Macrofungi

Pradhan P. 2015. Potential distribution of Monotropa uniflora as a surrogate for range of Monotropoideae (Ericaceae) in South Asia. Biodiversitas 16: 109-115. Monotropoideae is a mycoheterotrophic subfamily of Ericaceae. Its members are highly specific to a particular fungal family, which has attributed to the rarity and limited distribution of Monotropoideae. In the past two decades, there are considerable developments in understanding their biology and biogeography, among which,the distribution of Monotropa uniflora L. and M. hypopitys L. has been extensively studied. In this contribution, Ecological Niche Modeling of M. uniflora has been conducted to test its earlier proposed distribution in South Asia, to test the spatial scale of the said proposal, to test its potential distribution as a surrogate for range of Monotropoideae in South Asia and to prioritize conservation areas for M. uniflora in the region. The model was built with five occurrence details of the rare plant M. uni...

The survey questionnaire and interview method were used to assess the indigenous awareness and attitudes towards macrofungi used by the Dumagat society in Aurora, Philippines. The results of the study show the socio-demographic profiles of the Dumagats, which were limited to age, gender, civil status, educational attainment, occupation and annual income. Moreover, it has also been discovered that Dumagats are aware of and knowledgeable about the mushrooms as they locally call it "oung." These were found during rainy seasons in areas like; rotting trees, dead leaves, and in the soil. These mushrooms are gathered by those who have served as their food and as an additional source of income for others.

Background: The paper presents documentation of the traditional use of wild edible mushrooms in Mazovia
(33,900 km2), a region of Poland.

Methods: A total of 695 semi-structured interviews were carried out among local informants in 38 localities proportionally distributed throughout the study area (one locality approximately every 30 km), asking which mushrooms they collected and how. The species utilized were identified using visual props, morphological identification of voucher specimens, and DNA barcoding.

Results: Altogether, 92 taxa identified to the species or genus level were recorded, among them 76 species used as food, 21 taxa known as toxic, and 11 taxa used for non-culinary purposes. Out of 76 identified edible fungi species, 47% (36 species) were identified using ITS DNA barcode method. Eleven of them were identified exclusively by molecular analysis. The mean number of edible taxa mentioned per interview was 9.5. Two species new to the mycobiota of Poland, Hydnum ellipsosporum and Paxillus cuprinus, were found. Frequent interaction with mushroom collectors enabled the transcription of local folk taxonomy into proper taxonomic classification and the definition of
changes in local preferences concerning wild fungi collection.

Conclusions: The list of species utilized is the longest regional list of edible mushrooms ever recorded during ethnomycological field research, putting the inhabitants of the studied region at the top of the mycophilia
spectrum.

Background: Eastern Himalayas have rich biodiversity but are threatened by anthropogenic activities and periodic natural calamities. The present investigation focused on the cryptogamic group of macrofungi in the Darjeeling Himalayas which are extremely diverse and ecologically significant, but have received very little attention from a conservation perspective. Material and Methods: Investigations were conducted during June-September of 2013-2014 in the Darjeeling district of West Bengal, India, wherein, local macrofungi were sampled in mixed to monoculture forests using 50 random transects 100×2 m. Fruit bodies were studied, collected, identified in the laboratory and deposited at Calcutta University Herbarium. Sampling units were georeferenced and physico-climatic factors were derived from the WORLDCLIM database. Results: The macrofungi belonged to 98 species representing 72 genera and 47 families; 58.16% were saprotrophs, 17.34% were ectomycorrhizal and 10.2% were parasitic. The most species-rich families were Russulaceae with 9 Russula species followed by Marasmiaceae with 4 Marasmius species and Coprinaceae with 3 Coprinus species. Most of the ectomycorrhizal macrofungi were hosted by natural stands of Quercus, Lithocarpus and Betula. The only species with zooparasitic capability were Cordyceps nutans and C. militaris. The relative abundance of only 6 saprotrophs communicatively accounted for 52.84% of the total abundance. Conclusions: The findings showed that this region is rich in macrofungal diversity intricately linked to the functioning of the local ecosystem. However, a high proportion of saprotrophs compared to ectomycorrhizal species suggests disturbance and degradation of regional forests. Mycofloristically important localities like Lolaygaon, Sonada, and Lameydhura in the Darjeeling district should be prioritized for further studies and future conservation action.

The knowledge of macrofungal diversity associated with Silver Fir forests in Italy is quite scarce. Only a little information is available about macrofungal communities from some Ligurian and Tuscan Silver Fir sites. This study aims to assess the macrofungal diversity of a Silver Fir plantation in Sardinia by the application of a standardized sampling procedure. A total of 606 sporomata were collected and 52 Basidiomycota were identified. The high value of the Shannon Index indicated a considerable level of macrofungal diversity in this plantation. The results were also compared with the diversity indices obtained by a previous 3-years long sampling methodology in the same site. The comparison of the macrofungal diversity values of the Sardinian site with those of the Ligurian Silver Fir forest revealed interesting similarities among natural versus planted coniferous forests. Riassunto Si riportano in questo lavoro i risultati inerenti l'utilizzo di un protocollo standardizzato per la valutazione della diveristà macrofungina. Tale metodologia, sviluppata per lo studio della biodiversità di organismi come i macrofunghi o gli insetti, offre numerosi vantaggi in ambito ecologico, quali: ridurre lo sforzo di campionamento e ottenere dati comparabili con quelli di altre ricerche simili. Durante il primo workshop nazionale sulle ectomicorrize si è proceduto all'applicazione di questo metodo con la finalità di avere un quadro della micodiversità del sito prescelto: un impianto artificiale di Abete bianco nel nordovest della Sardegna. Basandosi sull'osservazione quali-e quantitativa degli sporomi presenti, sono stati complessivamente rilevati 606 basidiomi, riconducibili a 52 taxa (Basidiomycota). I valori degli indici di biodiversità calcolati, in particolare l'indice di Shannon (H'), mostrano che l'area è

In this study, Küre Mountains National Park, Bartin Province in the rest of the border must macrofungi flora areas and buffer zones between the years 2013 to 2015 inclusive were searched. The results of the field work space Macrofungal 284 samples were collected. A total of 284 macrofungi samples were collected. Laboratory analysis identified 68 species within 11 orders and 29 families. Of these, 3 taxa belong to Ascomycota, and 65 to Basidiomycota. Determined taxa were found to be growing on four types of substrates: 51 from soil, 11 from branches or trunks, 4 from logs, and 2 from leaves. This study can lay the groundwork for further biodiversity studies in the area, providing a basis for ensuring the continuity of the macromycota flora and biological diversity within the national park.

The paper provides a preliminary checklist of Boletales in Bulgaria. It includes 77 species belonging to 18 genera. For each recorded taxon the distribution throughout the country, references to literature sources as well as the collection in which herbarium specimens are kept are given

Three species of operculate discomycetes that are new to Bulgaria and three that are rare are reported and illustrated: Otidea propinquata, Peziza depressa, Pseudoplectania sphagnophila, Helvella ephippium, Octospora humosa, and Trichophaea hybrida. New localities of 10 other species are also given

SPECIES DIVERSITY OF THE XYLOTROPHIC FUNGI OF BASHKORTOSTAN REPUBLIC SOUTHERN DISTRICTS
Results of investigations of xylotrophic fungi biota of the southern districts of Bashkortostan Republic is resulted. Data about ecological features of 69 species of fungi is given.

Pradhan P. 2015. Potential distribution of Monotropa uniflora as a surrogate for range of Monotropoideae (Ericaceae) in South Asia. Biodiversitas 16: 109-115. Monotropoideae is a mycoheterotrophic subfamily of Ericaceae. Its members are highly specific to a particular fungal family, which has attributed to the rarity and limited distribution of Monotropoideae. In the past two decades, there are considerable developments in understanding their biology and biogeography, among which, the distribution of Monotropa uniflora L. and M. hypopitys L. has been extensively studied. In this contribution, Ecological Niche Modeling of M. uniflora has been conducted to test its earlier proposed distribution in South Asia, to test the spatial scale of the said proposal, to test its potential distribution as a surrogate for range of Monotropoideae in South Asia and to prioritize conservation areas for M. uniflora in the region. The model was built with five occurrence details of the rare plant M. uniflora in Western and Eastern Himalaya, in relation to 19 bioclimatic explanatory variables, performed in MaxEnt. The results show the good performance of the model with the training AUC of 0.994. 1,50,316 square Km. of suitable areas have been predicted for the growth of M. uniflora (IHS ≥0.5) in South Asia, many areas of which is in line with earlier distributional reports. The bioclimatic variables are able to predict and suitably justify the spatial distribution of M. uniflora. The predicted range of the species could be established for potential distribution of other Asian Monotropoids like Monotropastrum and Cheilotheca.

Reliable protocols for DNA extraction from freeze-dried macrofungal samples used in molecular macrofungal systematics studies. Current Research in Abstract Molecular methods to investigate macrofungal communities are faster and more reliable than classical morphological methods. Identification techniques based on total DNA extraction provide excellent identifications. In the present study two techniques of DNA extraction have been tested on four different fungal species. DNA qualities were evaluated, along with DNA suitability for amplification of ITS fragments by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using a basidiomycete-specific primer pair (ITS1F-ITS4B) to amplify fungal internal transcribed spacer (ITS). Key words – Cetyl trimethylammonium bromide – DNA – internal transcribed spacer – macrofungi Introduction Identification and description of macrofungi is normally based on morphology. However macroscopic identification has certain limitations. One problem would be that morphology cannot always determine if the fungi is associating with nearby plants (Rowe and Pringle, 2005). Fruiting body observations only provide information about the fungi on the surface. In addition, evolutionary relationships cannot be determined accurately through morphology alone. The shortage of molecular based phylogenetic fungal lineages based on large samples sizes shows the need for success molecular methods (Nagy et al. 2011). The evolutionary history and role the fungi plays in the environment can become more evident in careful molecular analyses. For this purpose several molecular PCR-based techniques have been developed over the last 15 years (Bellemain et al. 2010). They offer fast and reliable results. In order to perform a good PCR and reliable sequencing, DNA extraction is so far the first critical step. When samples need to be stored or preserved prior to molecular analysis, this can result in degradation and reduced yield of DNA (Bainard et al. 2010). In this study, we tested two modified DNA extraction protocols with four macrofungi species differing in color and flesh consistency. For amplification of ribosomal DNA the known basidiomycete-specific primers ITS1-F and ITS4-B are generally used (Gardes and Bruns, 1993). The internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) of nuclear DNA (nrDNA) is the preferred DNA barcoding marker both for the identification of single taxa and mixed environmental samples (Bellemain et al. 2010). Internal transcribed spacer (ITS) includes the ITS1 and ITS2 regions, separated by the 5.8S gene (Schoch et al. 2012). These two regions are highly differentiated and provide a good resolution at genus and species level (Nilsson et al. 2008). This region has recently been proposed to be generally used as the official barcoding marker for fungi

Mushrooms are considered as macro fungi as well as seasonal fungi, which occupy diverse niches in natural forest ecosystem. It appears predominantly during rainy season, if temperature and moisture become favorable in that ecosystem. Investigation of diversity of macro fungi is gaining importance because of the disappearance due to the threat of habitat destruction. This investigation deals with the biodiversity of macro fungi at Dhaka, Gazipur, Bogra, Rajshahi, Pabna, Jaipurhat and Dinajpur district of central and northern region of Bangladesh, where 50 samples were collected, morphologically characterized, photographed and preserved. They were identified to 8 genera and 9 species. The predominant genera were Trametes, Daedaleopsis, Collybia and Armillaria. This preliminary investigation suggested that, the central and northern region of Bangladesh under tropical moist deciduous forest region is enriched with diversity of wild mushrooms.

This study was done with 8 taxa of macrofungi (1 edible, 6 inedible and 1 poisonous) collected from Büyük Menderes River Basin in Soutwest of Turkey. The amounts of Cr, Mn, Cu, Fe, Zn, Cd and Pb metals accumulated in macrofungi taxa were analyzed with ICP-OES. According to results of the analysis, the amounts of metals (dry matter) were; 22,43 mg/kg Cr in Funalia trogii, 39,54 mg/kg Mn, 3027 mg/kg Fe and 19,42 mg/kg Pb in Stereum hirsutum, 78,58 mg/kg Ni, 43,78 mg/kg Cu and 202,1 mg/kg Zn in Fomes fomentarius and 0,663 mg/kg Cd in Suillus bellinii. These results were correlated with the results of the metal amounts found in the soil where macrofungi samples were collected.

ARTICLE INFO: Article History: Received: 28/01/2016 Revised: 29/03/2016 Accepted: 03/04/2016 Available Online: 04/04/2016 Abstract: This research aimed to invent edible macrofungi in Alas Purwo National Park that can be used as alternative food sources. The method that was used in this research was the explorative method with descriptive analysis. The sampling proccess took place along the side trail of the tropical rainforest ecosystem of Alas Purwo National Park. The tropical rainforest ecosystem that was reached from Triangulasi Resort with geographics coordinates 8° 39' 20.9" S 114° 21' 39.2" E then going to northwest for around three kilometres until Sadengan Track with geographics coordinates 8° 39' 13.1" S 114° 22' 18.2" E. The other track was from Trangulasi Resort with geographics coordinates 8° 39' 20.9" S 114° 21' 39.2" E then going to east for around five kilometres until Pancur Track with geographics coordinates 8° 4...

The experiment conducted in the Kampinos National Park since 2015 was aimed at assessing the sprouting ability of black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.) in response to different measures of mechanical control and mycobiota colonizing the dying trees. Basal cut-stump, cutting at ca. 1 m above the ground and girdling were performed on 4 terms, two plots and applied to 25 trees, 600 trees in total. Sprouts were removed every 8 weeks since the initial treatment for 4 consecutive growing seasons, except winter-treated trees. At the end of the fourth season of control, 515 out of 600 trees were dead (86%): 81% on Lipków and 90% on Sieraków plot. Among 18 experiment variants with sprouts removal, 17 showed more than 80% of dead trees. The lowest, 76% share, concerned summer cut-stump at the base of the tree. For winter measures, the share of dead trees was lower in all cases and ranged from 28% to 64% proving that sprouts removal contributes to the drop of sprouting strength and quicker dying of the trees. Almost 80% of trees showed sporocarps that represented 51 taxa of macrofungi in total, including 6 Ascomycota and 45 Basidiomycota. The group of six most frequently encountered fungi includes: Hyphoderma setigerum, Bjerkandera adusta, Peni-ophora cinerea, Armillaria ostoyae, Nectria cinnabarina, Stereum hirsutum. Both plots had similar share of black cherry individuals with sporocarps of macrofungi, that is, 81% and 78% for Sieraków and Lipków respectively. The share of colonized trees and the number of reported macrofungal taxa increased significantly compared to the year following the treatment. In addition, the composition of macrofungi changed with the progressing dying of trees. These results broaden the knowledge about macroscopic fungi colonising and living on black cherry within its secondary range of distribution. Moreover, one macrofungus and two microfungi new for KNP are reported.

The amounts of eight trace elements, chrome, manganese, iron, nickel, copper, zinc, cadmium, and lead in five macrofungi species collected from Büyük Menderes River Basin in Southwestern part of Turkey were determined by ICP-OES. The mean values for 8.088 mg/kg in Cr, 54.23 mg/kg in Mn, 1773.4 mg/kg in Fe, 22.961 mg/kg in Ni, 27.036 mg/kg in Cu, 43.106 mg/kg in Zn, 0.851 mg/kg in Cd and 2.808 mg/kg in Pb (dry matter) were determined. The highest values were: 27.09 mg/kg Cr, 176.4 mg/kg Mn, 4858 mg/kg Fe, 87.46 mg/kg Ni in Helvella leucomelaena, 39.55 mg/kg Cu in Lepiota griseovirens, 75.91 mg/kg Zn in Helvella leucomelaena, 2.044 mg/kg Cd in Lepiota griseovirens, 4.793 mg/kg Pb in Helvella leucomelaena. Results obtained are consonant with data that were reported in the related literature.

The results of diversity investigations of wood-destroying fungi living on beech wood in a limits of the Southern Preurals are given. 123 species representing 62 genuses, 28 families, 16 orders and 2 subclasses are revealed. The rare and endangered species are marked.
Climacodon septentrionalis (Fr.) P.Karst., Steccherinum murashkinskyi (Burt) Maas G., Tyromyces kmetii (Bres.) Bond. & Sing.

Russula buyckii, a new species of Russula (subgen. Incrustatula, sect. Lilaceinae and subsect. Lilaceinae) is described from Eastern Himalaya, India. Its macro- and micro-morphological features are described in detail and compared with those of similar species. Identification and categorization of R. buyckii was supported by the molecular phylogenetic analysis based on the nrDNA ITS sequence data.

Indonesia is a tropical country with very high biodiversity rate, including the biodiversity of macrofungi. Macrofungi is one of the biological resources which play important roles in human life. Some kinds of macrofungi are edible with such characteristics as having nutritional value, fruit body, and non-poisonous. High protein value makes macrofungi an ideal source of food. Beside of protein, they may also contain vitamin B complex and some mineral salt from the elements of Ca, P, Fe, Na, and K. This research aimed to inventory edible macrofungi in Meru Betiri National Park East Java that can be used as alternative food sources. The method that used in this research was the explorative method with descriptive analysis. The sampling process took place alongside the trail of the tropical rainforest ecosystem of Meru Betiri National Park East Java. The tropical rainforest ecosystem that was reached from Sukamade Resort had the geographic coordinates S 8º 27' 08" and E 113º 4...

Background: Eastern Himalayas have rich biodiversity but are threatened by anthropogenic activities and periodic natural calamities. The present investigation focused on the cryptogamic group of macrofungi in the Darjeeling Himalayas which are extremely diverse and ecologically significant, but have received very little attention from a conservation perspective. Material and Methods: Investigations were conducted during June-September of 2013-2014 in the Darjeeling district of West Bengal, India, wherein, local macrofungi were sampled in mixed to monoculture forests using 50 random transects 100x2 m. Fruit bodies were studied, collected, identified in the laboratory and deposited at Calcutta University Herbarium. Sampling units were georeferenced and physico-climatic factors were derived from the WORLDCLIM database. Results: The macrofungi belonged to 98 species representing 72 genera and 47 families; 58.16% were saprotrophs, 17.34% were ectomycorrhizal and 10.2% were parasitic. The...

Abstract: Some macrofungi specimens were collected from Alanya district in 1999-2001. As a result of field and laboratory studies 14 species belonging to 9 families were identified as new records for Turkish mycoflora. These species are Exidia recisa (Ditmar: S.F.Gray) Fr., Ramaria flaccida (Fr.) Ricken, Ramaria gracilis (Pers.:Fr.) Quél., Athelia neuhoffii (Bres.)

The present study was carried out during march-may 2016 on macrofungi specimens collected from forests of Suliamaniya province in the northeast of Iraq. These forests are rich in tree species(Ex: Quercus spp. and Juglans sp.) with diverse groups of shrubs and herbs and are expected to harbour many macrofungal species. However , base-line data of macrofungi in Iraq has not generated till date. In this study , seven ascomycetous macrofungi: Helvella acetabulum , H. compressa , H.costifera , H. crispa ,H. lacunose (Pezizales : Helvellaceae) , Morchella esculenta (Pezizales : Morchellaceae) and Tarzetta sp. (Pezizales: Pyronemataceae) were reported from this province. These species were identified on the basis of macro and microscopic characteristics and are first records from Iraq .