Microbiology and Biotechnology

Aim and background: One of the effective methods for protein engineering, especially for improving the capabilities of industrial strains, is the genome shuffling method. This study is based on biocatalytic engineering techniques and DNA shuffling methods.
Materials and Methods: Pseudomonas aeruginosa wild strain was prepared under the access number JQ917006.1. Mutant strains were evaluated by DES method and compatibility with diazinon concentration. After the protoplast was prepared, the genome was mutated from the mutant library. Fused protoplasts were evaluated for activity.
Results: The activities related to IR1.G1, IR1.D8, IR1.D4 and IR1.D5 strains are 0.234 U/ml, 0.1 U/ml, 0.098 U/ml and 0.066 U/ml, respectively, and IRL1.F2, IRL1.F3 and IRL1.F1 strains have activities of 0.541 mg/L, 0.523 mg/L and 0.509 mg/L, respectively.

Conclusion: The results of evaluation of the first generation of genome shuffling (first round of protoplast fusion) showed that the shuffled strains that were able to grow in the presence of toxin (3000 ml/L diazinon concentration) had better activity than the obtained strain through both methods (toxin concentration gradient and DES method).
Keywords: Genome shuffling, improved strains, protein engineering, diazinon

Five fusion proteins between Z domains derived from Staphylococcal Protein A and Green Fluorescent Protein or Human Proinsulin were produced on the periplasm of Escherichia coli. The effects of the molecular weight and amino acid composition of the translocated peptide, culture medium composition, and growth phase of the bacterial culture were analyzed regarding the expression and periplasmic secretion of the recombinant proteins. It was found that secretion was not affected by the size of the translocated peptide (17-42 kDa) and that the highest periplasmic production values were obtained on the exponential phase of growth. Moreover, the highest periplasmic values were obtained in minimal medium, showing the relevance of the culture medium composition on secretion. In silico prediction analysis suggested that with respect to the five proteins used in this study, those that are prone to form alpha-helix structures are more translocated to the periplasm.

World Health organization has identified the domestic violence as a matter directly related to public health, the most of such cases reaches to the severity during the period of pregnancy. Domestic violence may originate in the home; it can spill over into the world of work. All females, males and children might be its victims. It includes a combination of violence i.e., wife battering, psychology torture, sexual violence and both simultaneous physical and sexual violence. Other type of violence may lead to anxiety and depression in the females. Studies show that living with domestic violence can cause physical and emotional harm to fry and young people in the way of life like ongoing anxiety and impression, emotional suffering etc. Male casualties of abusive behavior at home once in a while report their episodes of misuse. Domestic violence directly affects the behavior health and emotions of victim and violator that will ultimately affect relations with relatives, their workplace, their neighbors and their fellows.

The fermentation of coffee is a stage of the wet processing where the mucilage (the substrate) is transformed and then washed. In coffee fermentation, yeasts and lactic acid bacteria metabolize sugars and produce alcohol, acetic acid, lactic acid and various volatiles. Other depolymerizations and oxidations also occur.T

Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were carried out to understand the structural stability of 2D nanosheets of gold and silver in hexagonal phase of 2H by the adsorption of small molecules. In this work, we have obtained the bonding and adsorption properties of such small molecules as H2O, H2O2, and C2H5OH on 2H phase of gold and silver nanosurfaces, through DFT method using Quantum Expresso (QE) code. The high absorption energy values of (-2.45 eV, -2,46 eV, -2, 41 eV) for H2O, H2O2, and C2H5OH molecules on 2H-Au surfaces, respectively obtained than that of 2H-silver surfaces that the interaction between small molecules and both 2H nanosurfaces corresponds to physisorption. However, during the adsorption, the gold surface in the 2H phase (2H-Au) seems to preserve its atomic structure, while 2H-Ag surface changes from 2H to the fcc structure. Based on the analysis of electronic and physicochemical properties, the composite systems of 2H-gold/2H-silver-small molecules exhibit semiconductor behaviour. While 2H-Ag surfaces have short recovery time values for hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), this time is quite long for 2H-Au surfaces. Because of the long recovery time, Au-2H reported surfaces can be a candidate for possible applications of viral capture. Thus, the reported results are significant, and they would stimulate the experimental and further studies.

M. ZAMFIR, R. CALLEWAERT, P.C. CORNEA, L. SAVU, I. VATAFU and L. DE VUYST.1999.Lactobacillus acidophilus IBB 801 produces a small bacteriocin, designated acidophilin 801, with an estimated molecular mass of less than 6·5 kDa. It displays a narrow inhibitory spectrum (only related lactobacilli but including the Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli Row and Salmonella panama 1467) with a bactericidal activity. The antimicrobial activity of cell-free culture supernatant fluid was insensitive to catalase but sensitive to proteolytic enzymes such as trypsin, proteinase K and pronase, heat-stable (30 min at 121 °C), and maintained in a wide pH range. The proteinaceous compound was isolated from cell-free culture supernatant fluid and purified. Crude bacteriocin was isolated as a floating pellicle after ammonium sulphate precipitation (40% saturation) and partially purified by extraction/precipitation with chloroform/methanol (2/1, v/v). Further purification to homogeneity was performed by reversed phase Fast Performance Liquid Chromatography. The amino acid composition was determined. Amino acid sequencing revealed that the N-terminal end was blocked.

Birds of prey had a large home range and inhabit areas which are far away from human access so it is difficult to estimate their population. Kites (Milvus migrans) and crows (Corvus splendens) often gather in large communal roosts during migration at a site for food and breeding. The present study was done to estimate their population by Roost Count Method. Four sites were visited and population of kites and crows was estimated. It was found that 356 kites and 224 crows were present on an average at any roost. The soaring kites in the high skies and crows in the forenoon and afternoon sessions were more or less absent. In addition, these birds were less common on huge Garbage sites. Shockingly, it seems that like vultures, black kites and crows are on their way to elimination in Lahore

Preparación del Medio Rojo Congo al 0.1% • Para preparar el medio rojo congo se pesan 23 g de agar nutritivo y se disuelven en 800 ml de agua destilada. • Enseguida se añade 0.023 g de rojo congo • Una vez disueltos los componentes, se esteriliza el medio. • A continuación se vierte el medio en cajas Petri estériles.

Turkey is a home country for a good number of fermented beverages derived from milk, cereals, fruits and vegetables, and several studies have reported the probiotic potentiality of these beverages. Probiotics, otherwise known as beneficial microorganisms possess the ability to exert antimicrobial effects, which is one of the most important selection criteria for their use in commercial products. In the current study, the antimicrobial activities of potential probiotic bacteria isolated from five fermented traditional Turkish beverages (boza, kefir, ayran, shalgam juice and hardaliye) were evaluated. The bacterial isolates were morphologically characterized and genotypically identified by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. The antimicrobial effects of the isolates against selected human pathogens were assessed using spot-on-the-lawn and agar well diffusion assays. Eighteen of the twenty-two strains displayed varying degrees of antagonism against the tested pathogens. Amongst the isolat...

During coffee fermentation, different physical, chemical and sensory changes occur in the substrate, the mucilage, which occur due to the microorganisms present such as lactic acid bacteria and yeasts, which depend on the ambient temperature and the conditions of the substrate. The temperature can be controlled to achieve consistent production of coffee beans and specialty coffee beans.

Cassava (Manihot Esculenta Crantz) demand by 700 million people and cultivated in 105 countries between Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn within 2300m elevations globally for food security and the cultivation impact on biodiversity require biofertilizer to mitigate climate challenges, crop sustainable development and regenerative agriculture. Nigeria is the world largest producer with a global average yield of 11.80 t/ha, cassava yields can reach 80 t/ha, compared to the current world average yield of just 12.8 t/ha. Biofertilizer solves the traceability problem of chemical farm inputs, suitability and nutrient use efficiency as an integral function of the rhizosphere microbiome via plant microbe interactions for improved soil health quality and crop degradation management. Cassava cultivation with biofertilizer will reduce hydrogen cyanide (HCN) levels in the crop as an integral bioavailability of soil organic matter and nutrient use efficiency. Plant growthpromoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) in the biofertilizer will ameliorate plant abiotic stress and bio-control diseases management. Easily accessed agrobacterium inoculant in biofertilizer has potential for transgenic cassava cultivar development for improved yield and nutrient biofortification. This book chapter encapsulate the case studies trilogy research article papers on biofertilizer impacts on soil microbiome during cassava cultivation for crop yield, soil health, regenerative agriculture, value chain development, food and nutrition security.

KEYWORDS | Soil microbiome, Biofertilizer, Inoculant, Cassava, NPK fertilizer, Biocontrol, Soil health and quality, Hydrocyanic acids (HCN), PGPR, Value chain development, Transgenic Cassava

Biotechnology is defined as the use of living organisms, or substances obtained from living organisms, to produce products or processes of value to humankind. While it is true that biotechnology has made tremendous advances in the areas of human and veterinary medicine, agriculture, food production, and other fields, these advances have also raised some genuine concerns about how biotechnology should be monitored. Ongoing debates continue the effort to balance the potential of biotechnology, in particular genetic engineering, and its ability to produce organisms that may benefit humans, against growing concerns about the potential for these advances and inventions to disrupt ecosystems, negatively affect human health, or be used in ethically inappropriate ways.

Cultivation of speciality mushrooms on lignocellulosic wastes represents one of the most economically and cost-effective organic recycling processes. Three species of Pleurotus, namely P. columbinus, P. sajor-caju and P. ostreatus were experimentally evaluated on untreated organic wastes including chopped office papers, cardboard, sawdust and plant fibres. Production studies were carried out in polyethylene bags of about 1 kg wet weight with 5% spawning rates of substrate fresh weight in a custom-made growth room especially designed for spawn run and cropping. The conversion percentage from dry substrate weight to fresh mushroom weight (biological efficiency) was determined. The highest biological efficiency was noted with P. columbinuson cardboard (134.5%) and paper (100.8%), whereas P. ostreatus produced maximum yield on cardboard (117.5%) followed by paper (112.4%). The overall yield of P. sajor-cajuwas comparatively low (range 47–78.4%). The average number of sporophore flushings ranged between 5 and 6 times. The findings that P. columbinus and P. ostreatus are superior to P. sajor-caju are consistent with previous reports elsewhere. Further evaluation of P. columbinus alone on different bagging systems containing partially pasteurized office papers as a growing substrate revealed that polyethylene bags resulted in 109.4% biological efficiency in contrast to pottery (86%), plastic trays (72%) or polyester net (56%). The above findings reveal an opportunity for commercial implication of oyster mushroom especially P. columbinus for utilization of different feasible and cheap recyclable residues.

The history and the future of water resource management as well as the endeavours that it influences are inextricably woven into the fabric of the past, current and future states of all life on our watery planet. From the first Earth Day in 1970 and the founding of the International Water Resources Association (IWRA) in 1971 to the development of modern biotechnology applications and alternative energy sources across subsequent decades, this paper reflects on these and other historical underpinnings of how we manage the use of our essential water resources now and might hope to in the future.

Laporan Praktikum Disusun oleh Emil Rahim, Prodi Agroteknologi, fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Jenderal Soedirman. Laporan praktikum mata kuliah Mikrobiologi Pertanian. Terdiri atas 14  acara diantaranya :
1. Acara I mengenai Pengenalan Alat.
2. Acara II mengenai Kalibrasi mikrometer Okuler dan Pengukuran Sel.
3. Acara III mengenai Pembuatan Media dan Pembuktian bahwa mikroba ada diudara.
4. Acara IV mengenai Sterilisasi dan Kerja Aseptis.
5. Acara V mengenai Isolasi Mikroba Rhizosfer.
6. Acara VI mengenai Metode pendugaan Jumlah Mikroba.
7. Acara VII mengenai Morfologi Koloni Mikroba.
8. Acara VIII mengenai Pewranaan Sel Bakteri.
9. Acara IX mengenai Inokulasi Rhizobium pada Benih kedelai.
10. Acara X mengenai Evaluasi Bintil Akar.
11. Acara XI mengenai Inokulasi Mikoriza pada Jagung, Penanaman, Pemeliharaan tanaman Jagung.
12. Acara XII mengenai Perhitungan Infeksi Mikoriza pada Akar jagung.
13. Acara XIII mengenai Pembuatan Pupuk Ptganik Cair (POC).
14. Acara XIV mengenai Pembuatan Biopestisida

Laporan Praktikum Disusun oleh Emil Rahim, Prodi Agroteknologi, fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Jenderal Soedirman. Laporan praktikum mata kuliah Mikrobiologi Pertanian. Terdiri atas 14  acara diantaranya :
1. Acara I mengenai Pengenalan Alat.
2. Acara II mengenai Kalibrasi mikrometer Okuler dan Pengukuran Sel.
3. Acara III mengenai Pembuatan Media dan Pembuktian bahwa mikroba ada diudara.
4. Acara IV mengenai Sterilisasi dan Kerja Aseptis.
5. Acara V mengenai Isolasi Mikroba Rhizosfer.
6. Acara VI mengenai Metode pendugaan Jumlah Mikroba.
7. Acara VII mengenai Morfologi Koloni Mikroba.
8. Acara VIII mengenai Pewarnaan Sel Bakteri.
9. Acara IX mengenai Inokulasi Rhizobium pada Benih kedelai.
10. Acara X mengenai Evaluasi Bintil Akar.
11. Acara XI mengenai Inokulasi Mikoriza pada Jagung, Penanaman, Pemeliharaan tanaman Jagung.
12. Acara XII mengenai Perhitungan Infeksi Mikoriza pada Akar jagung.
13. Acara XIII mengenai Pembuatan Pupuk Organik Cair (POC).
14. Acara XIV mengenai Pembuatan Biopestisida

Laporan Praktikum Disusun oleh Emil Rahim, Prodi Agroteknologi, fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Jenderal Soedirman. Laporan praktikum mata kuliah Mikrobiologi Pertanian. Terdiri atas 14  acara diantaranya :
1. Acara I mengenai Pengenalan Alat.
2. Acara II mengenai Kalibrasi mikrometer Okuler dan Pengukuran Sel.
3. Acara III mengenai Pembuatan Media dan Pembuktian bahwa mikroba ada diudara.
4. Acara IV mengenai Sterilisasi dan Kerja Aseptis.
5. Acara V mengenai Isolasi Mikroba Rhizosfer.
6. Acara VI mengenai Metode pendugaan Jumlah Mikroba.
7. Acara VII mengenai Morfologi Koloni Mikroba.
8. Acara VIII mengenai Pewranaan Sel Bakteri.
9. Acara IX mengenai Inokulasi Rhizobium pada Benih kedelai.
10. Acara X mengenai Evaluasi Bintil Akar.
11. Acara XI mengenai Inokulasi Mikoriza pada Jagung, Penanaman, Pemeliharaan tanaman Jagung.
12. Acara XII mengenai Perhitungan Infeksi Mikoriza pada Akar jagung.
13. Acara XIII mengenai Pembuatan Pupuk Organik Cair (POC).
14. Acara XIV mengenai Pembuatan Biopestisida

"We invite you to submit high quality of research papers in all areas of Life Sciences for the publication in & Trends in Biosciences  & Advances in Life Sciences”.

Dr. S. S. Ali,
Editor – in- Chief , Trends in Biosciences Journal
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Laporan Praktikum Disusun oleh Emil Rahim, Prodi Agroteknologi, fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Jenderal Soedirman. Laporan praktikum mata kuliah Mikrobiologi Pertanian. Terdiri atas 14  acara diantaranya :
1. Acara I mengenai Pengenalan Alat.
2. Acara II mengenai Kalibrasi mikrometer Okuler dan Pengukuran Sel.
3. Acara III mengenai Pembuatan Media dan Pembuktian bahwa mikroba ada diudara.
4. Acara IV mengenai Sterilisasi dan Kerja Aseptis.
5. Acara V mengenai Isolasi Mikroba Rhizosfer.
6. Acara VI mengenai Metode pendugaan Jumlah Mikroba.
7. Acara VII mengenai Morfologi Koloni Mikroba.
8. Acara VIII mengenai Pewranaan Sel Bakteri.
9. Acara IX mengenai Inokulasi Rhizobium pada Benih kedelai.
10. Acara X mengenai Evaluasi Bintil Akar.
11. Acara XI mengenai Inokulasi Mikoriza pada Jagung, Penanaman, Pemeliharaan tanaman Jagung.
12. Acara XII mengenai Perhitungan Infeksi Mikoriza pada Akar jagung.
13. Acara XIII mengenai Pembuatan Pupuk Ptganik Cair (POC).
14. Acara XIV mengenai Pembuatan Biopestisida

Laporan Praktikum Disusun oleh Emil Rahim, Prodi Agroteknologi, fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Jenderal Soedirman. Laporan praktikum mata kuliah Mikrobiologi Pertanian. Terdiri atas 14  acara diantaranya :
1. Acara I mengenai Pengenalan Alat.
2. Acara II mengenai Kalibrasi mikrometer Okuler dan Pengukuran Sel.
3. Acara III mengenai Pembuatan Media dan Pembuktian bahwa mikroba ada diudara.
4. Acara IV mengenai Sterilisasi dan Kerja Aseptis.
5. Acara V mengenai Isolasi Mikroba Rhizosfer.
6. Acara VI mengenai Metode pendugaan Jumlah Mikroba.
7. Acara VII mengenai Morfologi Koloni Mikroba.
8. Acara VIII mengenai Pewranaan Sel Bakteri.
9. Acara IX mengenai Inokulasi Rhizobium pada Benih kedelai.
10. Acara X mengenai Evaluasi Bintil Akar.
11. Acara XI mengenai Inokulasi Mikoriza pada Jagung, Penanaman, Pemeliharaan tanaman Jagung.
12. Acara XII mengenai Perhitungan Infeksi Mikoriza pada Akar jagung.
13. Acara XIII mengenai Pembuatan Pupuk Ptganik Cair (POC).
14. Acara XIV mengenai Pembuatan Biopestisida

(MIBIO 2022) will provide Biological Sciences Research remains the ubiquitous realm in better human health and well being. Multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary Bioscience Research has been stressed for explicit scientific advancements. Impact publications for a wider outreach are ascertained. MIBIO 2022 represents the launch-pad forum for researchers, biologists, students, Scientists and Physicians in peer-reviewed podium encompassing Biological Sciences. The conference takes pleasure in inviting your peer Research for a fantabulous realm of rapport in the arena of multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary Life sciences. The area offers discussions with biomedical and environment impact assessors. This allows you to enlighten, enrich and rejuvenate the multitude of oneness in biological sciences The wide realms of research addressing any of the significant developments in the abovementioned broad areas are welcome. The conference invites researchers to submit in the pivotal areas of publication interests.

Pestiviruses and Mycoplasmas are potential contaminants of biological products, which are manufactured using animal raw materials, such as bovine or porcine sera. These materials are widely used in diagnostic laboratories and as a cell growth-promoting factor in cell culture and vaccine productions. Therefore, any viral contaminants or antibodies present in serum may hamper proper diagnosis and efficient application of the vaccines. Vaccine contaminations may not only influence vaccination results but also lead to new infections, causing serious economic problems within a herd. In the present work, we developed and optimized the PCR detection protocol of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) and mycoplasma in semen samples, cell cultures, bovine sera, and immunobiological products. The 5’ UTR gene and 16S-23S intergenic spacer regions were used for the amplification of 287 and 450-480 bp specific amplicons of BVDV and mycoplasmal genomes, respectively. DNA from M. orale N-I, M. hyorhinis BTS-7, M. bovis PG45T, and cDNA from BVDV strain Oregon were used to detect the level of the reaction sensitivity, which were determined as 100 cells/ml for mycoplasmas and 1 lg/ml for BVDV. In total, 62 samples of semen, 90 samples of veterinary immunobiological preparations, 1084 samples of raw materials for production of native bovine blood serum, and 37 cell cultures FLK were investigated by these methods. As a result, 8 samples of native blood sera before filtration were contaminated with Mycoplasma and 6 samples among them contained the genetic material of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus.

Background: A substantial number of drugs are being developed from plants for the treatment of various diseases. Lannea egregia (LE) is a woody perennial plant used traditionally in the management of skin disorders and wounds.Aim: To investigate the biological activities of different solvent extracts of LE bark.Settings: Fresh stem bark of Lannea egregia was collected from Itabo Lanlate, Oyo State, Nigeria. The authentication was done in Forest Herbarium, Ibadan (FHI), Nigeria. The biological activities of the air-dried sample were carried out in the Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Ibadan, Nigeria.Materials and methods: Powdered LE bark sample was extracted by gradient extraction. Phytochemical screening was performed on the extracts using standard procedure. In vitro antimicrobial study was performed on 14 strains of bacteria and 5 fungal strains at a concentration range of 25, 50, 75 and 100 mg/mL of the extract using ciprofloxacin and itraconazole as standard. The mini...

Laporan Praktikum Disusun oleh Emil Rahim, Prodi Agroteknologi, fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Jenderal Soedirman. Laporan praktikum mata kuliah Mikrobiologi Pertanian. Terdiri atas 14  acara diantaranya :
1. Acara I mengenai Pengenalan Alat.
2. Acara II mengenai Kalibrasi mikrometer Okuler dan Pengukuran Sel.
3. Acara III mengenai Pembuatan Media dan Pembuktian bahwa mikroba ada diudara.
4. Acara IV mengenai Sterilisasi dan Kerja Aseptis.
5. Acara V mengenai Isolasi Mikroba Rhizosfer.
6. Acara VI mengenai Metode pendugaan Jumlah Mikroba.
7. Acara VII mengenai Morfologi Koloni Mikroba.
8. Acara VIII mengenai Pewranaan Sel Bakteri.
9. Acara IX mengenai Inokulasi Rhizobium pada Benih kedelai.
10. Acara X mengenai Evaluasi Bintil Akar.
11. Acara XI mengenai Inokulasi Mikoriza pada Jagung, Penanaman, Pemeliharaan tanaman Jagung.
12. Acara XII mengenai Perhitungan Infeksi Mikoriza pada Akar jagung.
13. Acara XIII mengenai Pembuatan Pupuk Organik Cair (POC).
14. Acara XIV mengenai Pembuatan Biopestisida

The fact that foods can provide additional medicinal health benefits beyond basic energy requirements and nutritional needs for survival, has been proven through rigorous scientific researches over the years. Although Turkey is historically believed to be the ancient origin of a
decent number of fermented probiotic foods and beverages, there is still little awareness amongst the overall populace regarding the usefulness of these medicinal products also known as functional foods. Hence, the current review article discusses probiotics as a top notch variety of functional foods and encapsulates their history as well as some proven beneficial effects of some known probiotic microorganisms on human health. More importantly, greater emphasis is placed on elucidating scientific data on seven fermented traditional probiotic beverages of
Turkish origin namely boza, kefir, ayran, shalgam, hardaliye, koumiss and gilaburu juice. The paper concisely describes their main characteristics, probiotic microbiota composition, production techniques as well as nutritional properties and some potential health benefits derivable from their consumption.

Laporan Praktikum Disusun oleh Emil Rahim, Prodi Agroteknologi, fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Jenderal Soedirman. Laporan praktikum mata kuliah Mikrobiologi Pertanian. Terdiri atas 14  acara diantaranya :
1. Acara I mengenai Pengenalan Alat.
2. Acara II mengenai Kalibrasi mikrometer Okuler dan Pengukuran Sel.
3. Acara III mengenai Pembuatan Media dan Pembuktian bahwa mikroba ada diudara.
4. Acara IV mengenai Sterilisasi dan Kerja Aseptis.
5. Acara V mengenai Isolasi Mikroba Rhizosfer.
6. Acara VI mengenai Metode pendugaan Jumlah Mikroba.
7. Acara VII mengenai Morfologi Koloni Mikroba.
8. Acara VIII mengenai Pewranaan Sel Bakteri.
9. Acara IX mengenai Inokulasi Rhizobium pada Benih kedelai.
10. Acara X mengenai Evaluasi Bintil Akar.
11. Acara XI mengenai Inokulasi Mikoriza pada Jagung, Penanaman, Pemeliharaan tanaman Jagung.
12. Acara XII mengenai Perhitungan Infeksi Mikoriza pada Akar jagung.
13. Acara XIII mengenai Pembuatan Pupuk Organik Cair (POC).
14. Acara XIV mengenai Pembuatan Biopestisida

Cancer remains one of the major challenges till nowadays. Since there is huge increment of cancer patients, it is difficult to solve this progress by chemotherapy alone. These chemical synthesized drug therapy methods of treatment often do not lead to expected effects. Therefore it is extremely important to create new and more effective treatments beyond conventional therapy. One of the most promising research directions is use of specific types of microorganisms for drug delivery and immunotherapy. The main target of this paper is bioengineering of bacteria for delivering of anticancer therapy by applying systemic biology and/or genetic engineering. In addition, as infection stimulates the immune system to fight against foreign antigen called immunotherapy. So I also focus here in infecting of microbes to treat cancerous cells (immunotherapy and or immune-stimulation).

Rhamnosidases are enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of terminal nonreducing L-rhamnose for the bioconversion of natural or synthetic rhamnosides. They are of great significance in the current biotechnological area, with applications in food and pharmaceutical industrial processes. In this study we isolated and characterized a novel alkaline rhamnosidase from Acrostalagmus luteo albus, an alkali-tolerant soil fungus from Argentina. We also present an efficient, simple, and inexpensive method for purifying the A. luteo albus rhamnosidase and describe the characteristics of the purified enzyme. In the presence of rhamnose as the sole carbon source, this fungus produces a rhamnosidase with a molecular weight of 109 kDa and a pI value of 4.6, as determined by SDS–PAGE and analytical isoelectric focusing, respectively. This enzyme was purified to homogeneity by chromatographic and electrophoretic techniques. Using p-nitrofenil-α-L-rhamnopiranoside as substrate, the enzyme activity showed pH and temperature optima of 8.0 and 55°C, respectively. The enzyme exhibited Michaelis–Menten kinetics, with K M and V max values of 3.38 mmol l−1 and 68.5 mmol l−1 min−1, respectively. Neither divalent cations such as Ca2+, Mg2+, Mn2+, and Co2+ nor reducing agents such as β-mercaptoethanol and dithiothreitol showed any effect on enzyme activity, whereas this activity was completely inhibited by Zn2+ at a concentration of 0.2 mM. This enzyme showed the capacity to hydrolyze some natural rhamnoglucosides such as hesperidin, naringin and quercitrin under alkaline conditions. Based on these results, and mainly due to the high activity of the A. luteo albus rhamnosidase under alkaline conditions, this enzyme should be considered a potential new biocatalyst for industrial applications.

A strategy for adaptive control and energetic optimization of aerobic fermentors was implemented, with both air flow and agitation speed as manipulated variables. This strategy is separable in its components: control, optimization, estimation. We optimized parameter’s estimation (from the usual KLa correlation) using sinusoidal excitation of air flow and agitation speed. We have implemented parameter’s estimation trough recursive least squares algorithm with forgetting factor. We carried separate essays on control, optimization and estimation algorithms. We carried our essays using an original computational simulation environment, with noise and delay generating facilities for data sampling and filtering.

Our results show the convergence and robustness of the estimation algorithm used, improved with use of both forgetting factor and KLa dead-band facilities. Control algorithm used in our work compares favorably with PID using the integrated area criteria for deviation between oxygen molarity and critical molarity (set point). Optimization algorithm clearly reduces energetic consumption, respecting critical molarity. Integration of control, optimization and adaptive algorithms was implemented, but future work is needed for stability. Methods were defined and implemented for stability improvement. We have implemented data acquisition and computer manipulation of air flow and agitation speed for actual fermentors.

The Past few decades have witnessed a remarkable contribution by the nanotechnological
applications in agriculture and food production. Sustaining such potentials, nanotechnology has
been proven to create and unfurl the opportunities in the sectors of molecular and cell biology,
along with technology such as biosensing and micro or nano-based technology for the proper
detection and identification of several cellular signals and others. The review aims to provide a brief
overview of nanotechnological approaches with the highlights on the nanofertilizers, nanosensors,
nanopesticides, and nanoparticles for food and plant disease, nanolaminates

Several processes occur in coffee fermentation, basically yeasts and bacteria, through their natural enzymes, partially oxidize sugars and produce energy (ATP), ethanol, lactic acid, acetic acid and carbon dioxide. In addition, other alcohols such as propanol, butanol, acids such as succinic, formic, butyric and odorous substances such as aldehydes, ketones and esters are obtained. The lipids in the coffee mucilage break down. The color, odor, density, acidity, pH, soluble solids, temperature, and chemical and microbial composition of this substrate change.
The control measures in the fermentation of the coffee include the quality of the substrate, (coffee and mucilage) the ambient temperature, the measurement of the pH, the measurement of the Brix, the quantification of acids, volatiles, alcohols, among others.

In this study the stimulatory effect of spent mushroom compost (SMC) as an organic ameliorant for the growth of Amaranthus hybridus in greenhouse experiment was examined. This vegetable was grown in experimental pots and were harvested after ten weeks of planting. The results obtained showed that the vegetables planted on 20% SMC soil had the best growth in respect to plant height (cm), leaf number, stem girth (cm), and leaf area (cm2), followed by 30% and 50%,The two control 0% and 100% SMC generally supported poor growth of Amaranthus hybridus. The biological efficiencies (B.E.) of the vegetable was calculated using the field dry weight (FDW) of the plant and the results obtained showed that 30% SMC had the best above and below ground biomass with B.E. of 34.0% and 31.0% followed by 30% SMC (26.0% and 22.1% B.E.) and 10% SMC (23.0% and120.0%), the least B.E. was 1.7 and 1.2% of the 0 and 100% SMC plants respectively. Moreover, observation on the mineral analyses of this vegetable revealed that the plant had calcium and sodium as the highest mineral compositions. Most of the minerals such as iron, magnesium, calcium, phosphorus and potassium increased as the concentration of the SMC in the soil increases to 100% while zinc decreased with SMC treatment. The pH values of the soil treated with SMC increased significantly with the introduction of SMC. PH increased from 4.8 to 6.7 and 7.2 in the potted plant with the highest yield that is, 20 and 30%.