Nanoscience and Technology

Analysis of the excess conductivity of the Y0,3Cd0,7Ba2Cu3O7-δ sample within the framework of the local pair model made it possible to determine the temperature dependences of the pseudogap (T). For sample Y0,3Cd0,7Ba2Cu3O7-δ, the maximum pseudogap value was set.

9 یژولونکتونان تاقیقحت زکرم ، درکرهش هاگشناد 4 ناهفصا هاگشناد ،کیزیف هورگ هدیکچ هلاقم نیا رد طم هب هعلا یزارت ود متا کی یسدنه زاف ی ترواجم رد کی ونان هرک ی بذاج میزادرپ یم . روظنم نیدب ، هاب ااب ندربراک هلداعم نوف ینامز لوحت ی رگلمع ،نمیون ار یمتا هناماس هتفای شهاک یلاگچ بیرقت رد یاه رام ناخرچ جاوما و فوک تسدب یم میروآ . سپس اب نییعت یلاگچ رگلمع یاهرادرب هژیو و ریداقم هژیو هتفای شهاک ی هناماس یمتا ، هباساحم هاب ی و بامل ییااجباج گنهآ نیرگ روسنات بسحرب راذگ یاه یسیطانغمورتکلا هناماس یم میزادرپ . اب تیاهن رد ات هبساحم یاسیطانغمورتکلا نیراگ رواسن هناماس و کیتامنیس تفایهر زا هدافتسا ، یسدنه زاف یم تسدب دیآ . یم هدهاشم سب یکیدزن رد یسدنه زاف هک مینک یگتخیگنارب دما نوتیرلاپ نونوف درک دهاوخ رییغت تدش هب هرک رد .

We study tunneling currents in a model consisting of two non-unitary ferromagnetic spin-triplet superconductors separated by a thin insulating layer. We find a novel interplay between ferromagnetism and superconductivity, manifested in the Josephson effect. This offers the possibility of tuning dissipationless currents of charge and spin in a well-defined manner by adjusting the magnetization direction on either side of the junction.

Note: The tip of a Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM) or Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) offers not only the ability to image down to atomic resolution, but also the capabilities of nanostructures with such excellent resolution. A paradigmatic example is the fabrication of a furnace furnace by manipulating individual atoms on a surface using STM. Although the speed of making such a thing has recently improved, it is a process with great difficulties in scaling and integrating with the semiconductor industry.

S VO LU M E I I M ON DA Y September 08–13, 2019, Ekaterinburg, Russia VII Euro-Asian Symposium «Trends in MAGnetism» M.N. Miheev Institute of Metal Physics UB RAS Euro -A si an S ym p o si um « Tr en ds in M agn etism »: EASTM AG 2019 Ekaterin burg, Russ ia, Se pt em b er 0 813 , 2 01 9 BOOK OF ABSTRACTS. VOLUME II I.P 11 THE ROLE OF ADDITIONAL LAYER N OR S2 IN SUPERCONDUCTING TRIPLET SPIN-VALVE S1/F1/N(S2)/F2 R.R. Gaifullin1*, V.N. Kushnir2,3, R.G. Deminov1, L.R. Tagirov1,4, M.Yu. Kupriyanov1,5,6 and A.A. Golubov6,7 1Institute of Physics, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia 2Belarus State University of Informatics and Radioelectronics, Minsk, Belarus 3Theoretical Physics Department, Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus 4Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Kazan, Russia 5Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia 6Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia 7Faculty of Science...

ZnO nanoparticles have multiple properties that are useful for biomedical applications. Reduction of materials to nanoscale offers advantage of developing new anticancer drugs. Notable application among them is its inherent anticancer cytotoxicity actions. ZnO particles can be prepared easily by different chemical, physical, and biological approaches. But the biological approach is the most emerging approach of preparation, because, this method is easier than the other methods, ecofriendly and less time consuming. The Green synthesis was done by using the aqueous solution of Ocimum tenuiflorum(Tulsi), Phyllanthus emblica(Gooseberry), Azadirachta indica(Neem) extract and zinc nitrate. The nanoparticles were characterized by FTIR, XRD and SEM. The particles synthesized were of the size ranging from 10-30 nm.

Textile-based Scaffolds preparation has the attractive features to fulfill the stated and implied needs of the consumer but there are still challenges of stability, elongation, appreciable bio-compatibility, and stated hydrophilic behavior. To overcome these challenges, the authors tried to fabricate a scaffold by blending of two highly biocompatible polymers; polyvinyl alcohol and poly(1,4 cyclohexane isosorbide terephthalate) through co-electrospinning. The resultant scaffold by the stated innovative approach evaluated from different characterizations such as dimensional stability/morphology was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy, chemical interactions by that Fourier transmission infrared spectra, wetting behavior was analyzed by a static angle with a contact angle meter from drop method, elongation was examined by tensile strength tester and in-vitro assessment was done by MTT analysis. Based on verified results, it was concluded that PVA/PICT scaffold has a potential for dual nature of hydrophilicity & hydrophobicity and appreciable cell culture growth, stated dimensional stability and suitable elongation as per requirements of the nature of scaffold.

Cadmium doped zinc oxide polycrystalline thin films were prepared by sol-gel process. The sol was prepared from zinc acetate dehydrate and cadmium acetate was used to it. Methoxyethanol and monoethanolamine were used as solvent and stabilizer, respectively. The quantity of cadmium in the sol was 0, 1, 5 and 10 at % Cd. Structural investigation including microstructure was carried out by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The films give a hexagonal wurtzite structure with diffraction peaks at (100), (002) and (101). It is found that the particle size of the films change with Cd doping. Optical properties of the thin films were determined by using UV-VIS-NIR spectrometer. It was found that the band gap of the thin films decreased from 3.16 eV to 2.6 eV as the concentration of Cd was increased. Such films can be applied on silicon solar cells as the changes in the band gap are acceptable as a requirement for good anti-reflecting coating element.

Nano-research is considered very promising as basis for micro-nano-systems sector. In micro-nanodevices an important role is played by sensitivity, which can be modified in relation to used materials, so as in relation to the effective mass of the carriers travelling inside the nano-structure. The efforts in designing new devices benefit of theoretical modelling, which continuously tests current experimental data and offers innovation. In this paper an interesting analysis concerning possible ways in the process of performance improvement of micro-nano-systems is considered, in particular in relation to a recently appeared analytical model for transport dynamics. Variations of the carrier mass and the corresponding advantages are considered and analyzed, in relation to the most used nano-materials in this area, as Si, TiO 2 , ZnO, GaAs and CNTs.

The wide application of diesel engines globally and the resulting exhaust emissions have been the driving force behind producing eco-friendly alternatives to fossil diesel. Biodiesel derived from triglycerides is a promising replacement for fossil diesel due to less contribution to greenhouse gases and other harmful emissions. Transesterification
is a widely adopted production method for converting triglycerides into alkyl esters, primarily owing to its superior conversion efficiency. Both homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts, as well as enzymes,
can be utilized to catalyze this process.

Water-soluble carbon nanotubes (ws-CNTs) have been synthesized through oxidative treatment of dilute nitric acid with carbon soot obtained by burning mustard oil in insufficient supply of air. Crystallographic, morphological and topographic analyses of ws-CNTs have been studied using powder X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscope and atomic force microscope respectively. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy has been performed for confirmation of functional group.

The ability to control the position and local orientation of organic crystals at the nanometer scale paves the way to the fabrication of hybrid nano-devices displaying better properties. Here, we present two ways to control the assembly of organic chain compounds into nanometric crystals of defined location or orientation. We first show how the location of crystals of model oligomers can be directed by chemical nano-templates [1]. The templates are obtained by combining electron-beam lithography with the deposition of self-assembled monolayers [2]. These surfaces can then be used to control a variety of assembly processes [3], such as the crystallization of model alkane-1-ol oligomers in solution. By using directing maps with the appropriate chemical inks, nano-squares, nano-corrals and nano-lines of organic crystals are rapidly and massively grown at pre-defined locations, at least down to 60 nm. At this scale, confinement effects mediated by van der Waals forces become prominent, providing a unique handle to design crystal growth. Then, we show how the nucleation and orientation of polymer crystals can be controlled by nano-imprint lithography [4]. The combination of confinement, and of preferential nucleation at the vertical walls of the nano-molds probably arising from partial chain orientation due to the polymer flow during embossing, results in local control over the 3D orientation of the crystals. We demonstrate that crystals may be guided through complex geometries, and investigate the case of systems where conflicting instructions are delivered to the crystallizing chains.

Cancer is one of the leading life-threatening diseases all over the globe which costs highest mortality rates. Early detection of cancer increases the chance of a cure and survival rates but unfortunately mostly cancers are diagnosed only after they have metastasized throughout the body. The list of the biomarkers associated with over 200 types of cancer has witnessed a significant increase in the recent past however the highly sensitive and specific biomarkers are still need of time. Biosensors are devices that are designed to detect a specific biological analyte by converting the complex biological reactions into an electrical signal whose intensity is associated with the concentration of the analyte. Nanotechnology with nanomaterials improves and modifies the biorecognition element part to improve the biosensing phenomenon and makes it one of the hottest topics attracting scientific fraternity. Use of diverse numbers of nanomaterials with good electrical and sensing properties has promised a smarter and faster detection with better reproducibility. This review briefly summarizes the few different types of biosensors based on different types of nanomaterials for cancer biomarker detection. This paper also highlights the obstacles related to their developmental and implicational aspects.

Ever since the first Dye Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs) have been reported in 1991, a considerable research is going on for improving its efficiency. The intensive research has made conversion efficiency to reach 14.3%. Although, fewer efforts have been made towards the study of their stability. This paper deals with the addition of MWCNTs to TiO2 photoanode and their effect on the stability of the DSSCs. Nanocomposites of MWCNT and TiO2 nanoparticles have been prepared in two different methods and characterized using FESEM and XRD. An optimum thick photoanodes were prepared using these composites and used in DSSC preparation. The photovoltaic performance of DSSCs was observed for a period of 6 months with an interval of 2 months. A huge decline was observed in the performance of cells made with pristine TiO2 photoanode whereas the cells with TiO2/MWCNT nanocomposite photoanode showed stability with a negligible decrease in the efficiency. Cells with nanocomposites prepared in both the methods were able to maintain their short circuit current (JSC) and open circuit voltage (VOC) even after continuous exposure of ambient light for 6 months. The work concludes that the addition of MWCNTs has made DSSCs less susceptible for ambient conditions.

We study the mechanical behavior of Aluminum metallic glass (Al-MG) and Al-based matrix nanocomposites (NCs) using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations within the framework of the Embedded Atom method (EAM). In terms of mechanical properties, metallic glass (MGs) are characterized by high performance, such as high yield strength and high strength, long-range atomic order is the main feature that links these mechanical properties to the structure of MGs. In the present work, the atomic structural characteristic of Al-MG is studied via several quantities such as radial distribution function (RDF), Voronoi tessellation analysis (VTA) and coordination number distribution (CN). Generally, the splitting of the second RDF peak during quenching confirmed the formation of Al-MG. The results of the application of a uniaxial tensile stress on the Al-MG samples and the NCs at 300 K with a strain rate of the order of 5. 10 8 s − 1 showed that the mechanical properties (Young's modulus, ultimate tensile strength, elastic limit, etc.) are improved by the reinforcement of the Al-MG matrix with fibers (cylinder) of crystalline nickel compared to that of-monatomic Al-MG. In general, it is observed that the ultimate tensile strength and Young's modulus increase with the increase in the diameter of the reinforcing fibers. This is explained by the presence of the heterogeneous interface, which acts as a barrier to the propagation of shear bands and the atomic adjustment between Al and Ni stops the sliding and dislocations of the crystal planes.

In the present work, hollow PdAg-CeO 2 heterodimer nanocrystals (ncs) were prepared and tested as catalysts for the selective hydrogenation of alkynes. These nanostructures combine for the first time the beneficial effect of alloying Pd with Ag in a single NC hollow domain with the formation of active sites at the interface with the ceo 2 counterpart in an additive manner. The PdAg-CeO 2 ncs display excellent alkene selectivity for aliphatic alkynes. For the specific case of hydrogenation of internal alkynes such as 4-octyne, very low over-hydrogenation and isomerization products were observed over a full conversion regime, even after prolonged reaction times. These catalytic properties were remarkably superior in comparison to standard catalysts. The promotion of Ag on the moderation of the reactivity of the Pd phase, in combination with the creation of interfacial sites with the CeO 2 moiety in the same nanostructure, is pointed as the responsible of such a remarkable catalytic performance.

BSTRACT
Five samples of barium titanate which doped with Mg and Mn (Ba(1-x) Mg x Ti(1-x)MnxO3) (where x = 0.01, 0.2, 0.03, 0.04,
and 0.05). The samples were synthesized using solid state reaction method, at 1200◦C. All samples were investigated by
Ultraviolet Visible Spectroscopy. The results of UV technique proved that the absorption and the optical band gap
energy of five samples have been increased with increasing of Mg and Mn doping at (3.18, 4.31, 4.35, 4.39, and 4.43
eV). On the other hand, the refractive indexes of the prepared samples have been decreased with dopant (2.31, 2.10,
2.09,2,089, and 2.083) respectively.

This module (a short course) takes you through a journey of Nanotechnology form its presence in ancient civilizations to modern metamaterials. it attempts to explain the physics behind each phenomena(formation of bandgap etc.). It also touches upon the physiology of our light receptors and the various methods of preparation of nanometerials in lab and

Electrochemical stability of energy storage devices is one of their major concerns. Polymeric binders are generally used to enhance the stability of the electrode, but the electrochemical performance of the device is compromised due to the poor conductivity of the binders. Herein, 3D binder-free electrode based on nickel oxide deposited on graphene (G-NiO) was fabricated by a simple two-step method. First, graphene was deposited on nickel foam via atmospheric pressure chemical vapour deposition followed by electrodeposition of NiO. The structural and morphological analyses of the fabricated G-NiO electrode were conducted through Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). XRD and Raman results confirmed the successful growth of high-quality graphene on nickel foam. FESEM images revealed the sheet and urchin-like morphology of the graphene and NiO, respectively. The electrochemical p...

Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) arises as an all-in-one characterization technique, capable of measuring several physical quantities by slight equipment's modifications. In particular, for piezo and ferroelectricity properties, the AFM overcame the limitations of macroscopic techniques. This chapter covers all the aspects of piezo and ferroelectricity measurements performed with an AFM. The chapter is divided in three main parts, one for each available technique: Piezoresponse Force Microscopy (PFM), Nano-PUND method and Direct Piezoelectric Force Microscopy (DPFM). While PFM method is based in the converse piezoelectric effect, nanoPUND measures polarization charges and DPFM measures the direct piezoelectric effect. The working principle and characteristics for each AFM mode is fully exploited and explained from entry level to more advanced users. The chapter also focuses in useful guidelines and practical hands-on explanation for maximizing the image quality and data acquisition. Finally, a set of different application based in the use of piezo and ferroelectric materials is depicted, in which the AFM characterization took an important role as the primary characterization technique.

Drug delivery, medicinal research, catalysis, and other fields may all benefit greatly from silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Therapeutic AgNPs are in high demand across the world, thus several companies are now synthesising them. These materials may be manufactured at low cost but not without risk due to the use of chemical processes. These processes also pollute the environment, create dangerous byproducts, and have other concerning features. Nanomaterial synthesis that is mediated by plant extracts is gaining popularity as a method to fabricate nanomaterials with consistent size and shape. The suggested study used F. carica leaves extract (FCLE) to rapidly fabricate AgNPs, which might provide the groundwork for mass-producing nanomaterials. Silver nanomaterial with a flower-like shape and a mean size of 4000-5000 nm was synthesized using the RESL, which acted as a green-technology. The synthesized silver nanomaterial's optical absorption band peak was shown to be at 440 nm owing to the Surface Plasmon Resonance FICUS CARICA BIOMASS-ASSISTED DEVELOPMENT OF SILVER NANOMATERIALS

Thousand years back, the people of 9th century in Mesopotamia first introduce the application of nanoparticles without knowing its science. The artisans prepared a colourful paint by mixing copper and silver salt in vinegar, ochre and clay on the surface of pottery and heated to have colourful metallic glitter that was nothing but metallic nanoparticles. During middle ages and Renaissance artists and craftsmen used nanomaterials gold and copper by luster technique. Through scientific advancement the hidden science and logic revealed in tiny particles and a new branch of science opened as Nanoscience.

Submitted for the MAR11 Meeting of The American Physical Society In-situ study of AFM tip wear by contact resonance force microscopy JASON KILLGORE, ROY GEISS, DONNA HURLEY, National Institute of Standards & Technology-The size and shape of an atomic force microscope (AFM) tip strongly influence the resolution and accuracy of the instrument. Here we present a new means to directly measure tip wear in situ during contact-mode AFM scanning. Tip wear is observed from changes in contact radius determined by contact resonance force microscopy (CR-FM). In CR-FM, a flexural eigenmode of the cantilever is excited and tracked while the tip is in contact with a sample. As the tip wears, the resonant frequency increases, corresponding to increased contact radius. We demonstrate excellent agreement between quantitative tip wear results from CR-FM and from established ex-situ techniques such as scanning electron microscope imaging. Even for compliant cantilevers scanned at very low forces, we are able to resolve subnanometer changes in contact radius. Overall, benefits of our wear-monitoring approach are that CR-FM provides quantitative values of contact radius, allows continuous measurements, affords high spatial resolution, and does not adversely influence the wear rate.

A nanopore-based device provides single-molecule detection and analytical capabilities that are achieved by electrophoretically driving molecules in solution through a nano-scale pore. The nanopore provides a highly confined space within which single nucleic acid polymers can be analyzed at high throughput by one of a variety of means, and the perfect processivity that can be enforced in a narrow pore ensures that the native order of the nucleobases in a polynucleotide is reflected in the sequence of signals that is detected. Kilobase length polymers (single-stranded genomic DNA or RNA) or small molecules (e.g., nucleosides) can be identified and characterized without amplification or labeling, a unique analytical capability that makes inexpensive, rapid DNA sequencing a possibility. Further research and development to overcome current challenges to nanopore identification of each successive nucleotide in a DNA strand offers the prospect of `third generation' instruments that will sequence a diploid mammalian genome for ~$1,000 in ~24 h.

We study the effect of an external biaxial stress on the light emission of single InGaAs=GaAsð001Þ quantum dots placed onto piezoelectric actuators. With increasing compression, the emission blueshifts and the binding energies of the positive trion (X þ) and biexciton (XX) relative to the neutral exciton (X) show a monotonic increase. This phenomenon is mainly ascribed to changes in electron and hole localization and it provides a robust method to achieve color coincidence in the emission of X and XX, which is a prerequisite for the possible generation of entangled photon pairs via the recently proposed ''time reordering'' scheme.

This study investigates the feasibility of using biodegradable secondary alcohol ethoxylate (SAE) non-ionic surfactant as a building block for the formation of reverse micelles, functioning as reactive dye carriers for the dyeing of cotton fabric in non-aqueous octane medium. Ten dyeing parameters were optimised, by a one-factor-at-a-time approach, namely: (i) effect of colour fixation agent; (ii) surfactant-to-water mole ratio; (iii) surfactant-to-co-surfactant mole ratio; (iv) volume of soda ash; (v) volume of dye; (vi) solvent-to-cotton ratio; (vii) dyeing temperature; (viii) dyeing time; (ix) fixation time; (x) soda-ash-to-cotton ratio. The colour properties, fastness properties and physical properties of SAE-dyed samples were experimentally compared with the conventional water-dyed samples. The optimised condition was found when SAE samples were dyed as follows: (a) 1:20 surfactant-to-water ratio; (b) 1:8 surfactant-to-co-surfactant ratio; (c) 10:1 solvent ratio; (d) 40 min dye...

Frictional properties of soft elastomers have been in question for over half of a century. Early studies 1-3 on natural rubber originated for the sole purpose of tabulating properties for bulk consumer applications, such as viscoelastic adhesives, 4,5 tires, 6 and windshield wipers, 7,8 to name a few. Empirical tabulation of frictional properties persisted until the early 1950's, when Roth et al. 9 and Thirion 10 began experiments towards a fundamental understanding of rubbery sliding. Quantitative physical analysis began with the observation that the classic Coulombic laws obeyed consistently at rigid body interfaces fail at the interface between a rigid solid and a rubber. Even today, there remains an incomplete understanding of the molecular level parameters that control the frictional behavior of elastomeric surfaces. With this chapter, we explore the historical developments in elastomeric friction and discuss the evolution of an unresolved triborheological complexity. We work from an initial macroscopic perspective toward a microscopic one that describes dissipation process in terms of molecular phenomena at frictional contacts. Readers are urged to consider a competition between these molecular processes, where for soft matter, internal cohesion is comparable to interfacial adhesion. While cohesion may dominate adhesion, or visa versa, we develop a picture for elastomeric friction that encompasses both. Early Elastomeric Friction Studies Early studies by Papenhuyzen, 11 as well as Roth et al.., 9 showed that the friction force of commercial rubbers on steel increases monotonically with velocity. Beyond a certain velocity, however, sliding becomes unstable and the rubber sample "chatters", or exhibits stick-slip sliding. Thirion 10 , on the other hand, observed that the friction increases with normal load, which Schallamach 12,13 attributed to the increase of contact area resulting from the deformation of rubber asperities. Similar suggestions were made by Bowden and Tabor. 14 Assuming the asperities are hemispheres in Hertzian contact with smooth glass, Schallamach predicted that friction should increase with load in a power law manner, with an exponent of two third. Indeed, this prediction was verified over a limited range of loads. However, Schallamach did not immediately address a crucial implication of his prediction: that the friction force should increase with modulus! If frictional force were to depend on contact area, a softer (lower modulus) material would have a greater contact area at any load, thus exhibiting higher friction, which was contrary to several experimental observations. He moved on to examine the effects of velocity and temperature 19 on rubber friction. As temperature increases, the frictional force decreases. Alternatively, at a given temperature, the friction force increases with sliding velocity. Schallamach showed that the velocity-and temperature-dependent behavior of rubber friction follows Eyring's 15 theory of reaction rates. However, when this activation theory is applied to

Frictional properties of soft elastomers have been in question for over half of a century. Early studies 1-3 on natural rubber originated for the sole purpose of tabulating properties for bulk consumer applications, such as viscoelastic adhesives, 4,5 tires, 6 and windshield wipers, 7,8 to name a few. Empirical tabulation of frictional properties persisted until the early 1950's, when Roth et al. 9 and Thirion 10 began experiments towards a fundamental understanding of rubbery sliding. Quantitative physical analysis began with the observation that the classic Coulombic laws obeyed consistently at rigid body interfaces fail at the interface between a rigid solid and a rubber. Even today, there remains an incomplete understanding of the molecular level parameters that control the frictional behavior of elastomeric surfaces. With this chapter, we explore the historical developments in elastomeric friction and discuss the evolution of an unresolved triborheological complexity. We work from an initial macroscopic perspective toward a microscopic one that describes dissipation process in terms of molecular phenomena at frictional contacts. Readers are urged to consider a competition between these molecular processes, where for soft matter, internal cohesion is comparable to interfacial adhesion. While cohesion may dominate adhesion, or visa versa, we develop a picture for elastomeric friction that encompasses both. Early Elastomeric Friction Studies Early studies by Papenhuyzen, 11 as well as Roth et al.., 9 showed that the friction force of commercial rubbers on steel increases monotonically with velocity. Beyond a certain velocity, however, sliding becomes unstable and the rubber sample "chatters", or exhibits stick-slip sliding. Thirion 10 , on the other hand, observed that the friction increases with normal load, which Schallamach 12,13 attributed to the increase of contact area resulting from the deformation of rubber asperities. Similar suggestions were made by Bowden and Tabor. 14 Assuming the asperities are hemispheres in Hertzian contact with smooth glass, Schallamach predicted that friction should increase with load in a power law manner, with an exponent of two third. Indeed, this prediction was verified over a limited range of loads. However, Schallamach did not immediately address a crucial implication of his prediction: that the friction force should increase with modulus! If frictional force were to depend on contact area, a softer (lower modulus) material would have a greater contact area at any load, thus exhibiting higher friction, which was contrary to several experimental observations. He moved on to examine the effects of velocity and temperature 19 on rubber friction. As temperature increases, the frictional force decreases. Alternatively, at a given temperature, the friction force increases with sliding velocity. Schallamach showed that the velocity-and temperature-dependent behavior of rubber friction follows Eyring's 15 theory of reaction rates. However, when this activation theory is applied to

The synthesis of RbKLiAlF 6 via a sol-gel route is described. The crystal structure has been determined using Rietveldrefinement. It is shown that the compound crystallizes in the hexagonal 12L-structure of the Cs 2 NaCrF 6-type (space-group R3m) with a ϭ 5.7195 Å , c ϭ 27.8655(4) Å and therefore belongs to the family of hexagonal elpasolites being the first example for an Al-elpasolite

Lubrication is prime requirement of metal cutting industries to assure high quality performance. A lot of heat developed because of high friction during an abrasive material removal process. The conventional method of cooling consumes high amount of coolant but still insufficient to control thermal related problems. The proper penetration of coolant is not possible and most of the fluid goes in waste form. This method is uneconomical and eco-friendly less. The alternative is minimum quantity lubrication technique, in which a minute amount of lubricant with high air velocity delivers directly to cutting zone for effective penetration. The nanofluids have excellent convection heat transfer and thermal conductivity properties. To reduce the excess usage of grinding fluid, nanofluid has recently applied to grinding process using minimum quantity lubrication technique. The MQL based nanofluid technique (nanofluid MQL) gives better cooling and lubricating effects which improves overall grinding performance compared to conventional flooded, MQL and pure nanofluid machining. This literature study provides a review on results obtained for grinding process in different grinding environments. It helps to find the research gap for the researchers to develop green and sustainable grinding process for better results.

Grinding is a precision machining process widely used for close tolerance and good surface finish. Due to aggregate of geometrically undefined cutting edges and material removal in the form of microchips, grinding requires more specific energy as friction is greater in the grinding interface. The optimum use and proper penetration of coolant is the prime requirement which is achieved by effective cooling and lubrication. In this research, a greater focus is on MQL technique, which is economical and eco-friendly. The paper presents important aspects of the grinding process considering the surface roughness and cutting force. The experiments were carried out on horizontal surface grinding machine using Response surface methodology (RSM). In addition, evaluation of grinding performance parameters like coefficient of friction, cutting forces, temperature and specific grinding energy for different machining environments has been discussed. The lowest surface roughness and coefficient of friction observed was 0.1236 µm and 0.3906, respectively for MQL grinding, whereas lowest specific grinding energy was found as 18.95 N/mm 2 in wet grinding. The temperature recorded in MQL grinding was 29.07 °C, which is marginally higher than wet condition. The response obtained as cutting forces, temperature and surface roughness under MQL mode encourages its use for machining AISI D3 type material compared to other grinding environments. Mathematical modeling showing the relation between the factors and response variables was established using Response surface methodology. Regression analysis was performed to determine the accuracy of mathematical model, significant factors and interaction effects of parameters on responses.

The Raman spectra of thin film, and powdered crystalline forms of CuTCNQ have been studied ano analyzed in connection with their electronic spectra, and vibrational normal coordinate analysis and molecular orbital results. Nonresonance and resonance Raman conditions have been obtained by uiing different ample forms and source wavelengths. Shifts of TCNQ" and TCNQ = vibrational frequencies from those of TCNQO due to changes in the charge on the TCNQ moiety have been calculated in terms of molecular orbital parameters and TCNQ* vibrational frequences. The resonance Raman enhancement of TCNQ in the red band system is shown to be of Franck-Condon origin and its resonance Raman spectrum in this region is calculated. Transformation of CuTCNQ to TCNQ* with different laser lines is explained on the basis of photcinduced electronic transitions.

Cds and CdTe both are effective absorber semiconductors for thin-film solar cells. It is a naturally n-type material, which has a direct bandgap value of 2.42 eV at room temperature It has great importance in light detectors in this work, CdS thin films (TF) were synthesized on glass substrates by RF Magnetron sputtering technique in an inert gas atmosphere. The electrical properties of CdS were characterized by the Van Der Pauw method. The films showed p-type conductivity, while the films deposited at different annealed times exhibited n-type conductivity. The resistivity of the CdTe films decrease as the conductivity increased. As the source rate was increased, the hole concentration in the as-grown p-type CdTe films increased. It was also reported annealing process affects the electrical properties. Al doping CdS the value of resistivity becomes minimum as the resistivity becomes maximum although mobility has maximum value after an increase in Al doping the mobility value. As a r...

Since last decade, biogenic synthesis of metal or metal-oxide nanoparticles is emerging as an alternative method, which is environment friendly, simple and safe to use. In this article, fruit waste (peel) extract (FWE) of three citrus fruits viz. Citrus limon, Citrus sinensis, and Citrus limetta were used as bio-reductant for green and sustainable synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). As-synthesised AgNPs were characterized by using UV-vis spectroscopy, Dynamic light scattering, and High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy. TEM studies revealed 9-46 [ 1 1 6 _ T D $ D I F F ] nm size range of synthesized AgNPs. The antimicrobial and antioxidant activities were also studied by using Agar well diffusion method and DPPH Assay, respectively. Nanoparticles showed good antimicrobial activity against both Gram positive (S. aureus) and Gram negative (E. coli) bacteria. Further, bioactivity assays revealed selective cytotoxicity (anticancer) of the nanoparticles against human lung cancer cell line A549. The nanoparticles are able to induce cancer cell specific apoptosis at G0/G1 phase of cell cycle. The results showed potential mechanism of action of nanoparticles via augmentation of antioxidant system in cancer cells. Over all, this study show multifaceted potential bioactivities of nanoparticles generated from fruit waste.

Maximum natural textile substrates are dyed with reactive-based dyes. The exercise of this dye is progressed in an elevated celerity for its moderate to good light fastness, simple and variant dyeing methods, and an apparition of many bright colors. A trichromatic mixture of dyes of the same reactive group is always preferred. In this research work, single jersey cotton knitted fabric was dyed with the same amount [2%] of reactive dyes (red, yellow & blue) of different functional groups (Mono-functional; Triazine and Vinyl sulphone, Bi-functional; Pyrimidine and Vinyl Sulphone and poly-functional). Colorfastness (wash, rub, perspiration and light) of dyed fabrics were evaluated. Bursting strength was also measured for different functional groups. It was found that Reactive dyes of MCT and Bi-Functional groups showed better rubbing, light fastness, and bursting strength properties than other functional groups.