Legal Sociology

que afectan a la sociedad y a los Estados, a través de un tipo de sistema internacional conocido como "complejo regional de seguridad" (CRS). A la luz del paradigma teórico estructural-funcionalista de Talcott Parsons, se exploran las posibilidades que asisten a las consecuencias no intencionadas de la gobernanza como un problema en la observación de las relaciones internacionales, cuestionando el entendimiento general que se tiene de ella como un objetivo estratégico del sistema social, y de la crisis como un fracaso en los resultados procurados. Luego, se investiga una ruta de estudio alterna basada en la teoría de los sistemas sociales de Niklas Luhmann, que propone comprender a la gobernanza como un estado sistémico de constante reducción de la complejidad, y a la crisis como un estado de transición crítica permanente en las referencias propias de cada sistema.

This book presents empirical research uncovering the views and experiences of Polish judges regarding the utilization of empathy in their work. Although there is growing interest in the role of empathy in judicial decision-making, there is little research on how judges themselves approach this issue. This volume offers an alternative to the usual focus on common law jurisdictions. It adopts a perspective that underscores the impact of professional pressures on judges' empathic abilities, leading to a form of "empathy labor" influenced by the unique characteristics of the judicial profession. It offers an in-depth examination of judges' opinions, collected through an empirical study involving in-depth interviews. The narrative delves into real cases and judicial behaviors discussed by judges, providing reference to relevant literature from other jurisdictions. The core finding of the study reveals that while judges may differ in their approaches to empathy in a judicial context, many of their practices and strategies can be linked to empathy-like phenomena. The findings also substantiate the claim that empathy used by judges is not the same as judicial empathy, which covers empathic abilities integrated into performing the judicial role. This applied theoretical perspective of "empathy labor" offers an intriguing view of how the occupational context influences judges' empathic inclinations throughout their careers. In addition to demonstrating how judges understand the role of empathy in their work, the book outlines a scenario for empathy training based on their experiences and expectations. Presenting an original approach to studying the role of empathy in judicial decision making, the book will be of interest to academics and researchers working in the areas of philosophy of law, legal theory, sociology of law, psychology of law, and emotions studies.

Fenomena tindakan main hakim sendiri atau eigenrichting menjadi isu sosial yang terus berulang di Indonesia. Studi ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis faktor penyebab maraknya tindakan main hakim sendiri di masyarakat serta meninjau fenomena tersebut dari perspektif sosiologi hukum. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif, ditemukan bahwa tindakan main hakim sendiri dipicu oleh beberapa faktor utama, antara lain ketidakpercayaan masyarakat terhadap institusi penegak hukum, ketimpangan sosial ekonomi, rendahnya kesadaran dan pengetahuan hukum masyarakat, serta lemahnya kontrol sosial formal. Dalam perspektif sosiologi hukum, fenomena ini menunjukkan adanya anomie sosial sebagai akibat ketidaksesuaian antara kemajuan masyarakat dengan praktik hukum yang berjalan. Studi ini merekomendasikan penguatan supremasi hukum, peningkatan kesadaran hukum masyarakat, serta perbaikan sistem sosial dan ekonomi guna menekan potensi munculnya tindakan main hakim sendiri di masa depan.

Kata Kunci: Main Hakim Sendiri, Sosiologi Hukum, Anomie Sosial, Ketidakpercayaan Hukum

Abstract: The paper presents the symbolic dimension of the (re)production of Poland's Constitutional Tribunal, which is considered to be a model legal-political institution. Paying close attention to meaning, narrative, symbolic codes, and rituals, the authors object to a reductionist explanation, based on instrumental thinking and conscious and material interests, of the legal institutions of power. In accordance with neo-Durkheimian cultural sociology, the Tribunal is presented here as an institution created through binary symbolic codes (sacred/profane), and reproduced, in crisis situations, in performative acts constituting moments of ritual purification. The dominant narrative legitimizing the Tribunal counterpoises 'sacred' law with 'profane' politics in order to superimpose subsequent homological classifications (rational/irrational, pure/impure, universal/particular). The Tribunal's symbolic power is thus hidden within a thick web of meanings, which i...

Regalismo d’Oltremare. Intrecci tra giustizia ecclesiastica e giustizia secolare nell’esperienza del derecho indiano (Studien zur europäischen Rechtsgeschichte. Veröffentlichungen des Max-Planck-Instituts für Rechtsgeschichte und Rechtstheorie, Frankfurt am Main, Band 348; Vittorio Klostermann GmbH, Frankfurt am Main 2025) XIV-260 pp. ISBN 978-3-465-04640-0.

Cosa hanno in comune "la vita di una operaia cinese che costruisce iPhone a Zhengzhou e quella di una videoblogger britannica che gira tutorial di bellezza nella sua stanza"? Praticamente nulla, a parte il genere e il coinvolgimento nel vastissimo mondo della produzione mediatica, da posizioni-e punti della filiera-connessi e opposti: questa complessità è ciò che viene affrontato da Alison Harvey nel suo "Studi femministi dei media. Il campo e le pratiche" (Roma, Meltemi 2023), tradotto in italiano da Olga Solombrino, con la curatela di Federica Timeto. Definire il campo degli studi femministi sui media pone un significativo numero di sfide: innanzi tutto, quella di definire il campo-o i campi?-del femminismo stesso, nel momento in cui si prova a delineare un pratica di ricerca che si distanzia dalla semplice nozione di "studi di genere". Una postura femminista, dunque, che assume criticamente la lettura dei generi, dei rapporti di potere ad essi sottesi, e della relazione che il genere intrattiene con un vasto panorama di privilegi ed oppressioni, definito da assi come "età, nazionalità, classe, razza e etnia, così come sessualità, abilità fisica, religione". (p. 65). La prima parte del volume, in questo senso, presenta un'ampia collocazione storica dei femminismi e della loro relazione con i media, ripercorrendo il ruolo centrale delle rappresentazioni nelle differenti "ondate". Per quanto sia più che presente una giusta critica all'eurocentrismo e al pensiero bianco implicito in tali scansioni temporali-quello stesso eurocentrismo che, ci ricorda Harvey, ci porta a celebrare le vittorie delle suffragette inglesi ben più che a studiare le mobilitazioni che hanno portato milioni di donne indiane al voto-tale critica non si spinge tuttavia a mettere del tutto in discussione la quadripartizione lineare delle ondate del femminismo. Questo schema serve, in ogni caso, ad introdurre alcuni dei concetti

Posted March 24th 2025. In French.
This letter contains the famous fictional ‘Range Rover test in Belgium’. It is a very simple legal question. Belgian magistrates ( judges and prosecutors ) who cannot solve it would be better off transferred to the refectory of their institute to become the manager of the coffee machines.
Letter 7th december 2024 to EU-president Ursula Von der Leyen, MASKED.
The Belgian judicial power desperately needs rescuing against its own internal underminers.
FR: Le pouvoir judiciaire belge a désespérément besoin d'être secouru contre ses propres sous-fifres internes

Resumo: O presente estudo tem o objetivo de destacar o desenvolvimento de Evguéni Pachukanis acerca da aplicação do materialismo histórico na análise do direito, na esteira da abordagem de Marx sobre da economia política. A abordagem metodológica utilizada foi a qualitativa, com pesquisa de natureza básica e finalidade exploratória. Concluiu-se pela centralidade da forma mercantil na investigação do fenômeno jurídico contemporâneo, pois é parte fundamental na consolidação da forma e na universalização da lógica jurídicas nas relações sociais. Assim, o materialismo histórico permite conceber o direito como uma unidade dialética de forma e conteúdo que o erige em uma totalidade concreta. O presente trabalho foi realizado com apoio da Coordenação

Le biopouvoir représente une rupture dans la façon de comprendre le phénomène juridique dans nos sociétés. Il marque un mouvement dans lequel le « droit » est de plus en plus remplacé par la « norme », et où les institutions juridiques telles qu'on les connait aujourd'hui ne sont que des formes qui rendent acceptable un pouvoir essentiellement régulateur et normalisateur. Ce changement vient de la découverte de la population comme le nouvel objet du pouvoir, entre les XVI e et XVIII e siècles, où la gestion de la vie devient de plus en plus la préoccupation des gouvernements. Selon Foucault, depuis l'apparition d'une biopolitique nous vivons dans une société qui a cessé d'être une société juridique, un changement qui est de toute première importance pour comprendre le rapport entre droit et politique dans les sociétés contemporaines. Nous pouvons dire que ce qui caractérise la modernité juridique est justement ce passage d'une société juridique à une société normalisatrice. Biopolitique -Pouvoir -Droit -Gouvernementalité -Économie politique -Normalisation -Modernité juridique memfoucault_face_a_la_norme-mqt04_bat.indd 223 memfoucault_face_a_la_norme-mqt04_bat.indd 223 17/09/2020 12:43:58 17/09/2020 12:43:58 * * * Dans le cadre d'une étude sur Foucault face à la norme, c'est le concept de biopouvoir qui attire notre attention par sa singularité. Il nous révèle justement l'insuffisance des études juridiques classiques, qui analysent le droit d'un point de vue interne, en l'acceptant comme le seul fournisseur des concepts pour la compréhension du phénomène juridique. De manière générale, la plupart des juristes utilisent Foucault avec une certaine prudence ou alors font un mauvais usage de son oeuvre et de ce qui représente en elle le rapport entre le droit et la norme. Cette attitude vient peut-être de ce que les juristes craignent de la perte de leur autorité, étant donné que l'oeuvre de Foucault peut nous apporter un véritable changement de perspective dans la façon de comprendre le droit dans nos sociétés. Foucault s'insère dans une longue tradition nietzschéenne qui nous enseigne le courage pour la connaissance, même si celle-ci implique la destruction de tout ce que l'on estime, de tout ce que l'on croyait être vrai. C'est cette leçon que suppose le gai savoir nietzschéen. Dans cet esprit, cette présente étude envisage d'analyser le concept de biopouvoir et ses implications juridiques pour les sociétés contemporaines, et de montrer qu'il inaugure une série de mutations à l'égard du rôle du droit dans ces sociétés, ce qui caractérise pour nous la modernité juridique. Tout d'abord, il faut comprendre que la notion de biopouvoir a une longue histoire et peut faire référence à des thématiques diverses 1 . En

Main hakim sendiri merupakan suatu hal yang terjadi karena kurangnya pengetahuan dan tingkat pendidikan karakter yang rendah. Tindakan main hakim sendiri merujuk pada situasi di mana seseorang mengambil hukum di tangannya sendiri tanpa melalui proses hukum yang sah. Artinya seseorang melakukan penegakan hukum, hukuman, atau keadilan sendiri tanpa melibatkan lembaga hukum yang berwenang. Kondisi masyarakat mengambil alih proses pengendalian sosial dalam bentuk melegalkan main hakim sendiri, muncul sebagai respons terhadap peristiwa yang dianggap merusak ketertiban dan keamanan masyarakat.
Faktor pendorong seperti kurangnya pengetahuan, kesadaran masyarakat terhadap hukum, penegakan hukum yang buruk, ketidakpercayaan publik terhadap penegakan hukum, dan faktor pendorong lain seperti isu-isu yang kurang jelas kebenarannya seringkali beredar di masyarakat memiliki pengaruh yang besar terhadap stabilitas sosial dan keamanan. Faktor-faktor tersebut bisa memicu tindakan keras dan tindakan main hakim sendiri, di mana individu atau kelompok mengambil alih peran yuridis aparat penegak hukum untuk menghukum pelaku yang mereka anggap bersalah.  Dengan mencermati perilaku masyarakat dalam menyikapi berbagai tindak pidana kejahatan tersebut, penulis tertarik mengkaji “Tindakan Main Hakim Sendiri Perspektif Sosiologi Hukum”.

Adanya keputusan-keputusan pengadilan yang mengungkapkan bagaimana hukum sering kali berada di bawah tekanan untuk menyesuaikan diri dengan teknologi digital baru. Salah satunya keputusan pengadilan dalam kasus Fashion ID dan Facebook mengenai tindakan pelanggaran dalam undang-undang perlindungan data Uni Eropa dan masih banyak kasus serupa lainnya.         
Karakteristik umum dari kasus-kasus ini adalah upaya pengadilan yang memutuskan untuk menyesuaikan hukum dengan kondisi terbaru yang disebabkan oleh perubahan dalam masyarakat digital. Karena hal ini bukan tugas utama pengadilan, putusan-putusan tersebut tidak memberikan analisis menyeluruh tentang hubungan hukum dalam masyarakat digital yang menggabungkan STS (Studi ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi) dengan sosiologi hukum, dalam menghadapi perubahan sosioteknis tidak memiliki klasifikasi teoritis yang memadai.

This study investigates the Prevalence of Crime Cases Involving Police
Officers in a West African Country, employing a quantitative research design to gather insights from a sample size of 50 police officers in Cape Coast through a two-staged sampling technique using both purposive and simple random sampling. Through the lens of Routine Activity Theory, the findings revealed that the motivating factors identified include personal grievances, psychological issues, and dissatisfaction with remuneration, while there is a notable lack of consensus on the influence of financial incentives and peer pressure. The study mainly recommends the establishment of a transparent and accountable organizational culture within the police force.

The emergence of universities during the Middle Ages led to the institution of a specific system that aimed  not  only  to  regulate  the  daily  activities  of  its  participants,  but  also  its  ceremonies  and solemnities. In the heart of this system laid a intricateweb of notions relating to the degrees awarded to  students,  and  the  hierarchy  between  teachers.  This  article  aims  to  analyse,  with  a  focus  on faculties of Law, the way in which these customary and sapiential rules, evolving since the Middle Ages,  came  to constitute  some  of  the  paramount  characteristics  of  a  specific  station  that  firmly established itself in society, lasting well into the XIXth century and still enduring today: that of the university professor. In this pursuit, a comparison will be made between rules relating to solemn academic  and  nobiliary  acts,  as  well  as  those  pertaining  Roman  Catholic  Church  ceremonies, highlighting the existence of a “liturgy” that was assembled across centuries, which aimed to exalt the  virtues  that  characterized  the station  of  the  university,  and  thus  generating  hierarchization practices between their members.

Keywords:History of Law, History of Universities, University Regulations, Academic Ceremony, Academic Degrees.

ይህ ጽሑፍ በኢትዮጵያ ውስጥ አለመረጋጋት እና የካፒታሊዝም መስፋፋት መካከል ያለውን ውስብስብ
ግንኙነት ይመረምራል። ከ1991 ጀምሮ የካፒታሊስት ልማት የኢኮኖሚ አለመመጣጠንን፣ ማህበራዊ
መበታተንን፣ የፖለቲካ አለመረጋጋትን እና የአካባቢ መራቆትን ጨምሮ በርካታ ተግዳሮቶችን እንዴት
እንደፈጠረ ይመረምራል። ጥናቱ የማርክሲስት፣ የጥገኝነት እና የአለም-ስርአት ፅንሰ-ሀሳቦችን በመጠቀም
የኢትዮጵያን ሁኔታ ለመተንተን ይሞክራል። በመሬት ነጠቃ፣ በልብስ ኢንዱስትሪ ብዝበዛ እና በግልገል
ጊቤ 3 ግድብ ላይ የተደረጉ የጉዳይ ጥናቶች የካፒታሊስት ልማት በአካባቢው ማህበረሰቦች እና አካባቢ
ላይ የሚያስከትለውን አሉታዊ ተፅእኖ ያሳያሉ። ጽሑፉ ማህበራዊ ፍትህን፣ አስተዳደርን፣ አካባቢን እና
ሁሉን አቀፍ እድገትን ቅድሚያ የሚሰጡ ፖሊሲዎችን ይመክራል

Most discussions surrounding artificial intelligence and automation pivot around a fundamental question: do these advancements create a landscape ripe with new opportunities, or do they spell doom for traditional employment? In an era where machines increasingly augment or replace human tasks, we must scrutinize the intricate balance between innovation and workforce displacement. This exploration researchs into varied perspectives on how these technological revolutions could reshape jobs, economies, and our very understanding of work as we know it.

a conceitualidade engendrada por Faria a respeito da institucionalização jurídica e das crises (políticas, econômicas e sociais) que se cumulam em pressões desinstitucionalizantes foi, na obra do autor, fartamente aplicada, aprofundada e ilustrada para descrever conjunturas e estruturas em que o direito brasileiro se inseriu no último meio século. Resgatá-la como eixo de leitura da sua vasta produção teórica pode ajudar não apenas a apreender seu impulso criativo, mas também a torná-la uma lente de análise a ser adotada por outras pesquisas, não apenas estritamente sociológicas, descritivas e críticas, mas até mesmo com preocupações mais analíticas, no escopo da teoria (geral) do direito.
Em linha com o anúncio do objetivo e da hipótese que guiaram este texto, é chegada a hora de pontuar, ainda que experimentalmente, algumas questões e conceituações que a obra de José Eduardo Faria sugere e estrutura quando reconstruída e redimensionada na interface entre a sociologia do direito teórica (que, sem se recusar à pesquisa empírica direta, centra-se na construção conceitual e tipológica) e a teoria geral do direito (com sua ênfase em conceitos-chave capazes de descrever e explicar a prática do direito, sobretudo em sua atividade interpretativa).

'Critique' seems to have run out of steam, increasingly being reduced to a ritualized performative act. 'Of course, I am critical' one says and goes on with everyday practice. This is most visible in the gradual fading out of the Frankfurt School of Critical Theory. Surprisingly few read Habermas today. The US-American critical legal studies movement, essentially a lightweight version of Frankfurt School insights adjusted to the US-American context and to law and combined with a dose of French poststructuralism, has suffered the same fate. But how could a new theory look like? And what role would law play in it? Essentially it would be a renewed and transformed theory of modernity.

In this volume, I generalized the topic of my earlier study of the social scientification, which examined the social scientificaiton of normative jurisprudence, and analyzed similar developments in a range of normative or philosophical intellectual activities. These have also taken place in the last two centuries, and with the help of the latest versions of ChatGPT, it has become possible to incorporate this breadth into the analyses of me as a lone researcher without the need of a support team. Thus, after the general questions, the social scienctification of ethics, aesthetics, pedagogy and jurisprudence received a detailed analysis in one chapter each. Then, in an appendix, I extended the question of ChatGPT to a similar development in the field of medicine, its natural scientification, and in a subsequent appendix I analyzed the similar natural scientification of philosophical epistemology and its construction on brain research and neurobiology.

The article, "Legal Forms and Reflexive Legal Forms: A New Approach to Reflexive Law," recently published in Soziale Systeme, provides significant contributions to the understanding and application of legal sociology. Below is a summary emphasizing its key content and utility:
1. Contextual Foundation:
o The article addresses foundational debates in legal sociology, particularly the divergent views of Niklas Luhmann and Gunther Teubner on law's ability to steer social change.
o Luhmann's systems theory and its emphasis on society as a network of self-referential subsystems serve as a backdrop to the discussion. Reflexive law, rooted in systems theory, has been widely applied across domains but lacks reconciliation with Luhmann's critiques.
2. Theoretical Innovations:
o Legal Forms: The article introduces the concept of legal forms, grounded in George Spencer-Brown's laws of form, which is presented and developed as an addition to Luhmann's legal theory. Legal forms are described as the fundamental "distinctions" that function as minimal units of selection within the legal system, forming the building blocks of legal norms. To illustrate this concept metaphorically, if legal norms are akin to molecules, legal forms can be understood as the atomic structures that constitute those molecules. The comprehension of legal forms—both in their general and reflexive iterations—is pivotal to a deeper understanding of how the legal system identifies, processes, and resolves fundamental oppositions and tensions. These include the dynamic interplay between private and public interests, autonomy and heteronomy, universality and particularity, legality and law, among others. This new notion intends to facilitate the observation of the interaction between law’s internal (self-referential) and external (hetero-referential) dimensions.
o Reflexive Legal Forms: It further develops the idea of reflexive legal forms, that is, legal forms that have higher learning dispositions and are, therefore, better prepared to steer social change. In other words, reflexive legal forms, as a subset, are particularly valuable in facilitating the legal system’s capacity to adapt and engage in learning processes, thereby enabling it to respond effectively to complex societal challenges—and regulatory failures. This refined understanding positions legal forms as an indispensable tool for both legal theory and practice, allowing for the observation of the non-linear and dynamic relationship between law and society.
o Socio-Legal Evolution: The application of Luhmann’s theory on socio-legal evolution has confirmed the possibility of the emergence of these “reflexive legal forms” and their potential to generate and propagate variation and socio-legal evolution.
o New Approach to Reflexive Law: These ideas have shown that the notion of “reflexive legal forms” entails a new approach to reflexive law that, while addressing the concerns raised by Luhmann, focuses on the legal mechanisms that may facilitate the evolutionary learning processes of the legal system. This appears to be critical for considering and assessing new legal forms that may increase our chances of successfully tackling the unprecedented uncertainties and risks that our postmodern societies confront today, locally, regionally, and globally.
o Resolution of Dispute: Therefore, the article proposes a theoretical solution to the longstanding disagreement between Luhmann and Teubner regarding the steering capacity of law.
3. Practical Implications:
o The theory of reflexive legal forms is argued to enhance legislative strategies by increasing the probability of regulatory success and enabling the observation of global normative trends.
o It offers the example of the “conservation property right” in Chile, enacted in 2016, as an application of the notions of legal forms and reflexive legal forms, showcasing their potential to address contemporary legal challenges.
4. Impact and Relevance:
o The article has been endorsed by the social systems academic community as an "addition" to Luhmann's legal theory and, as an innovative approach to reflexive law, which appears to resolve the debate between Luhmann and Teubner.
o It positions itself as a critical reference for future applications of reflexive law, directly addressing the regulatory challenges posed by Teubner’s original framework.
5. Broader Contributions:
o Beyond resolving a theoretical dispute, the article emphasizes the centrality of legal forms in observing law’s interaction with society, offering a pivotal tool for both legal theory and practical regulatory design.
o The work is also set to influence global legal discourse, with the author preparing related research on global law, further expanding the scope of reflexive legal forms in contemporary legal practice.
In summary, this article represents a groundbreaking addition to the field of legal sociology, bridging theoretical divides and offering practical tools for understanding and designing law in complex social systems. Its insights are poised to reshape the way reflexive law is conceptualized and applied, particularly in addressing modern regulatory and legislative challenges.

O presente artigo aborda a formação dos estereótipos em relação aos fenômenos migratórios na Europa. O estudo analisa, em um primeiro momento, as origens da formação dos estereótipos como um processo discriminatório de diferenciação social. Em seguida, critica o modo como as políticas de controle migratório se constituem em fontes de produção de estereótipos e preconceitos por parte da sociedade hospedeira. Ao fi nal, possíveis formas de solução ou redução do processo de estereotipização são apresentadas nesta pesquisa.

The purpose of this contribution is to show the relevance of a true casuistic method that is not reduced to singular argumentation by case (traditional casuistry) or argumentation by rules (based on general statements). Indeed, in each of these hypotheses, the argumentation always involves cases, formulated in a more or less general way. The idea is that all the argumentation is underpinned by a rationalization process aimed at grouping similar cases into the same categories. This construction effort itself is based on the search for critical cases that make it possible to decisively resolve qualification and categorization problems.

Critiquer la nature et les fonctions des fictions revient a apprecier la legitimite du procede. En effet, que sont les fictions et a quoi servent-elles ? Sont-elles un element de technique juridique parmi d'autres ou bien une aberration a eliminer dans l'interpretation et la creation du droit ? L'etude propose de montrer qu'il est parfaitement possible de se passer des fictions et que la recherche des concepts adequats peut remplir la meme fonction.

The purpose of this contribution is to show the relevance of a true casuistic method that is not reduced to singular argumentation by case (traditional casuistry) or argumentation by rules (based on general statements). Indeed, in each of these hypotheses, the argumentation always involves cases, formulated in a more or less general way. The idea is that all the argumentation is underpinned by a rationalization process aimed at grouping similar cases into the same categories. This construction effort itself is based on the search for critical cases that make it possible to decisively resolve qualification and categorization problems.

O século XX desacreditou a concepção mecânica de interpretação jurídica como mero raciocínio lógico-dedutivo, formulaico, estereotípico, suscetível à formalização e à incorporação de fórmulas em uma máquina ou na programação algorítmica; ao fim e ao cabo, a teoria do direito retomou a importância das artes inventivas e argumentativas no discurso jurídico e destacou suas bases morais e políticas. De outro lado, as instituições (juridicamente configuradas) da sociedade industrial foram capaz de generalizar alguns padrões de liberdade e bem-estar social, atingindo por vezes a precária e virtuosa retroalimentação de democracia e desenvolvimento. Hoje, na era da “memeficação” e dos algoritmos, a concentração global de poder econômico, político e midiático pelas big techs serve à dissonância cognitiva e à ascensão de ideologias e movimentos autoritários. Se pode ser produtivamente instrumentalizada para aumentar a eficiência da gestão de processos decisórios, a inteligência artificial também ameaça hipersimplificar a aplicação do direito, reduzindo-a a um processamento de dados alienado do juízo humano e capaz de produzir, colateralmente, vieses e injustiças graves e massivas. Os usos e abusos potencializados pela inovação tecnológica precisam ser enfrentados pela inovação jurídica, na forma do desenho de direitos e responsabilidades, poderes e obrigações, procedimentos e organizações. Novas ordens jurídicas, novos regimes regulatórios, novas arenas decisórias, novas normas e interpretações compõem o grande processo de “destruição criativa” do direito nessa era de digitalização da sociedade, da política, da economia, da educação, da saúde, da mídia, da arte, da família e também do próprio campo jurídico.

This thesis aplies Fairclough's Critical Theory of Discourse or Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) to juridical texts about the judge. We initiate the thesis with a review of the works written on CDA and the numbering of its main theoretical postulates. After that, we present the corpus of texts we work on, which has been segmented thematically. The last part focuses on the actional meaning, which deals with the theory of discourse genres and intertextuality; the representational meaning, that approaches the relation between social structure and agency; and, finally, the identificational meaning, in which we deal with matters of identitity of the judge placed in the discourses we analyse, specially in the metaphores about this professional, and also matters of discourse style. The methodology used in this work was that of Fairclough's Analysing Discourse (2003). This thesis aims to fill a gap in the Brazilian bibliography, where there are no works about the role of judge in Discourse Analysis. The results of the research revealed conflicting discursive constructions about the judge, and showed how the things said about the judge obey an order of discourse (Foucault) which is linked to an ideological discipline about this professional which is never clear, but always implicit.

Texte composé en vue d'un volume à paraître à Lisbonne, chez Ta Pragmata. Convenções regulatórias e formas de vida presumidas 1 1. Políticas ou mecanismos regulatórios geralmente apresentam-se como soluções para problemas encontrados (comportamentos problemáticos em si mesmos, "falhas de mercado", problemas sociais resultantes de comportamentos comprovados cujos efeitos agregados revelam-se problemáticos). Consideremos, por exemplo, a poluição do ar como resultante da escolha dos meios de transporte. Ela também diz respeito, em outras escalas, a problemas organizacionais que se baseiam no desejo de levar em consideração uma ampla liberdade de escolha de atores ou órgãos da sociedade em questão. No entanto, a "solução" (de regulação ou de organização) não é geralmente neutra em relação aos próprios problemas e à forma como eles surgem. A "solução" aparece em um mundo em que os comportamentos -que são problemáticos de uma forma ou de outra -já são "normalizados" 1 O autor agradece Camila Perruso pela releitura da versão portuguesa deste artigo, assim que Kathia Martin-Chenut pelas diversas discussões acerca dos tópicos abordados neste texto que fazem parte do projeto de pesquisa do ISJPS relativo às partes interessadas e internormatividade, 2019-2020 (programa de política científica da Universidade de Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne). O autor agradece a Universidade da Beira Interior (Covilha) por sua recepção no simpósio de 2019 sobre formas de vida e economia, em particular José-Manuel Santos e André Barata. Partes do texto foram apresentadas no simpósio de 2019 da Universidade de Reims (Champagne-Ardennes) sobre justiça social e complexidade; o autor agradece Jean-Sébastien Gharbi, Fabien Tarrit e Cyril Hédoin. Outros elementos vêm de "posts da pandemia" escritos durante a crise Covid-19 em 2020. O autor agradece ainda, por estimular discussões científicas no âmbito da Cadeira de Ética e Finanças (FMSH, programa CHRONOS),

This chapter explores the ethical concerns raised by the digital collection and use of big data. We start by summarising the digital processes by which data are collected and the ways algorithms work, which provide the source of the ethical issues we review. We then look at the impact of these processes on two key ethical values: namely, autonomy and equality. As we note these values lie behind many core constitutional principles. With regard to the former, we discuss how autonomy is undermined by a lack of data privacy, which leads to manipulation and domination. So far as the latter is concerned, we show how equality is undermined by discrimination and a lack of fairness as well as a lack of accountability. We then address some of the main related regulatory challenges. While conventional constitutional principles justify going beyond self-regulation by the corporations themselves, the digital sector can elude the standard, state-based, constitutional mechanisms associated with liberal constitutionalism. As such, it requires the development of global and social forms of constitutionalism, though these too face both practical and ethical challenges.

It is argued here that the concept of "legal subjectivity" should be recognized as an indispensable piece of sociology of law's theoretical tool kit, designating a priority research domain. In defence of this argument, the concept is specified, critiques that were addressed to it throughout the recent history of sociology of law are discussed, and a conceptual framework is presented, with a view to its empirical operationalization. This conceptual framework, inspired by systems theory, approaches a certain form of subjectivity as a characteristic of modernity, located at the interface between communication and individual psychic activity. Apart from applications to crucial contemporary issues-such as changes in the experience of citizenship, their causes and their possible consequences-it could help sociology of law to better contribute to a reflexive research about current changes in the scientific field itself.

This paper aims to map the possibilities of adopting social systems theory in order to couple three usually isolated domains: social theory, jurisprudence and empirical research. It argues that these different uses would be the distinctive legacy of Luhmann's work for legal research. The text suggests that investigations interested in adopting a systemic approach for discussions in each of these three domains (or in all of them) should focus on the entanglement among interactional, decisional and functional systems. However, this presupposes some enhancements in Luhmann's own description of law as a social system. The core hypothesis presented here is that a functional system's out-differentiation (its specialisation in face of other communications happening in the societal environment) depends on the inner-differentiation of this system-that is, on operations backed by the very construction of specific functional-systemic institutions and semantics (including decisional programs and self-descriptions).

Este libro es testimonio de la diversidad y el alcance de las investigaciones en el área del derecho y la educación en Ciencias Jurídicas. En estas páginas encontraremos un compendio de ideas innovadoras, descubrimientos y perspectivas vanguardistas que han surgido de la colaboración y el esfuerzo conjunto entre docentes investigadores e investigadoras. Las ponencias representan el resultado de trabajos en equipo y de la investigación profunda que unen la enseñanza del derecho y la perspectiva de género, la innovación en la educación jurídica y la reflexión ética en el campo legal.

The right to the information and communication relationship, the features of its creation in Russia, the problems and mechanisms of its implementation in the social and political sector are analysed in the article. The relation between the concepts of the "right to communicate" and the "right to information" has been determined, the structural elements of the Russian legal system and the mechanism of its implementation in the context of the current political events and information law-making have been refined and analysed. Upon the empirical and statistical data evaluation the contradiction between the things in existence as the state of art in the political and communication sector and the tribute as the system of the information and communication relationship evolving on the basis of the laws and regulations which are relevant to the modern democratic society and regulate the information sector has been revealed.

Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliographie; detaillierte bibliographische Daten sind im Internet über https://dnb.dnb.de abrufbar. © 2024 Mohr Siebeck Tübingen. www.mohrsiebeck.com Das Werk einschließlich aller seiner Teile ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Jede Verwertung außerhalb der engen Grenzen des Urheberrechtsgesetzes ist ohne Zustimmung des Verlags unzulässig und strafbar. Das gilt insbesondere für die Verbreitung, Vervielfältigung, Übersetzung sowie die Einspeicherung und Verarbeitung in elektronischen Systemen. Das Buch wurde von Martin Fischer in Tübingen gesetzt und von AZ Druck und Datentechnik in Kempten auf alterungsbeständiges Werkdruckpapier gedruckt und gebunden.

Law is both a reflection and product of society. While it governs societal behavior, society, in turn, shapes and influences how the law is framed and functions. Traditional doctrinal legal analysis often fails to consider the underlying power dynamics at play in this interaction, leaving gaps in our understanding of the law's full impact on society. Recent trends, especially in international law and international economic law, have shifted towards embracing non-traditional methodologies. These socio-legal approaches explore law not only as a set of rules but as a dynamic process influenced by various societal factors.

Tornar-se jurista é uma interpelação constitutiva. Com essa premissa, o autor busca demonstrar como se formou, ao redor do processo de recrutamento dos agentes públicos, uma complexa teia de relações (o Circuito) que une diferentes atores e que cumpre papel decisivo na formação dos futuros juristas do Estado (juízes, promotores, advogados públicos e defensores). Ao sublinhar a importância da inserção do concurseiro nesse Circuito, busca discutir como o regime de verdade no Direito vai muito além da linguagem, colocando em questão um universo simbólico, estruturado assimetricamente, que ganha vida no próprio corpo do jurista, que é interpelado em seu modo de agir, falar e se vestir.

Este capítulo presenta reflexiones de un proceso de retroalimentación
y estímulo entre diversas prácticas de docencia, investigación
y extensión que generó una experiencia concreta de comunicación.
En ella confluyeron, con distinta intensidad y diversidad
de objetivos, tres líneas de trabajo: acceso a la justicia, derechos de
las/los migrantes y educación jurídica.

Since the mid-twentieth century, the sociological question of the specificity of social realities of non-European countries and nations has given rise to a wide variety of theories that have attempted to answer this matter from different traditions and perspectives. The recognition of divergences from "European" trajectories of modernity and capitalism, and thus concerning the self-descriptions of these processes, automatically led to the integration of regional dimensions into sociological analysis. The theories of modernization, development, imperialism, world system, and dependency, among others, attempted to fill this analytical void and for this reason, they have been, in one way or another, influential in the social sciences up to the present. Beyond the concrete explanations of the phenomenon of regional differentiation that these theories established, they shared the assumption that spatial or geographical limits are significant for the distinction of social relations. Thus, countries and regions, appear as unquestionable ontological criteria for the delimitation of "societies" with their own economic, historical, and cultural processes. In other words, there are regional differences, because we live in territorially separate spaces within which particular social dynamics unfold. The current contribution explores the sociological tensions, both theoretical and empirical, associated with this widely held assumption in regional analysis, and advances on an alternative analysis that arises from a strictly social treatment of the spatial phenomenon. For this task, we assume the framework of Social Systems Theory.

The study presents a comprehensive, scientific and research-orientated analysis of the impact of globalisation on the Polish judiciary, with a specific focus on the experiences and adaptations of Polish lawyers. It delves into the integration and challenges of applying international legal norms, particularly European Union law, within the Polish legal framework. The research methodology includes qualitative interviews and a thorough review of legislative developments, providing a methodological approach to understand the phenomenon. The report identifies the adaptation of Polish legal professionals to globalisation of law as a significant scientific problem, justifying the need for a deeper exploration of this issue. It posits the main thesis that the Polish judiciary is undergoing a transformative phase, influenced significantly by international legal principles, but faces challenges in the complete assimilation of these norms. The purpose of this research is to shed light on the nuanced process of legal globalisation within a national context, focusing on the role of legal professionals in this transition. The originality of the research lies in its detailed examination of Polish lawyers’ perspectives, a relatively underexplored aspect in the existing literature. The scope of the research is both national and European Union focused, with implications for international legal studies. Its cognitive value extends beyond academic discourse, offering practical insights for legal practitioners and policymakers in Poland and similar jurisdictions undergoing legal globalisation. The findings contribute significantly to the understanding of the socio-legal dynamics at play in the context of global legal integration.

**Este documento puede estar desactualizado pues su última versión es de 2004** Bibliografía exhaustiva del Sociólogo Colombiano Orlando Fals Borda (1925-2008). Hace parte de una investigación sobre el sociólogo colombiano, y a la fecha permanece inédita.

A base de análise deste estudo é o pensamento de Karl Polanyi, no âmbito da sua obra A Grande Transformação. Autor crítico que presenciou as duas grandes guerras do século XX e que teorizou uma nova forma de encarar o sistema económico, colocando em causa o sistema liberal e o seu mercado auto-regulador. Partindo da teoria conceptual do liberalismo que tem sido imposta pelo sistema internacional, este estudo tem como objectivo compreender a actualidade do pensamento de Karl Polanyi e avaliar a actualidade do pensamento do autor. Discussão actual de um momento histórico que nos tem mostrado um Estado simultaneamente intervencionista e liberal, o que pressupõe que estamos a passar por uma fase de transição no panorama internacional; ABSTRACT: The base of investigation of this study is the thought of Karl Polanyi, in his work The Great Transformation. He was an author critic who witnessed the two great wars of the twentieth century and theorized that a new way of viewing the economic s...

Sustainable food agricultural land (especially paddy fields) is an important issue because it affects national food self-sufficiency, security, and sovereignty. The government has issued Law No. 41/2009 on sustainable food agricultural land (LP2B) to protect agricultural land and control the rate of land conversion. The main problem is its ineffective implementation. This paper aims to analyse the problem of ineffective implementation of Law No. 41/2009. The study was conducted in January-July 2023 in West Java and Lampung Provinces using primary and secondary data. The methods of analysis used were qualitative and descriptive. The results showed that local governments are not entirely concerned about protecting agricultural land (especially paddy fields). Regional leaders' weak commitment to protecting food agricultural land has made the program a much lesser priority. Coordination across sectors has not been effective. Based on these empirical facts, the strategy to accelerate the implementation of Law No. 41/2009 is to encourage regional leaders' commitment to prioritise LP2B protection programs. Furthermore, the Ministry of Agriculture can intervene by providing stimulus funds of assistance to accelerate the issuance of Regional Regulations on LP2B, especially in areas that have not yet issued LP2B regional regulations.

Today claims relating to health are so common that distinguishing between rights and interests is harder and harder: definitions of health as the one provided by the World Health Organization legitimise the expectation of a continuous improvement in standards of care, access to treatment and measures of prevention. Moreover, with COVID-19 pandemic, health seems to gain the status of a supreme and unquestionable value. Here the hypotheses of a "Healthization of Law" is presented: it indicates both a kind of supremacy of Law on other spheres of society when health (public or individual) is at stake, and also the fact the Law is strongly conditioned by the emergence of health as the highest value to which all spheres of society must orient themselves. Then analysing the relationship between the structural conditions of world society and the semantics of health it is urgent than ever, in order to understand which kind of expectations and claims pandemic legitimised, and how the semantics of health (and wellbeing) describes social structure and its changes.