Nepali

The paper is totally based on field investigation which was carried out in different blocks of North districts of Sikkim. As settlement not only shows the multi-relational dimension but it also exhibits the variation, boundaries as a whole, it also generates a typical landscape. The main focus of this paper is on Rural Settlement where the detail study of rational house type of different ethnic groups like Bhutia Lepcha and Nepalese are studied. The recorded history witnesses that the different ethnic groups came with different idea of constructing houses which are of typical type, the Lepcha who are consider to be original habitat of Sikkim had the similar way of constructing houses that of Bhutia. This different ethnic groups brought their own culture and own way of living. This includes house type or style, food habits, dressing, belief etc, the lepcha and bhutia have some kind of similarities in the construction of houses unlike Nepalese who developed a different style of constructing houses all together. With an objective of Identification of different settlement pattern/ form and their classification on the basis of ecological and non-ecological factor, Collection, Analysis, Interpretation of process of settlement data as these data which will not only important for town planner and other government agencies but can be studied for the improvement of settlement in Sikkim.

King Prithivi Narayan Shah of Nepal instructions of Statehood, 1774 AD, Nuwakot Darbar,Nepal.
The first document on statehood and nation making, a basis for the Shah dynasty and modern Nepal! As Nepal enters the Constitution writing process, federalism and much else a highly needed reading as written by the King and translated by Stiller.

Looking at the national environment in terms of disaster preparedness for floods, landslides, and earthquakes, there is an overall consciousness on the part of key actors in Nepal working in the fields of disaster management that natural disasters need to be faced with full preparedness, and they are working towards that end. There is also a realisation that natural hazards cannot be avoided, but at least their effects can be minimised if timely measures to mitigate them are taken. The key actors also realise that local communities must be involved in disaster preparedness for pre- and post-disaster activities. The Ministry of Home Affair’s (MoHA) institutional capacity to deal with natural hazards and disaster management should be improved. In doing so, the importance of disaster management should be reflected by giving it more prominence within the institutional structure of MoHA. Hazard mapping as a tool for disaster management is important. Within the country, a system for sharing hazard maps and making them available to all key actors should be introduced. The CNDRC could undertake to do so. Activities and components of the National Action Plan should be mainstreamed into the activities of the relevant implementing organisations working in the field of disaster preparedness.

Nepali presents with a complex case marking pattern in which ergative case is obligatory in perfective transitive clauses, disallowed in unaccusative intransitive clauses and copular clauses, and varies with the nominative elsewhere. Where ergative marking is variable, its usage correlates with a variety of semantic and pragmatic factors. The purpose of this investigation is to precisely delineate the grammatical domains for which ergative marking is variable and to provide a unified analysis of the semantic and pragmatic factors that correlate with its expression.

The study of pragmatic phenomena requires the implementation of multiple strate- gies for collecting language data. The data for this investigation come from four con- verging lines of inquiry: descriptions of the Nepali pattern in the literature, targeted elicitations with thirteen native speakers, the implementation of a grammaticality judgment survey in Kathmandu in 2016, and the analysis of a published corpus of spoken Nepali.
The analysis found ergative marking to be obligatory in perfective main clauses and variable in subordinate clauses. What appears to be active marking in intransitive clauses is analyzed as ergative marking in transitive clauses with covert objects. The only categorical split is the distinction between perfective and non-perfective verb forms. Every other association was found to be non-categorical.

These non-categorical associations include a positive correlation between subjects with inanimate reference and the expression of ergativity in common nouns, and a
negative correlation between first person pronouns and ergativity in the pronominal domain. This follows expected patterns of marking based on the types which are most frequent in discourse. Ergative marking is somewhat associated with highly individuated objects, but not with affected objects.

Ergative marking is positively associated with characterizing or individual-level predicates, kind readings, categorical propositions, and strong construals of quantifiers. There was no correlation found between ergative marking and agency or volitionality. The unified analysis of these associations contributes to theories of Optional Ergative Marking and to optional case marking systems in general. The main claim is that the Nepali ergative marks an effector of the event described by the clause. This term refers to a participant which is implicated in enacting and effecting the event, but is not necessarily its main controller or instigator. As a component of the ergative case marking system, it has a pragmatic usage, implicating the subject as a participant in a prototypically transitive event. Aspects of this analysis contribute to the general theory of Optional Ergative Marking and its relation to argument proto-roles. Associations between the ergative and prototypical properties of a transitive event arise from the meaning of the ergative marker as an effector. This analysis also provides a straightforward explanation for the lack of volitional correlations in Nepali that we find in other languages with variable ergativity.

Other semantic and pragmatic features are associated with discourse prominence. These include the correlation with categorical propositions and characterizing predi- cates. Here the associations are attributable to general principles of semantic marked- ness. Variable ergativity represents the presence of pragmatic implicatures of various strengths. Gradient markedness oppositions can lead to the conventionalization of these associations into semantic entailments. This is demonstrated for English gender marking, the association between ergative marking and semantic properties of the
transitive subject in Nepali, and the association between ergative marking and Nepali perfective verb forms.

""The Sherpa-English and English-Sherpa Dictionary (SEESD) is the product of a very fruitful collaboration between two Sherpa scholars and two European linguists who are specialists in the Tibetic languages. The SEESD is the only Sherpa dictionary which provides both Tibetan and Nepali equivalents as well as the Tibetan etymology. Sherpa words are presented in a romanization system with a notation of tones.
The SEESD includes a brief description of the Sherpa-speaking area, dialectal variation, and the linguistic affiliation of the language.
It is the first publication to provide information about the phonological correspondences of Literary Tibetan in Sherpa. These correspondences, as well as the basic lexicon, clearly show that Sherpa is derived from Old Tibetan and is closely related to Classical Literary Tibetan. The specificities of Sherpa verb morphology are described in great detail in an appendix of this dictionary.

TOURNADRE Nicolas, L. N. Sherpa, G. Chodrak & Guillaume OISEL, 2009. Sherpa-English English-Sherpa Dictionary with Literary Tibetan and Nepali Equivalents, Kathmandu: Vajra Pub, 296 p.

http://www.vajrabookshop.com/more_info.php?category_cd=39&product_cd=1495&MODE=CART""

The Kukri knife, also written as Khukuri, Khukri, Khookree, Kookeri, Kukoori, Koorkerie, Kookery, Kukery, Koukoori, Khokreis, Cookri, Gurkha Knife and other variations, takes its name from the Nepali word "खुकुरी" . This dagger-knife is today world famous and known as the Symbol of the Gurkhas, National weapon of Nepal and a most excellent knife with a long and ancient history. Ive used the term "Kukri" over the more proper "Khukuri" as it is
probably a wider used word and thus more familiar to the reader. We here explore what has been written regarding the Kukri knife over the past 200 years, from the dawn of modern Nepal, Anglo-Nepal War, The Great Wars and until modern day.

बिभिन्न विद्वानहरुले विक्रम संम्वत भारतको उज्जैनबाट आएको मान्दछन् तर भारतमा बिक्रमआदित्य नाम गरेको कुनै पनि राजाको उल्लेख यस संम्बत हुदा नभेटेका कारण यसको उद्गम स्थल भारत नभैइ नेपालमै मान्दै आएको छ।नेपालमा जब किराँतहरूलाई पराजित गरे तब जितेका शाशकको नामका पछाडि वर्मा भएका थिए। उनीहरुले नै वर्मा सम्बत चलाए। जुन पछि अपभ्रंश भई विक्रम सम्बत भएको देखिन्छ। वा यो सम्बत भारततिर पुग्दा बिक्रम सम्बतले चिन्नियो। र लिच्छविकालमा नेपाल, हाल भरतको वाराणसीसम्म भएको मानिन्छ।

लिच्छविकालको नेपाल पनि निकै विकास भइसकेको थियो। त्यसैले उनीहरुले हरेक क्षेत्रहरुलाई याद गरि नाप गरि ३६५ दिनको सम्बत चलाए। जुन सम्बतमा हरेक तिथिहरु मिलेको देखिन्छ। खास यसलाई व्यवहारिक रुपमा चन्द्रशमशेरले ल्याएका हुन्। शंक सम्बत र नेपाल संवतमा ३५४ दिन मात्र हुने भएकाले त्यसलाई आधिकारिक रुपमा मान्न सकिएन।  त्यहीबेलादेखि विक्रम संवतलाई भने राष्ट्रिय संम्बतको रुपमा चलनमा ल्याइयो।

Located on the southern side of Cologne (Köln), Germany there is a small but beautiful graveyard maintained by the CWGC. There is two Gurkhas from World War 1 commemorated here. They are found outside the main CWGC area along with some Indian Army soldiers and surrounded by a high number of German soldiers.

These two Gurkhas were Prisoner of War and had been held captive by the Kaisers military in World War 1.

We will first examine the history of the 2/8th Gurkha Rifles (2/8 GR) on the Western Front between 1914 to 1915, then have a closer look at the Cemetery where these two brave Gurkhas are commemorated and finally a list of various sites where Gurkhas fighting on the Western Front in 1914-1915 have been commemorated.

1. The Nepali alphabet: not just the letters, but the names by which each is known to schoolchildren throughout Nepal. These are essential aides for Nepali language learners trying to sort out unfamiliar phonemics in letters that are not differentiated in, for example, English, such as the difference between the त (dental non-aspirated “t”) and the थ (dental aspirated “t”), which are known as the “hoe-shaped t” and the “ox-face-shaped t”. Use these names to confirm that you have heard the letters correctly, just as generations of non-native-Nepali-speaking children in Nepalese national schools have.

This paper provides a quick overview of Nepal that spans its origins, different historical accounts, demographics, and current socio-political context. Some of the major political activities that have been followed by important civil uprisings and instability are also covered. Other works contained herein that have been consulted include online sources available across the internet and other media portals. While some of the descriptions and explanations included are from the author’s own personal experience and analysis as a citizen, most of the works are assembled from various sources comprising online portals and blogs, news magazines, official archives, and the digital library. Most of the facts and figures as well as historical accounts have been assembled from various governmental and non-governmental online sources.
The paper aims to provide its reader a quick guide about Nepal in its various aspects. The future health of Nepal rests greatly in the hope of creating a new constitution, a process started in 2008. Naturally beautiful, Nepal today is worse off than ever before. In spite of (or perhaps because of) this, Nepalese have huge hope and faith in the upcoming Constitution, and are impatiently looking forward to experiencing a new start in the country because of it.

This article is about the late Brigadier John Humphrey Montagu (1919-2014) and his Kukri (Khukuri) knifes. I´ve focused on his military career (Part 1) and the two Kukri knifes (Part 2) he acquired during his service in India and the Far East between 1939-1968.
John Humphrey Montagu rarely spoke about his military career though he had served almost 30 years in the Army, with the Gurkhas across half the world, with distinction. The late Brigadier Montagu followed his father into the Army and joined the Armed Forces at a time when the sun never set over the British Empire, prior to the 2nd World War (WW2). He was commissioned into the Duke of Cornwall´s Light Infantry in 1939 and during WW2 served in the 8th Gurkha Rifles on the frontiers of India and Burma. After the War and Indian Independence he served a short period in Royal Army Service Corps and 7th Gurkha Rifles, before transferring to 10th Princess Mary`s Own Gurkha Rifles.
He saw the British Empire at its height and over the years how it crumbled and former colonies became independent sovereign nations by the time he retired. During 30 years he served in WW2, Indian Independence, Malayan Emergency, Borneo Confrontation and Hong Kong.

छ। यसको निमाण पहिलो पाँचौँ शताब्दी तिर भएको मानिन्छ। यद्यपि केहि काठका सामाग्री भने यो भन्दा पुराना छ्न। यस पछि अंशुवर्माको पाला सातौं शताब्दीमा बनेको देखिन्छ। त्यस्तै अर्को पुर्ण निर्माण ९ औं शताब्दीमा  नेपाल सम्वत चलेको बेला भएको देखिन्छ। त्यसपछि एघारौं शताब्दीमा बनेको देखिन्छ। यसै समयमा यहाँ गुरु गोरखनाथको मुर्ती राखेको पाइन्छ। तस समयमा गोरखनाथका अनुयायी आइ यहाँ बसे। तर यो पाली भने निकै बलियो भएकाले आर्को पुण निर्माण गर्न परेन। तर पछि पनि आएको अरु समस्यमा यस्को केही भाग थप वा घटाउ गरियो। यद्यपि यो बेला बेला यस्को जिर्णउद्धार भइ नै रख्यो। त्यसपछि परी अहिले ९ सय वर्षपछि मात्र यो पूर्ण रुपमा निर्माण हुन लागेको हो। यसको पहिलो उल्लेख १२ औं शताब्दीमा लेखिएको नामसङ्गीति एक ग्रन्थमा पाइएको छ। यसको अर्को उल्लेख  बिं सं. १३००को 'परमार्थनामनामसङ्गीति'  नामक गर्न्थमा रहेको छ।

The morphosyntactic case systems of Indo-Aryan languages variously exhibit a number of interesting properties (aspect-split ergative morphological alignment, dative 'subject' marking, differential object marking, to name but a few). While several representative branches of the family have been the subject of a good deal of linguistic inquiry in this regard, the case distribution patterns of Nepali have received rather less attention. has provided the most comprehensive descriptive and analytic account of case (and subjecthood) in the standard Kathmandu dialect of Nepali, and it is his data that are largely cited when referencing case phenomena of the language. My own consultation sessions, however, with a (20 year old) native speaker of the standard Kathmandu dialect, have revealed a number of differences with regard to case patterning possibilities and to the reliability of some of the general subjecthood diagnostics that Wallace offers. It is unclear whether the differences between Wallace's data and my own are due to language shift over the past twenty years, or merely dialectal difference, and so I will not venture to draw any conclusions relating to potential diachronic developments in the Nepali case system between then and now.

বাংলা সাহিত্যের যে-কোনো পাঠকের কাছে নেপালি সাহিত্য আগ্রহের বিষয় হয়ে উঠতে পারে সহজেই। ভাষাটিতে বাংলা শব্দভাণ্ডারের প্রতিরূপ শব্দের প্রাচুর্য এবং কাঠমাণ্ডু উপত্যকার মানুষদের জীবন ও মূল্যবোধের সঙ্গে আমাদের বোধগত সাযুজ্য সে-আগ্রহসৃষ্টির অন্যতম কারণ। যদিও ঐতিহাসিক পরিপ্রেক্ষিত বিবেচনা করলে দেখা যায়, নেপালি ভাষা ও সাহিত্যের অতীতটি বাংলা ভাষা ও সাহিত্যের দীর্ঘ ঐতিহ্যের তুলনায় নিতান্তই বামনাকৃতির। অন্যদিকে বাংলাদেশের সাহিত্যের ইতিহাসের গত একশ বছরের সঙ্গে তুল্য বিচার করলে দেখা যাবে, আমাদের সাহিত্যের পর্ববিভাগ বা যুগবিভাগগুলোর সঙ্গে নেপালি সাহিত্যের পর্ব বা যুগবিভাগের সাদৃশ্য রীতিমতো উদ্দীপক। এমনকি আমাদের সমচেতনার সাহিত্যিকও নেপালি ভাষায় দুর্লভ নয়। পরাধীনতা, অত্যাচার এবং ক্ষুধার বিরুদ্ধে জাতীয় কবি কাজী নজরুলের যে-উচ্চকণ্ঠ, নজরুলের ঠিক একদশক পরে প্রায় সমরূপ এক উচ্চকণ্ঠের কবি নেপালেও আবির্ভূত। নেপাল অঞ্চলের রাজনৈতিক ইতিহাসের সঙ্গে আমাদের রাজনৈতিক ইতিহাসের পার্থক্য থাকলেও অনুসন্ধানী যে-কোনো পাঠক দুটি অঞ্চলের ইতিহাসের মধ্যে এক ধরণের সমরূপতাও খুঁজে পেতে পারেন দ্রুতই।

Nepali presents with a complex case-marking pattern in which ergative case is obligatory in the perfective transitive domain and varies with the nominative elsewhere. Where variable, its usage correlates with individual-level predication, categorical propositions, individuated objects, and bounded events. Unlike other languages with optional ergativity, it does not correlate with the volitionality or agentivity of the subject. These associations have two sources. The first is discourse prominence. In any system where a case marker varies with its absence, the presence of the marker will be associated with higher prominence. A subject marked as prominent in the discourse will tend to be interpreted as definite, contrastively focused, and the logical subject of a categorical proposition. The second source is the semantic contribution of the ergative case-marker itself, which is related to prototype features of transitive subjects. The relevant features are Instigator (the initiator of the event) and Effector (the enactor and effector of the event). In a point of variation among ergative systems, the Nepali ergative marks the participant as an Effector but not as an Instigator. As a component of the ergative case-marking system, it implicates the subject as a participant in a prototypically transitive event.

Identification of synonyms for the languages
with limited resources remains challenging.
This article deals with a novel method for
extracting synonyms from the entries of the
bilingual machine-readable dictionaries. It was
supposed that different translations of the same
word are usually synonyms. An interactive PHP
program for verification of the obtained quasisynonyms
was developed.

The verb ‘to see’ in a typological perspective is often grammaticalized in different ways, inter alia it becomes a source of adpositions. This study is based on the field linguistic research on the Kumaoni language (2010-2017). The paper deals with the Kumaoni postposition grammaticalized from the conjunctive participle (converb) of the verb dekhno ‘to see’ and functioning as a marker of a stimulus in the constructions of emotional state. We can also observe the same grammaticalization path for some postpositions in Nepali and Phalura.

The 200-year history of Gurkha service notwithstanding, Gurkha soldiers were forced to retire in their own country. The policy changes of 2004 and 2009 ended the age-old practice and paved the way for tens of thousands of retired soldiers and their dependants to migrate to the UK, many settling in the garrison towns of southern England. One of the fundamental changes to the Nepali diaspora in Britain since the mass arrival of these military migrants has been the extraordinary rise of caste associations, so much so that caste – ethnicised caste –has become a key marker of overseas Gurkha community and identity. This article seeks to understand the extent to which the policies and practices of the Brigade of Gurkhas, including pro-caste recruitment and organisation, have contributed to the rapid reproduction of caste abroad. Informed by Vron Ware’s paradigm of military migration and multiculture, I demonstrate how caste has both strengthened the traditional social bonds and exacerbate...

This article describes sadharanikaran model of communication (SMC) and outlines its fundamentals. The article initially discusses the concept of ‘sadharanikaran' as conceived in Hindu poetics acknowledging its relevance for the modern discipline of communication. And, it also presents an account of the background upon which the model was developed and proposed. The descriptive part of the article is primarily indebted to Natyashastra and Vakyapadiya

Educational leaders in Nepali Schools face a situation of intricacy in their everyday experience. This study answers the fundamental question of ' what does it mean being a teacher leader?' Acknowledging the pedagogic significance of being a teacher leader, this inquiry applies Hermeneutic Phenomenology as a method of researching the leadership experience. The research question is answered in analogy using metaphors where being at the top equals to 'walking a labyrinth', being in the middle is like ' Waiting for Godot' and being at bottom is like ' burning like a candle'. This qualitative inquiry explores the lived experience of being leaders in Nepali institutional schools at a time the education system of Nepal is going through a transition. Tallied against the principles of distributed leadership, this study concludes that Nepali educational fraternity is not yet fully prepared to implement the inherent assumptions that distributed leadership postu...

T he media do not cover all the events and incidents of the day. There is a visible trend across the world that the process of gatekeeping in the mass media outlets could be liberal with the presence of pressure groups. Though the usual trend of low media coverage on children in Nepal has been low, the spikes have been visible time and again with frequent and relentless persuasion of the cause in the form of pressure, advocacy and campaigns. Analysis of the media coverage of child-related issues from five national dailies and three prominent online news portals based on the cultivated data with qualitative and quantitative approaches demonstrate the direct relationship between the pressure and coverage. It reveals that influence over the gatekeeping process would become the potential to cause wider coverage and prominence placement.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate an account of ergative-nominative alternations in non-perfective clauses in Nepali. As observed in many Indo-Aryan languages, the ergative case marker is obligatory in perfective tenses. The variable presence of ergative marking in the non-perfective domain of Nepali has been articulated as an expression of emphasis, subject animacy, or individual-level predication. I argue that that =le marks the subject of a categorical proposition in the sense of Kuroda (1972). I explore the felicity of =le in particular discourse contexts depending upon whether the response is presented thetically or categorically. I also note that =le may only be found in quantifier phrases with strong construal, which provides support for the notion that =le marks categorical subjects.

T he inaugural edition of the NJHTM, a journal of Nepal Academy of Tourism and Hotel Management (NATHM), has been brought out at a time when the country has been all set to embark upon a decade of tourism development with a national target to bring in 2 million tourists, branding Nepal as "Naturally Nepal, Once is not Enough." The campaign carries requisite creditability and impact, because "heaven is a myth, Nepal is real," as they say. Nepal's fl ora and fauna, cultural and heritage products, ethnic diversities, and neutral-ground status all add substantial value to Nepal's potential as a favourite destination for visitors from all around the world for varied purposes.

The objective of the study is to find the learning effectiveness of given the theorem of geometry of class10 in the book published by government of Nepal MOEST which has been the subject of debate among teachers and learners. The study primarily focus Makawanpur district and the informants were selected convinently for the study. There are 95 community schools and 41 private schools in the district. The teachers were selected from both Nepali and English mediums. I conducted the questionnaire survey of the selected teachers and a case study of students. So, there were 4o mathematic teachers for the data collection and five students. Primary data had been collected visiting personally to fill up a set questionnaire with six objectives yes/no and true/false questions. There was a pilot test before the collection of the data. It was found that the present diagram and used strategy of class 10 book has to be reviewed immediately before the new session starts for the coming academic session. The conclusion of the study is that the debatable proof of theorem can be replaced with the one that matches the principle of theorem "Figures which are satisfied with a statement of a theorem the proofs satisfy all of them".

This chapter reports on an ethnographic study of two Nepali students’ identity and investment in learning English and Chinese (Cantonese) in Hong Kong. This ethnographic inquiry lasted for more than 2 years during which I had interactions with the participating students and observed their language practices and social interactions at various locations (i.e., at school, home, friendship networks, and social media). Analysis of the data reveals that self-other identification processes play important roles in learners’ investments in learning a particular dominant or non-dominant language. In light of these findings, this chapter concludes with a call to researchers to undertake further research on the social identification processes and investment in learning languages. This chapter also calls on educators to understand the identities of the linguistic minority students in order to respond to their needs so that they could invest meaningfully in learning institutionally legitimized languages.

A growing proportion of Nepali speakers settled in urban areas who were educated through English-medium boarding schools present a tendency to use numerous English expressions along with Nepali in their daily interactions. This is also the case in some specific socio-professional environments such as TV and radio entertainment broadcasts made for the latest generations. The speakers make use of a variety of discursive resources for expressive purposes. The combinatory properties of such mixed language practices allow them to construct meaning in order to fit the requirements of particularly demanding social interactions, where most speakers exhibit the knowledge of a complex linguistic repertoire. The purpose of this article is to introduce the sociolinguistic context of contemporary urban Nepalese society, based on the most recent studies which have attempted to apprehend the role of English in Nepal today. A brief analysis of several examples of interactions extracted from a media...

This paper investigates the phonetic realization of the contrastively aspirated affricates /tsh/ and /dzh/ in Nepali. Static palatography reveals no consistent articulatory difference between these sounds and their nonaspirated counterparts /ts/ and /dz/. However, acoustic examination shows that /tsh/ and /dzh/ differ from /ts/ and /dz/ in several ways depending on the identity of the following vowel (open /a/ vs. palatal /i/). The most prominent and consistent cue to the aspirates, voiceless as well as voiced, is breathy or muffled voice and lowered F0 on the following vowel.

This paper studies the use of le, a unit of language (UoL) in Nepali, and its multifunctionality. As a UoL, le denotes one single lexical item that demonstrates different functions, depending upon the syntactic contexts le is used in. The study discusses four different functions of le: leergative, le-instrumental, le-reason, and le-verb. As an ergative marker, le is a suffix on the subject of a transitive verb. However, as an instrumental marker, le is attached to an object that the subject uses to perform an action. The UoL le is attached to past participle forms of the verb, and it shows a reason as a reason-clause marker. In addition, le can also be used as a lexical verb. After these four functions are discussed, the paper attempts to associate the multifunctionality of le with four domains of Wiltschko's (2014) Universal Spine Hypothesis (USH): classification, point-of-view, anchoring, and linking.

This is an expanded slide show of the my presentation in the Linguistic's Panel at the 16th WSC in Bangkok. It gives a broad overview of the post-doctoral project I am putting together and includes some preliminary data from two 'Sanskrit speaking' villages. Gamiri, Assam and Jhiri, Madhya Pradesh.