Modern

We describe in detail a general strategy for implementing a conditional geometric phase between two spins. Combined with single-spin operations, this simple operation is a universal gate for quantum computation, in that any unitary transformation can be implemented with arbitrary precision using only single-spin operations and conditional phase shifts. Thus quantum geometrical phases can form the basis of any quantum computation. Moreover, as the induced conditional phase depends only on the geometry of the paths executed by the spins it is resilient to certain types of errors and offers the potential of a naturally fault-tolerant way of performing quantum computation.

The concept of educational supervision has passed through several developmental stages and has now been conceived in a more democratic outlook. In the present period of Information technology (IT), which has now revolutionized the whole education process, supervision becomes a major instrument to ensure quality and to develop the standard of education. Presently, the scope of educational supervision is widened to comprehend the functions of an educational institution in the role of supervisors, upgrading the institution to facilitators in the process. The purpose of this paper is to study the different theoretical aspects contributing to this modern concept of educational supervision. In this paper, the researcher discusses educational supervision with respect to its objectives, types and functions. This will throw light on the theoretical perspectives of modern educational supervision.

During his lifetime, Auguste Rodin’s name became synonymous with modern sculpture. It also became linked with sex. “Desire! What a formidable stimulant,” he once remarked. Rodin came to emphasize the importance of desire and the sexual as the markers of his individual perspective, using them to fuel his increasingly daring treatments of the nude. Bodily passion became the primary means through which he sought to make sculpture evocative, expressive, and universally appealing. Concurrently, Rodin staged his own acts of making through the manipulation of sculptural techniques, prompting viewers to imagine his objects’ scenes of creation in his studio. In the minds of many viewers, the dramatic and activated surfaces of his sculptures came to be seen as evidence of not just a sculptor’s touch but a lover’s touch as well. David Getsy examines these developments by focusing on two pivotal moments in Rodin’s career: first, 1876, the year his work is catalyzed through an engagement with Michelangelo and, second, 1900, the year of the one-person exhibition that catapulted him to international public notoriety. This book makes a case for reconsidering the terms of Rodin’s influence, arguing that the sculptor placed renewed emphasis on the materiality and objecthood of sculpture as a means of asserting his own desire’s inseparability from his works. In his analysis of this practice, Getsy offers a critical account of the origins of modern sculpture and how sex became a key term in Rodin’s making of it.

http://www.amazon.com/Rodin-Sex-Making-Modern-Sculpture/dp/0300167253/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1297084709&sr=8-1

"Games and play occupied a central, if misunderstood, role in modern art in the twentieth century. Many art-historical narratives have downplayed the ways in which artists returned to play and to games as analogues to art practice, as metaphors for creativity, or as models for art criticism. The essays collected in this volume investigate the fundamental importance of supposedly nonserious activity and attend to the ways in which artists used play and games in order to reconsider their practice and to expand their critical strategies. With subjects ranging from early-twentieth-century manifestations of games and play in Surrealism, Duchamp, Picasso, and Bauhaus photography to their repercussions in Fluxus, performance, public practice, and new media, these essays establish the diversity and potential of games and play and point toward an alternate trajectory in the development of modern art.

http://www.amazon.com/Diversion-Subversion-Twentieth-Century-Refiguring-Modernism/dp/0271037032/ref=sr_1_4?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1297084774&sr=8-4"

ABSTRACT

Akkaya, Tarkan Murat. The Presence of English Language and Literature in The Early Period of Modern Age in Turkey, and Their Effects on Modern Turkish Literature Between 1839–1900, PhD Thesis, Ankara, 2019.

This dissertation, aiming to study western sources of Modern Turkish Literature from the date of declaration of Tanzimat until the end of 19th century within the scope of Ottoman modernization process in this period, is to assess and analyse by comparing Modern Turkish Literature as assessed object with Anglo-Saxon literature as comparative criteria. Our main purpose for this comparison is to determine if there is certain presence and effects of Anglo-Saxon Literature on modern Turkish Literature and to what extent these effects went ahead for literary people, texts and events in the era. However, we do not follow up these effects not only on texts translated and/or adapted from Anglo-Saxon literature, or directly related to Anglo-Saxon literature topics, but also on other Anglo-Saxon texts (not only literary, but also philosophical, political and economic texts) non-translated into Turkish, but clearly provable that has a certain effect in a literally way on modern Turkish literature, and originally Turkish texts clearly affected by Anglo-Saxon literature. In the result of our study we are aware that the western resources of modern Turkish literature until end of the 19th century are not uniform and homogenous, but can be meaningfully differentiated. The western source of modern Turkish literature is not French literature alone. But it is also Anglo-Saxon literature that has genuine and specific effects on it. For that matter, we also discuss a certain comparison between Anglo-Saxon and French literatures to some content as a secondary matter in our study. In this dissertation, we accept all English literary or literary-related texts from different Anglo-Saxon originated countries like England, Scotland, Ireland, Wales, USA and Australia as the texts from Anglo-Saxon literature. In this study, based upon five different kind of bibliographies we prepared, we discuss direct and indirect effects of English language and Anglo-Saxon literature on modern Turkish literature, the authors affected by it, and works, attitudes and view of points of translators talked about in the era.

Norwegian literature of the late 19-th century is a phenomenon of major interest in European literature. One of its greatest names is Henrik Ibsen. H. Ibsen renovated and enriched the contents and techniques of the modern European drama. In some of his best plays such as: Brandy, Peer Gynt, A doll's house, Hedda Gabler etc, through a philosophical – poetic character , the author aims at stimulating intense, ongoing debate and discussion on existentialist themes. The turning point in his literary career is marked by the play A doll's house in which the question of women liberty and dignity is strongly and effectively dealt with. Ibsen introduced new elements into the traditional play form thus breaking new ground in developing modern drama with the powerful characters he created and major topics of discussion he triggered in the cultural debate of his time.

Background and aim: In physical evaluations, measuring the joint angle is one of the most important outcomes to assess the patient's progress, the effectiveness of various treatment techniques and to delineate the need for future treatments. The aim of this study is to study the ...

El proyecto del Canal del Manzanares forma parte de los numerosos proyectos hidráulicos que se diseñan y ejecutan en la Ilustración española. En la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII los proyectos de obras públicas tienen un planteamiento utópico, debido a la falta de posibilidades de ejecución, sería el caso del proyecto que pretendía unir Madrid con Sevilla a partir de canales de navegación interior, así como el posterior proyecto del canal del Guadarrama, etc.
Los proyectos para hacer navegable el río Manzanares se remontan a la época Moderna, ligados a la capitalidad de Madrid con la dinastía de los Austrias. La primera propuesta fue de los hermanos Grunembergh, que presentaron en 1668 un proyecto que no se materializó. A mediados del siglo XVIII se propone hacer navegables los grandes ríos del interior, entre ellos el Manzanares, aunque no fue hasta 1777 cuando se conceden los permisos a Pedro Martiniego y Cía.
En 1785 se presenta el proyecto más ambicioso de navegación interior de la mano del ingeniero Carlos Lemaur. La propuesta pretende unir Madrid y Sevilla mediante un canal navegable, pero la compañía del canal tan solo realiza obras hasta el embarcadero de Vaciamadrid. Este proyecto fracasó debido a que el caudal de las aguas no era suficiente; los desniveles de las diez esclusas entre el Puente de Toledo y VaciaMadrid no fueron los adecuados y, por último, no se contó con las crecidas periódicas del río Manzanares que anegaron por completo el Canal.
En los últimos años, con motivos de diferentes obras públicas ejecutadas en el entorno del Canal –Soterramiento de la M-30 y L.A.V. Madrid-Valencia- hemos podido platear diferentes excavaciones a lo largo del recorrido del Canal del Manzanares desde su cabecera a la 5ª esclusa. Siendo especialmente relevantes los resultados obtenidos entre la Cuarta y la Quinta esclusa. La Cuarta esclusa es uno de los conjuntos mejor conservados, ya que todavía se encuentra en pie la casa asociada a la esclusa. Ésta, una vez que el canal dejó de utilizarse para la navegación, fue objeto de una reconversión en el s. XIX con la instalación de un complejo industrial dedicado a la elaboración de papel. Las excavaciones arqueológicas llevadas a cabo con motivo de la duplicación de la LAV han permitido documentar el secadero de cartón, que estaba asociado a esta industria y que se mantuvo en pie hasta después de la Guerra Civil española. También se ha podido excavar una sección completa del Canal, entre la cuarta y la quinta esclusa, que nos ha permitido conocer las causas del declive y decadencia del mismo, como consecuencia de las crecidas periódicas del río Manzanares. Finalmente, se ha podido excavar en su totalidad el complejo de la Quinta esclusa, reconstruido por completo en los años veinte del siglo XIX. Donde destaca la magnífica conservación de la Quinta esclusa.

Recent experimental and theoretical advances in the creation and description of bright matter wave solitons are reviewed. Several aspects are taken into account, including the physics of soliton train formation as the nonlinear Fresnel diffraction, soliton-soliton interactions, and propagation in the presence of inhomogeneities. The generation of stable bright solitons by means of Feshbach resonance techniques is also discussed.

This article discusses one of the modern literary trends today, modernism and its occurrence in Uzbek literature. It is well known that modernism in literature aims to create an artistic model of the artist’s imagination instead of an image of objective reality. That is, the article mainly analyzes the fact that modernism is not a reflection of reality, but the priority of the artist's self-expression. In Uzbek literature, modernism was introduced through the theoretical views of modern artists such as Fitrat and Cholpon, and artists such as Oybek and Askad Mukhtor and the artistic skills of these artists are considered to be four aspects of independence. Thanks to independence, Uzbek literature has become free of ideology, freedom of creativity has expanded, the scope of formal and expressive experiments in literature has expanded, great horizons have been opened for the creative pursuits of the people of poetry.

The performance of three types of InGaAs/InP avalanche photodiodes is investigated for photon counting at 1550 nm in the temperature range of thermoelectric cooling. The best one yields a dark count probability of $% 2.8\cdot 10^{-5}$ per gate (2.4 ns) at a detection efficiency of 10% and a temperature of -60C. The afterpulse probability and the timing jitter are also studied. The results obtained are compared with those of other papers and applied to the simulation of a quantum key distribution system. An error rate of 10% would be obtained after 54 kilometers.

The English abstract see below
Рассматриваются вопросы сущности, генезиса модерна и квалификации настоящего времени на основе ранее развитого подхода к периодизации Всемирной истории, который включает базовые понятия: «стадии социальной эволюции», «великие трансформации – эволюционные сдвиги» и «эпохи доминирования». Модерн не отделим от модернизации, которая трактуется как комплекс автономных процессов бюрократизации, секуляризации, капиталистической индустриализации и демократизации (Р. Коллинз). Кроме того, с модерном обычно ассоциируются вполне определенные характеристики государства, общества и культуры: подъем национальных
государств, гражданское равенство, просвещение, доминирование научного дискурса, расцвет идеологий, «большие нарративы». При сопоставлении этих признаков с  крупными историческими явлениями Европы последних пяти столетий выделены следующие этапы: предыстория модерна как переход от эпохи зрелой государственности к эпохе сквозной государственности в начальной форме «абсолютизма» (начало XVI – середина XVII в.), ранний модерн и Модернизация-1 (середина XVII – начало XIX в.), классический модерн и Модернизация-2 (начало XIX – конец XX в.). Представлены аргументы в пользу того, что эпоха модерна отнюдь не завершилась, а в настоящее время (c начала XXI в.) идущие крайне противоречивые процессы следует трактовать как очередной переходный период – Модернизацию-3.

The article deals with the essence, the genesis of the modern (the modern
age, modernity) and the qualification of the present time on the basis of the
Социальная философия earlier developed approach to the periodization of the World History, which includes the basic concepts: «stages of social evolution», «great
transformations  – evolutionary shifts» and «eras of domination». The
modern age cannot be separated from modernization, which is interpreted
as a complex of autonomous processes of bureaucratization, secularization,
capitalist industrialization and democratization (R. Collins). In addition,
the modern age is usually associated with quite specific characteristics
of state, society and culture: the rise of national states, civic equality,
education, the dominance of scientific discourse, the flowering of ideologies,
«great narratives». When comparing these characteristics with the major
historical phenomena of Europe in the last five centuries, the following
stages are distinguished: the prehistory of modernity as a transition from
the era of mature statehood to the epoch of penetrating statehood in
the initial form of «absolutism» (from early 16th to mid-17th century),
the early modernity and Modernization-1 (from mid-17th to early 19th
century), the classical modern and Modernization-2 (from early XIX to late
XX century). The arguments are presented that the epoch of modernity has
not been completed, and at the present time (from the beginning of the 21st
century) the extremely controversial actual processes should be treated as a
new transition period, i.e. Modernization-3.

This working paper focuses on the plans to construct a skyscraper in St Petersburg, Russia, known originally as Gazprom-City and recently renamed into Okhta Center, and on the controversy that developed around these plans. The paper uses the skyscraper debates as a lens to discuss a particular “aesthetic politics” of St Petersburg, the meaning of “world cities” and “global architecture” in Russian and international contexts, post-Soviet forms of political and corporate governance, the mobilization of civic opposition to such projects and the ability of such urban protests to translate into a more unified and politically oriented opposition than has been possible in other contexts in Russia.

Recent experimental and theoretical advances in the creation and description of bright matter wave solitons are reviewed. Several aspects are taken into account, including the physics of soliton train formation as the nonlinear Fresnel diffraction, soliton-soliton interactions, and propagation in the presence of inhomogeneities. The generation of stable bright solitons by means of Feshbach resonance techniques is also discussed.

SLSTR is a high accuracy infrared radiometer which will be embarked in the Earth low-orbit Sentinel 3 operational GMES mission. SLSTR is an improved version of the previous AATSR and ATSR-1/2 instruments which have flown respectively on Envisat and ERS-1/2 ESA missions. SLSTR will provide data continuity with respect to these previous missions but with a substantial improvement due to its higher swaths (750 km in dual view and 1400 km in single view) which should permit global coverage of SST and LST measurements (at 1 km of spatial resolution in IR channels) with daily revisit time, useful for climatological and meteorological applications. Two more SWIR channels and a higher spatial resolution in the VIS/SWIR channels (0.5 km) are also implemented for a better clouds/aerosols screening. Two further additional channels for global scale fire monitoring are present at the same time as the other nominal channels.