ponas Ciritis norėjo vienas pats ten linksmintis, todėl ir stebėjosi, kad ir dundurniekai [pabraukta aut.] 1 ernestas Vasiliauskas. Daunoravos dvaras ir latvių dias-pora Žiemgalos lygumoje. i d. iš: Būdas, 2019, nr. 3, p. 49-61. DAunORAVOS DVARAS iR LATVių DiASpORA ŽieMGALOS LYGuMOJe. ii D. er nest a s VA Si Li AuSK A S Praeitame žurnalo numeryje pradėtame skelbti straipsnyje 1 nagrinėjamos Žiemgalos lygumoje, Joniškio krašte, esančio Daunoravos dvaro įkūrimo aplinkybės (jis minimas nuo 1557 m.). Nuo XVii a. iki pat 1940 m. na-cionalizacijos dvaras priklausė iš gretimo Kuršo ir Žiemgalos kunigaikštystės kilusioms įtakingoms vokiečių dvarininkų šeimoms. Savininkai, pagal iki XViii a. pabaigoje įprastą praktiką, 9 dvaro valdos kaimuose įkur-dino didelę evangelikų liuteronų konfesijos latvių tautinę diasporą su savita etnine kultūra, tarme, papročiais. Jie glaudžiais giminystės, ekonominiais ir kultūriniais ryšiais buvo susieti su gretimu Kuršu. Latvių tautinės mažumos kilmė, istorija, kultūra Lietuvoje iki šiol nesulaukė deramo tyrėjo dėmesio, šias spragas iš dalies gali užpildyti Daunoravos ir kitų dvarų medžiagos tyrimai. Reikšminiai žodžiai: Daunorava, dvaras, kaimas, latviai. ten atvyko. Jie ten pelnė didžiulę padėką ir su dideliu noru aktyviai dalyvavo. Juo daugiau publikos, tuo smagesnė gegužinė. Girdėti, kad blankenfeldniekai rugpjūčio mėn. vėl organi-zuos gegužinę (Latviešu 1887b: 3). Dundurniekai turėjo trejas atskiras kapines: dvi evangelikų liuteronų-didelės nartaučių (prie dešiniojo Vešėtinio upelio kranto, čia laidojo be-veik visa apylinkės bendruomenė, seniau kapinės vadintos tiesiog Daunoravos, Dundurmuižos, o dabar-Daunoraičių (1,2 il.)) ir nedidelės Degučių (prie dešiniojo Dirvenkos upelio kranto, iš pavar-džių matyti, kad čia laidojo keleto kaimų-Degu-čių, Sargūnų, nartaučių-bendruomenės) bei tre-čios nedidelės katalikų-nartaučių (prie kairiojo platonio kranto). iš šaltinių žinome, kad latviai nuo XViii a. dvare ėjo tam tikras pareigas (ne-zabitauskis 1967). Dundurniekai glaudžiais gi-minystės (ir iš dalies kilmės), ūkiniais, kultūriniais ryšiais buvo susiję tiek su gretimų Kuršo dvarų (Blankenfeldės, Vilcės, Mežmuižos, elėjos, plato-nės) ir valsčių, tiek su Lietuvos (Joniškio, Žagarės, Gruzdžių, Kruopių ir kt. valsčių) latviais. Tarpu-kariu jie turėjo valdiškas mokyklas: Daunoravos (Sargūnų-paberžių) (1923-1928 m.) ir Daunorai-čių ii (latvių) pradžios (1928-1940 m.). pastarojo-je mokėsi apie 30-35 mokiniai ir dirbo 1 latvis mokytojas (tai buvo pirmoji Lietuvoje po karo at-idaryta latvių mokykla). Taip pat nevyriausybinę organizaciją-Joniškio latvių švietimo draugiją (ji įkurta 1922 m., turėjo per 50 narių, nuo 1931 m. ilgamečiu jos pirmininku buvo Mikelis Krūminis iš Likaičių) (3 il.), biblioteką (1930 m. joje buvo apie 100 knygų) (Latvis 1930: 3; pēdējā 1935: 6). Dundurniekai nuo aplinkinių buvusios Šiaulių karališkosios ekonomijos kaimų lietu-vių neabejotinai skyrėsi savitu gyvenimo būdu, mok sl i n ia i t y r i ma i

To be or not to be (a minority)? The case of Kashubian in Poland
Bëc czë nié bëc (miészëzna)? Kaszëbizna w Polsce

Michael Hornsby, Department of Celtic, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
Tomasz Wicherkiewicz, Department of Language Policy and Minority Studies, Adam
Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland


When Poland signed the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages on 12 February 2009, of the fifteen languages listed all but one were categorised as minority languages. Kashubian was (apparently) the only regional language. Of course, the original wording of the Charter, when it was first drawn up in 1992, did not specify what the difference between a minority and a regional language actually was (Woerhrling 2005: 54). Thus Poland’s ratification, while totally complying with the Charter’s original remit, is nevertheless controversial in its application of the Charter’s principles.

In this article, we aim to explore the tensions that have been created by the implementation of the Charter in Poland. The most obvious point of friction concerns the singling out of Kashubian to the detriment of other less widely-used languages and this will be discussed in the context of one author’s expert knowledge and close association with the Charter’s implementation in Poland. Less obvious, but equally important, is the identification of the conflicting language ideologies at play here. If all minority languages in Poland (apart from Kashubian) are located within the confines of a ‘language-and-identity’ ideology, then locating Kashbian within a framework of territoriality (or a ‘language-and-territory’ ideology [Myhill 1999]) is not only bound to lead to a clash of counter-productive ideologies, but also seems achronistic at a time in the history of Kashubian when it is spoken regularly by more than 50 per cent of the population in only three districts of the traditional Kashubian-speaking area (Mordawski 2005: 56; Nestor and Hickey 2009). Given these conditions, we address the question of the effectiveness of such language planning for Kashubian in the final section of our article.

In article the question of formation in 1917−1924 of the regulating institutes which were engaged in implementation of national policy of the Soviet State in general and rather Latvian ethnic minority in particular is considered. Two parallel lines on which there was this process are allocated (Soviet and Party). In comparison tasks of these structures, and also problems which before them appeared are shown.

Zum lettischen Komparativ §1 E. Benveniste (1948: 115-143) hat -wic allgcmein bekannt -zwci Typen von Formationen unterschieden, aus dencn Komparative in indogermanischen Sprachen entstanden sind: a) Die Formationen mit dem Suffix *-tero-charakterisieren cine Position als distinktiv von einer anderen; das Suffix bringt cine ,,valeur different Jellc". b) Die Formationen mit dem Suffix *-yes-mac hen eine Eigenschaft messbarsie implizieren die Auffassung einer Qualitat unter dem Aspekt des Mafles (mesure), das Suffix bildet Adjektive ,,dc sens dimensionnel". ,4.es adjectives en *-lero-at deTmis&enl done par rapport * un repere enteneur, ecus en *-yes-man if ester I une qualitc intnseque." (S. 121)

Le présent article est une tentative de description du système d'expression de la langue lettone (sur un plan phonologique) selon les principes de la théorie glossématique. Sur cette base, des observations sont faites sur quelques aspects de cete théorie en général et sur sa relation à la phonologie.

Cities and towns are the socioeconomic growth poles. The purpose of this article is to evaluate socioeconomic development tendencies of major cities and towns (with more than 10 000 inhabitants) in Latvia. To illustrate development in a focused way, three main indicators are used: income of inhabitants, unemployment level and density of inhabitants. Separate development level and rate indexes are elaborated for each of indicators, as well as an aggregated indicator for the overall socioeconomic development rate and level. Indexes are combined in development level-rate matrix, where x axis represents development level and y axis – development rate. Horizontal axis crosses vertical axis at 0,5 which is the average possible value of development level and rate index. It enables to place cities and towns in four quadrants, as follows: leaders, up-and-comers, losing ground and laggards. The matrix also graphically represents the number of inhabitants in each city and town. The evaluation ...

The paper presents a study of focus groups conducted in schools of Latvia involving teachers of grades 1 – 6 (n=76). The first stage of research presents the analyses of teachers' discussion what a contemporary learner is like, while at the second stage of the study focuses on finding of what the future society will be like when the present-day primary school learners have left the school, what teachers must change in their work in the process of learning to meet the needs of the future. The data and outcomes of this study are based on the outcomes of focus group discussions and the analysis of the experience in other papers. According to the acquired outcomes of the study, contemporary learners on the one hand are braver, ready for an active action, they use various opportunities, they are aware of their worth, on the other hand, they accept diversity, spend much time watching TV, using the global network, that does not facilitate social communication. Conclusion: For the process of learning to meet the needs of the future, learners must be given an opportunity to construct such knowledge, skills, and attitudes that make it possible to view processes holistically, grasping the mutual interaction of different aspects.

Котломанов А.О. Особенности «анатомии интеграции». Рижская квадриеннале скульптуры 2012 года // Вестн. С.-Петерб. гос. ун-та. Сер. 15. Искусствоведение. 2013. Вып. 2. С. 300—305.
Kotlomanov A.O. Features of "Anatomy of integration". Riga Sculpture Quadrennial 2012. Vestnik SPbSU. Series 15. Arts, 2013, issue 2, pp. 300–305 (In Russian).
Review concerns with art projects presented at the Riga Sculpture Quadrennial in 2012, and some aspects related to the previous similar exhibitions. The base of the 1972 Quadrennial decision to hold it was a progressive step, for such Soviet sculpture has followed the global trend. Exhibitors at Sculpture Quadrennial almost always been figurative, although towards the beginning of the 1990s there have been more radical trends in shape, the true realization of which occurred only after gaining independence by Latvia. In 2004 Quadrennial held under the motto "European space", and its main idea was the organization of space and the existence in its three-dimensional objects. This idea played up at various levels, including the geopolitical. Next Quadrennial, held in 2008, was generally unsuccessful because of its political bias. Finally, the 2012 Quadrennial finally turned into an arena for marginalized artists who exploit the topics that have lost relevance.

Sprachkontakt zählt zu den Topthemen der heutigen Sprachwissenschaft. Obwohl man manchmal den Eindruck hat, dass dies eine Mode ist, ist es dennoch unbestritten, dass Sprachkontakt interessant und unterhaltsam ist und sogar auch lehrreich sein kann. Eines der Themen in der linguistischen Kontaktologie, die noch nicht systematisch beschrieben wurden und die sicherlich beschrieben zu werden verdienen, stellt die Frage des fremdsprachigen Einflusses auf das Litauische und das Lettische in anderen Bereichen als Lexik dar. Dies ist natürlich ein sehr komplexes Thema, das eine umfangreiche Monographie verlangen würde. Diese wäre dabei auch deswegen verdienstvoll, weil die verschiedenen Kontakte der baltischen Sprachen für verschiedene Formen des Sprachkontakts und ihrer allgemein-theoretischen Auffassung sehr instruktiv sind. So ist beispielsweise der oft angenommene vorgeschichtliche Einfluss von finnougrischen Sprachen auf die baltischen Sprachen mit der grundlegenden Frage nach der Methode der linguistischen Kontaktologie im Falle von rekonstruierten Sprachsystemen verbunden. Umgekehrt wirft die Geschichte des Einflusses des Deutschen auf das Lettische und des Polnischen auf das Litauische wiederum allgemeine Fragen der Einwirkung von Fremdsprachen auf die funktional-stilistische Stratifikation einer Nationalsprache auf. Schließlich führen beispielsweise solche Differenzen zwischen Litauisch und Lettisch wie die Stellung des Akzents oder der Ausdruck der prädikativen Possessivität und der Notwendigkeit zur allgemeinen Frage, wie es zwischen internsprachlichen und externen (arealbedingten) Motivationen sprachlicher Veränderungen zu unterscheiden ist. Letzteres gilt im Übrigen auch für solche -diesmal im Gegenteil gemeinsame -Erscheinungen in den baltischen bzw. auch ostslavischen Sprachen wie der aus dem Perfekt entwickelte Evidentialis, das mit esse und dem Partizip praeteriti activi gebildete Perfekt, das präponierte genitivische Attribut, die

The names of the red rasbery are attributed to the general lexical
layer of the east Baltic languages in both the Lithuanian and Latvian
languages. There are two kinds of explanations of their origin, that
is, they are derived from the following: 1) the inflection av- with
different word formation affixes; 2) adj. EBalt. *(v)aiv- / *(v)av- ‘of
the colours of the rainbow resp. red / blue’ + suff. EBalt. -eitē (of
possessive connotation [see Skardžius I 360], though Jānis Endzelīns
[1951: 389] interpreted it as the deminutive) with the accomplished
v- apheresis of the beginning (Kregždys 2013: 75).

The names of this vegetable are old loanwords in both Baltic
languages – in the largest part of Latvia (Kurzeme, Vidzeme and
Zemgale) these words were borrowed from the Germanic (their indigene – polonism [see further]), and in Lithuania and the eastern
part of Latvia (Latgale) – from the Slavic languages.

This essay examines a picturebook, Priecīgus Ziemassvētkus! [Merry Christmas!], written by two Latvian refugees while displaced during the Second World War. Not only does this book fill in a gap of exile-experience representations, but it also does so in a genre that rarely includes such experience. More than just expanding the catalogue of Christmas, war, and refugee stories, this book challenges existing children's narratives of Christmas, war, and refugee experience. This study analyses the story in the context of history, authorship, and related children's literature. It shows how this distinctive narrative is a product of its location in a specifically Latvian experience, accounting for its divergence from patterns evident in other stories for children related to the holiday, war, and exile experience, while at the same time depicting an experience common to millions.

An ageing population is a global phenomenon that takes place in Latvia, too. The active ageing policy is a social response to social challenges caused by demographic changes. Growing generational gap is a challenge to all "greying societies" in Europe and Latvia in particular. The active ageing policy is oriented to provide possibilities for older adults to live independently. However, long-term care institutions (LTCIs) remain necessary, especially for those who live alone and have serious health problems. LTCIs are mostly orientated to provide primary needs and health care. People regardless of their age also need a social and cultural life, but for older people who live in LTCIs, it is insufficient. The study shows those who are residing in LTCIs settings are subject to everyday routine. LTCIs care provision is very much dependent on the authorities of the institution. The insufficient level of interaction between older people and the more active part of society prevents the finding of effective ways of achieving that the care in LTCIs is in accordance with the active 190 ageing policy. The study aims to find out ways how intergenerational cultural programs of professional and amateur activities are implemented in LTCIs. The study uses a qualitative approach to explore how LTCIs intergenerational cultural programs are helping to keep our youngest and oldest generations connected.

Soviet Family Law: Genesis and Evolution from the Perspective of the Latvian SSR Experience The Soviet law, which was created at the beginning of the 20th century in Soviet Russia, had evolved on the basis of the legal tradition of Continental Europe; it was a legal system based on the Marxist law theory as understood in Soviet Russia and later in the USSR and the countries that came under its influence, and it differed considerably from the idea of law in Roman and Germanic legal circles. Marxism-Leninism advocated actual equality in society, including gender equality, which determined Soviet state policy in the sphere of marriage and family law. Moreover, Marxism-Leninism turned against private property, which necessitated the separation of family law from civil law into a new individual branch-marriage and family law. In the spring of 1940 the Republic of Latvia was annexed to the Soviet Union. In the territories occupied by the USSR in 1940-Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania-the previously existing national systems of law were replaced by Soviet law, which was grounded in Marxist-Leninist ideology. As a result of the Soviet marriage and family regulations being put in place, the following was established in the territory of Latvia: civil marriage as the only valid form of marriage, equality of spouses, and the equality in the rights of all children regardless of whether they were born in or outside of marriage. These, undoubtedly, were advanced and positive innovations. However, at the same time, a Soviet family was one that lost its private nature, as it was obliged to fulfil tasks of national importance. This, in turn, meant interference by the state and by society in family life; childless families had to pay a childlessness tax, so that the State could use those funds to support orphans, lone mothers and large families with many children.

The objective of the paper is to illuminate the interpretation of the term „Applied Linguistics” in Latvia and abroad (in Western Europe, the USA and Russia), and thereby identifying possibilities and grounds for the research of Latvian as a second language in the context of the development of applied linguistics in Latvia. Apart from theoretical literature, the author also uses data from observations of classroom discussions, which were obtained in three secondary schools and one elementary school (two schools in Rezekne, one in Rezekne region and one in Balvi). The author of the paper conducted a discourse research of Grade 9 pupils who learn Latvian as a second language (LAT 2). These research data are also important for problems of the development of methodology of applied linguistics in Latvia, because they enable the identification of new data and research methods. Applied linguistics as a field is based on the research of language and its role in human activities. Modern rese...

Šiame žurnalo numeryje tęsiamas fotografijų ci-klas apie Daunoravos latvius 1. Ankstesnėje pub-likacijoje jau buvo apžvelgtas šio ikonografijos rinkinio susiformavimas ir apibūdintas jo turi-nys 2. Šiai publikacijai atrinkta keletas XX a. pir-mojo-septintojo deš. fotografijų iš 4 asmeninių albumų: emos Duncytės-Steponavičienės, seserų Maigos Grinevičiūtės ir Rūtos Grinevičiūtės-pet-kienės (daugiausiai pročiūnų k. ūkininkų Lotišų 3 , Grinevičių 4 bei kt.), Viesturo elsbergo (daugiausiai Daunoraičių k. ūkininkų elsbergų 5 , giminaičių-Bertaučių k. ūkininkų Starkų bei kt.), Lilitos Gri-nevičos-Hirimo (daugiausiai nartaučių k. ūkinin-kų Grinevičių, giminaičių iš Rygos-Bolgztų bei kt.). ne mažiau įdomūs ir kitų šeimų (užtupių, Šlapakų-Jutų, Lukstų, Krūminių-Dambių, pū-kių-Vilkarsių 6 ir kt.) dar neskelbti rinkiniai. Rinkinyje dominuoja portretinės, grupinės šeimos ar draugų fotografijos, įvairių kalendorinių ir šeimos švenčių vaizdai, nuotraukos iš kariuo-menės, yra šiek tiek laidotuvių, kapinių vaizdų, fotografuota mokykla, sodybos ar jų fragmentai, kraštovaizdis. nuotraukose užfiksuota ir Dauno-ravos latvių apranga, tad galima daryti išvadą, kad XX a. pr.-1940 m. Daunoravos apyl. kaimų gyven-tojai savo nešiosena nedaug skyrėsi nuo didmies-čių-Rygos ir Jelgavos. išsiskiria 1942-1945 m. darytos Janio Grinevičiaus anūkės Veltos Bolgz-tos-Kavalevskos (iš Rygos) nuotraukos, kuriose