Patron-Client Relations

한국 선교는 전환점에 와 있다. 서승학 선교사는 2016년 부터 한국 파송 선교사 증가세가 멈추는등 한국선교의 중대한 전환점에서 선교의 방향성을 설정하고 실천 방안을 마련하는 자리로  2017년도에 열린 한국선교지도자포럼 (16회)을 소개했다.  이시점에서 2019년 10월에 Asia Mission Advance의 데이빗 림 은 필리핀에서의 한국 선교사들이 필리핀 목회자들에게 인정받지 못하는 이유를 ‘한국 선교사들의 적절한 이중문화권 선교 훈련이 부족하기 때문이라고 생각한다.’ 라고 지적하며 설명 하기를 ‘한국 선교사는 거의 모두가 신학 석사 학위(M. Div.)를 받았는데 이중문화권  선교사가 되기 보다는 한국에서 목사가 되기 위한 훈련을  받았다.  그러므로 많은 한국 선교사들은 선교지에서의 의사소통과 필리핀 사람들이 어떻게 선교와 교회의 운영을 이해하는데 어려움을 겪었다’  라고 저술하며 이러한 과거의 선교지의 교회계척 활동의 결함은 미래에 좀더 현명하고 동등한 관계를 통해 개혁되고 변형되어야 할것이라고 지적한다.
저자는 캄보디아 선교지에서 그리고 방문한 61나라에서의 한국 선교 실태를 토대로 미래의 개혁되고 변형되어야 할 한국 선교의 전환의 4가지를 이 페이퍼에서 나누고자 한다: 1) 숫자로 하는 선교 중단 2)  갑질하는 선교 중단 3)동행하는 선교(파트너쉽 선교)로 전환 시도 그리고 4) 연구하며 선교하는 기본에 충실한 선교를 하기를 제시 한다.

Despite having poured billions of dollars of aid into Pakistan's economy and its military over the years, there is a general acceptability among scholars and policy-makers that the United States exercises limited leverage in Pakistan. Although India remains the centrepiece in US–Pakistan policy divergences, US frustrations often stem from the ineffectiveness of its aid-for-leverage policy, especially given Pakistan's dependence on US military assistance. The limited US influence in Pakistan can best be understood within the framework of patron–client relationship and arms dependence. If the theory suggests anything, it is that various factors including US and Pakistan's behaviour contribute in channelling the relationship towards its apparent demise. Most important within these is China's central role in helping Pakistan indigenize its military production and diversify its arms supply. In that sense, then, China has colluded with Pakistan in indirectly limiting US influence in Pakistan and the trend suggests that this collaboration will further reduce US leverage over Pakistan.

This study is an attempt to study and explore the extent of people’s participation in the SF policy of Bangladesh and what are the roles of the main stakeholders: bureaucrats, Union Parishad and NGOs in ensuring the expected level of people’s participation in this
policy. In this regard, several hypotheses are developed and for answering these questions, a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods has been adopted. These questions can be explained or analyzed on the basis of some independent and
dependent variables. The dependent variable in this study is people’s participation, which is believed to be dependent upon certain actors and factors such as political and classical
bureaucrats, patron-client relationship between the participants, bureaucrats and local elites of SF policy, and socio-economic background of the SF farmers. It was assumed that variables would influence and affect who participates in SF programs and their level of participation. The above mentioned questions are addressed in the light of political and classical bureaucrats as concept analyzed by Putnam (1975, 87), as well as on the
basis of patron-client relationship, and theories of social capital.

In the study it is found that the people’s participation in the SF policy illustrates the dissonance between myths and reality. SF’s performance in achieving the participatory goals was poor. A number of common institutional and social problems seemed to have shaped the performance. Participation of the main target group the landless, women and disadvantaged class of the society is minimal in the project. The selection of the members in the SF policy is the responsibility of the local Union Parishad Chairman. But no certain rules were followed in selecting SF members. Classical nature of the bureaucrats (role-orientation), patron-client relationship among the stakeholders, poor socio-economic background, NGOs ineffective role, lack of trust to the institutions like Union Parishad and bureaucracy are the main reasons for lack of people’s participation in the SF project. Among these factors patron-client relationship among the stakeholders is found as the most dominate because this vicious network impede the extent of
people’s participation from the very beginning of the SF project to the last and demolishthat objectives of the government dreadfully.

O presente trabalho busca construir um perfil social dos juízes de paz eleitos, entre 1848 e 1871, no 1º Distrito da Freguesia do Arroio Grande, Sul da Província de São Pedro do Rio Grande. A partir desse estudo de caso, pretendemos contribuir para o conhecimento histórico a respeito da magistratura eletiva no período posterior às contra-reformas que reduziram as suas atribuições. Nossa hipótese é de que a eleição para o juizado de paz continuou sendo do interesse das elites locais, para as quais a conquista do posto significou uma possibilidade de acesso a recursos materiais e imateriais.

Patronage, in its broadest sense, has been established as one of the dominant social processes of pre-industrial Europe. While it has been traditionally viewed simply as the context for extraordinary artistic creativity, patronage has more recently been examined by historians and art historians alike as a comprehensive system of patron-client structures which permeated society and social relations. Focusing specifically on the city of Florence, these essays explore the new understanding of Renaissance Italy as a 'patronage society,' considering its implications for the study of art patronage and patron-client structures wherever they occur.

The author applies the patron-client model to consider the relationship between God and man in Rom. 5–8. First, the model and its basic features are presented in the context of the Greco-Roman society, including its applicability to divinity. Next, the various elements of the model are traced in Rom. 5–8 (asymmetry, exchange of goods, personal relationship, favoritism, reciprocity, kinship language, honor and voluntary entrance). The article finishes with the advantages of reading Rom. 5–8 through the lens of the patron-client relationship.

Corrupt exchanges are often brokered by a third party, but this phenomenon has not been satisfactorily explored by researchers of corruption. Literature on brokerage in general provides interesting models but they have not previously been applied to corrupt exchanges. Based on in-depth qualitative interviews with respondents who participated in actual corrupt transactions, this paper identifies several distinct brokerage types in low-level corruption in contemporary Hungary. The paper also provides explanation of variation in corruption brokerage in terms of actors' group affiliations, forms of the corrupt exchanges, brokerage mechanisms, as well as neutrality, benefit and motivation, risk distribution, and stability of the brokerage structure. Finally, we discuss some policy implications of corruption brokerage.

This article deals with the problem of the colonization plans of Moldavia, appeared in the time of the Grand Chancellor and Hetman of the Crown, Jan Zamoyski, after the ascension of Jeremy Mohila (1595–1606) on the throne of Moldavia. We tried to identify the social groups which were to be transferred, the reasons for their transfer, the initiators of the project and the times when they began to be put into practice.

This article discusses "grace" with a view to interpreting God  as a benefactor (in light of Seneca and ancient patron-client relationships) who bestows favors on the early followers of Christ s. The perspective sheds light on Paul's word to the Corinthians that they should not receive God's grace in vain (2 Cor 6:1), a warning that creates tensions for interpreters who assume that divine grace is freely given without expecting anything in return. This study shows that the system of gift giving and reciprocity, especially in conversation with Seneca, helps alleviate the tensions. It elaborates on gratitude as the proper human response to divine gift giving and undesirable reprisals as the appropriate consequence for ingratitude.

The last quarter of the 16th c. was a period of social and economic transformations in the Ottoman Empire when patronage relations and palace élite became more and more important to gain a higher social status. In the same years an Italian convert, Cigalazade Yusuf Sinan pasha (Scipione Cigala) war twice Kaptan-ı Derya (Chief Admiral, 1591-95 and 1599-1604) and also great vizier (Oct.-Dec. 1596). His father was Vincenzo Cigala, a nobleman and privateer from Genoa, while his mother was a Turkish girl from Montenegro. He soon became one of the most famous Ottoman admirals, known and feared also by European sailors. The aim of this paper is to investigate the social and political reasons that were at the basis of his rise (first of all, his marriage with Mihrimah sultan’s granddaughter, one of the wealthiest ladies of that period) but also his patronage networks, and his relations with the sultan’s court and with seamen circles, in the context of the rebellion of sailors that took place in the Ottoman navy in 1602.

This project aims to examine how Augustus used the patron-client relationship in stabilizing his position as princeps of the Roman state. The relevant ancient sources for Octavian/Augustus’ actions and the nature of patronage in Rome along with some modern scholarly views on Augustan patronage will provide a basis for a close examination of the workings of and the reasoning behind Augustus’ use of this traditional republican institution. I will discuss Augustus’ patronage of both the Roman elites (senators and equestrians) and the Roman plebs. From these examinations it will become evident that Augustus used his patronage to acquire a type of auctoritas different than the militaristic and political type he already held. This focus on a more social auctoritas will add to the scholarly discussion of Augustus’ self-promotion as well as acknowledge that Augustan patronage was not confined to one specific sphere of society.

This paper is a portion of my PhD thesis. The primary research question of my thesis is: 'How does the patron-client dynamic between Korean missionaries and Cambodian church planters offer an alternative understanding of aid dependency within the discourse of mission studies?' While the patron-client relationship has been a popular concept in social anthropology studies, its value and effects have not been sufficiently explored within mission studies; specifically the issue of aid dependency particularly between Korean missionaries and Cambodian church planters has not been the subject of focused research. The key effects of patron-client dynamics are explored in my thesis through a case study methodology, examining the Cambodia Bible College (CBC) church-planting projects in Cambodia. In the CBC church-planting process, the findings show that the patron takes on three unique diachronic and progressive roles: first, the patron as a father; second, the patron as a sponsor, and third, the patron as a partner. Similarly, a client also takes on three roles: first, the client as a child; second, the client as sponsoree (client), and third, the client as a partner. Although social studies currently express the patron-client dynamics primarily in material and political terms, in the case between the founder and the CBC pastors, intangible relational assets, i.e. 'the patron as a father', were observed. This paper argues that 'the patron father', plays a significant role in developing CBC pastors as church planters, helps them access the necessary resources to establish their churches at the initial stages, and offers an alternative reading of aid dependency as a relational concept rather than an economic one.

Patron-client relationships have been documented and studied by anthropologists and sociologists since the 1950s, from rural settings to urban locations, and virtually on every region of the world. It was, however, only in the last decades of the twentieth century that this analytical model was slowly incorporated into the socio-political interpretation of biblical texts and other ancient Near Eastern sources. The patronage model proves to be a useful interpretive tool, as it casts new light on many aspects of the history of Israel and of other socio-political communities in the southern Levant. Moreover, the concept of patron-client relationships clarifies many of the implicit socio-politics found in the stories and motifs of several biblical books.

This reader collects a number of studies by internationally renowned scholars dealing with different aspects and situations of patronage: in the context of Southwest Asia during the second millennium BCE, related to the history of ancient Palestine during the first millennium BCE, and lastly with notices of patron-client ties in texts of the Hebrew Bible. While these selected papers do not presume to offer a complete or exhaustive treatment of periods, historical cases and themes in ancient Palestine and Hebrew Bible literature, they variously illustrate the many possibilities of the concept of patronage to elucidate them.

In traditional anthropological work on the Philippines, the framework of patron-client ties has been extensively used to explain the exercise and contest of power between people in asymmetrical relationships: landowners and peasants (Kerkvliet, 1995), politicians and voters (Rafael, 1998), and the rich and the poor (Cannell, 1999). In this paper, inspired by Pertierra and Turner’s (2012) challenge to locate television within the frame of the national and the local, I explore whether and how enduring cultural normativities of patron/client can shed light on the peculiar relationship of television/audience in the Philippines. In particular, I draw attention to the unique feature of privately owned television networks as interventionist, whereby economic aid and assistance is offered to “the masses” not only in “wealth-sharing” game shows but also in the charitable projects and disaster relief operations run by media oligarchs and celebrities. While elite-owned, television confers symbolic recognition to the poor through their “overrepresentation” (Wood & Skeggs, 2009) across multiple genres, and offers material redistribution in the transactional interactions between generous tv personalities and loyal audiences in various “zones” of television experience. The paper reflects on the merits and limits of the (upper-class) critique of patron/client television as exploitative and perpetuating of a “culture of mendicancy” in developing, “third world” Philippines. It demonstrates why such media critique fails to restrain interventionist television in the face of tv owners and producers’ justifications that draw from both traditional cultural idioms and the neoliberal vocabulary of tv ratings, profits, and trust surveys.

In the diplomatic messages of the Amarna letters from the 14th century BCE, we find plenty of data related to socio-political situations and practices active in the Southern Levant under Egyptian overlordship. These data are indeed most relevant to characterize a particular political ontology indigenous to the land, dealing with performances of hierarchy, reciprocity, loyalty and obedience, all features proper of what 20th-century social anthropologists have called "patronage" or "patron-client relationships" in relation to modern and contemporary historical contexts. Many of these socio-political aspects can also be found in the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament and, notably, in the New Testament as well. This lecture will attempt to show how these expressions of patronage appear in the Amarna letters and how they have also been transmitted into the biblical narrative, illustrating in fact a continuity of this political ontology in ancient Palestine through the centuries.

Godfatherism based on a patron-client relationship has emerged as a phenomenon hindering participation, political security and peace as it torpedoes the consolidation of democracy since Nigeria’s fourth republic commenced in 1999. Widespread political violence created insecurity whenever the godsons failed to fulfil pledges made to their godfathers especially on the allotment of appointments and sometimes sharing of state resources amongst others in many states of the country. It made politics violent and extractive rather than being peaceful and productive. In Oyo-State, Chief Lamidi Adedibu, an Ibadan based octogenarian was the godfather of politics in the State because of his ability to ensure victory for many seekers of elective offices in the State. From 2003 to 2007, violence and political insecurity pervaded the political space especially in Ibadan consequent upon the broken relationship between Chief Adedibu and Senator Rashidi Ladoja after the latter reneged on promises made to his godfather on becoming the governor of Oyo State in 2003. This paper examines Chief Adedibu as political godfather and the variables that sustained him within the context of the theory of economy of affection espoused by Goran Hyden. The study was carried out in three out of the five Local Governhment Areas in Ibadan metropolis using mainly qualitative methods of indepth interviews with purposively selected respondents considered germane to the objectives of the study including late Chief Lamidi Adedibu. This paper concludes that Adedibu’s patronage system of politics was pyramidal with him on the top; while the poor, lumpens and thugs, members of the transport union and local politicians constituted the core of his dependants and vectors of violence.

Neoliberalism is never uniform. Instead, it is always hybridized and imbricated within existing political economic matrixes and sociocultural process. In the Cambodian context neoliberalism is characterized by its intersection with kleptocracy, and specifically the ways in which patronage has enabled local elites to transform, co-opt, and (re)articulate neoliberal reforms through a framework that has focused on ‘asset stripping’ public resources. This chapter examines the Royal Government of Cambodia’s (RGC) discursive positioning of populism vis-à-vis international ‘enemies’ inasmuch as it presents a convenient pretext for the tensions of neoliberal development. This discussion critiques the frequent suggestion that the RGC maintains a ‘communist’ outlook rather than recognizing the kleptocratic ‘shadow state’ practices that have been modified to accommodate a neoliberal modality. I then turn my attention more specifically to the mechanisms of Cambodia’s patronage system via an analysis of privatization and primitive accumulation. I assess these developments through a critique of the purview that legal reform will somehow serve as cure-all for development, contrasting this idea with the realities of a judiciary firmly entrenched within patron relations. The degree of political patronage in Cambodia reflects a certain nepotism, or what I am calling ‘nepoliberalism’ to signify a particular application of neoliberalism that is never without the influence of patron politics. The enduring impunity of those with connections to power is the concentration of the final section before the conclusion, where I assess the continuing constraints of the poor with regards to patronage and the inequality and precarity it affords. It is here, in the question of (in)security that Cambodia’s neoliberalization alongside patronage demonstrates the depth of kleptocracy and violence in the country.

RESUMO: Esta tese de doutoramento tem como objeto de estudo a história da Casa de Aveiro, uma casa aristocrática portuguesa cuja existência se localiza entre os anos de 1500 e 1759. Perante a impossibilidade de estudarmos todos os aspetos da sua muito complexa história, desenvolvemos a pesquisa em torno de problemáticas bastante específicas. Desde logo, o objetivo do presente trabalho consiste em perceber por que motivo os recursos administrados pela Casa de Aveiro foram tão importantes para a afirmação social dos seus representantes e respetivos dependentes no contexto da aristocracia. Avaliará igualmente, mas no âmbito do regime senhorial da Época Moderna, em que medida a implantação territorial da casa se traduziu no benefício de rendas e correspondeu a poderes concretos. Sobre os bens localizados nos seus senhorios e almoxarifados, importará perceber se estes foram consumidos unicamente pelos representantes da casa e respetiva parentela ou se foram utilizados no sentido de se criarem redes de dependência mútua e de influência. Quanto às práticas de gestão do seu estado, questionar-se-á se estas observaram o que a legislação previa ou, pelo contrário, se ultrapassaram os limites legais que eram colocados ao seu exercício. Relacionado com este problema, importará responder à seguinte questão: foram as suas prerrogativas jurisdicionais meros mecanismos cuja utilidade se cingia ao desempenho de competências ou constituíram instrumentos úteis para a afirmação da condição social dos duques de Coimbra, Aveiro e Torres Novas?

Neste sentido, o presente trabalho estará organizado em três blocos temáticos que, partindo de um igual número de princípios, estruturarão o seu discurso de forma coerente. O primeiro segmento consistirá numa abordagem antropológica cujos capítulos se reportarão à história familiar da Casa de Aveiro e aos percursos dos respetivos elementos e concederão particular atenção às relações mantidas entre os seus representantes e a Coroa, definindo-se e periodizando-se as diversas etapas da sua muito particular existência. A segunda parte assentará sobretudo numa análise material que incida sobre os seus bens, numa perspetiva não apenas económica, mas que considere o enquadramento jurídico e a apropriação destes recursos, anunciando a importância simbólica e prática que detinham. Por fim, os derradeiros capítulos articularão as problemáticas anteriormente tratadas, nomeadamente a dimensão humana e os recursos materiais pertencentes à Casa de Aveiro, tendo em vista a realização de uma abordagem às relações de poder formais e informais entre esta casa aristocrática e as terras que compunham o seu estado senhorial. No final, espera-se que a investigação desenvolvida e a tese que dela resulta contribuam para um melhor conhecimento acerca da aristocracia portuguesa e do regime senhorial em Portugal durante a Época Moderna.


ABSTRACT: This doctoral thesis has as object of study the history of the House of Aveiro, a Portuguese aristocratic house whose existence is located between the years of 1500 and 1759. Considering the impossibility of studying all the aspects of its very complex history, we developed the research around specific problems. Firstly, the aim of the present work is to understand the reason why the House of Aveiro’s resources were so important for the social affirmation of its representatives and their dependents in the aristocratic context. It will also evaluate to what extent this noble house’s territorial implantation was translated, in the context of the Early Modern seigneurial system, into the benefit of economic rents and corresponded to concrete powers. Concerning the assets located in its lands, it is important to understand if they were consumed solely by its representatives and their relatives or if they were used with the purpose of creating networks of influence and mutual dependence. As for the management practices of its estate, it will be verified whether they strictly observed what the legislation foresaw or, on the contrary, if they exceed those legal limits. This problem is also related with the following question: were its jurisdictional prerogatives mere instruments whose utility was confined to the performance of some legal competences or were they useful instruments for the affirmation of the dukes of Coimbra, Aveiro and Torres Novas social condition?

Therefore this thesis will be organized in three thematic blocks that will structure its narrative consistently, starting from an equal number of principles. The first segment consists of an anthropologic approach whose chapters reports to the House of Aveiro’s family history and the life paths of its elements and will pay a special attention to the relations between its representatives and the monarchy, pretending to define and to periodize the several stages of its very particular existence. The second part will be a material analysis that focuses on the house assets, not only in an economic perspective, but also considering the legal framework and the process of appropriation of this resources, announcing the symbolic and practical importance they had. Finally, the last chapters will articulate the problems previously discussed, such as the human dimension and the material resources of the House of Aveiro, with the purpose of studying the power relations between this aristocratic house and the lands that formed its estate. In the end, it is expected that the research developed and the thesis that results from it will contribute to a better knowledge about the Portuguese aristocracy and the seigneurial system in Portugal during the Early Modern Age.

The proliferation of irregular armed actors which defy simplistic definition has caught public and academic attention alike, not least in the pages of this journal. To move the debate on non-state armed groups (NSAGs) forward, this article seeks to enhance our conceptual understanding of parochial armed groups which are not primarily driven by ideological or religious objectives. Thus, this article clarifies similarities as well as differences between subtypes of community-based armed groups (CBAGs) on the one hand, and between CBAGs and other NSAGs, on the other hand. By doing so, a typology is developed that classifies militias, gangs and vigilantes on the basis of their political, economic and security-related dimensions. The resulting ideal types are discussed through the lenses of different explanatory frameworks and policy debates in the field of contemporary security studies. A major typological issue is the tendency for CBAGs to ‘turn bad’ and become threats to the stability they were expected to transform, becoming a serious problem in countries where they operate. It is concluded that the challenge of CBAGs ultimately needs to be addressed by putting in place a functioning state that can tackle the underlying woes that led to their proliferation in the first place.

The Solomon Islands Provincial Government system has been in decline for at least ten years. Issues which limit the effectiveness of National Government, such as political and bureaucratic leadership, good governance, communication, morale and
human resource management, also characterize Provincial Governments. In addition, Provinces suffer from poorly defined roles and functions, inadequate funding, isolation and weak relationships with National Government. These problems have been exacerbated by the impact of the recent civil conflict particularly the severe reductions in Provincial Service Grants, the principal source of Provincial Government revenue.

"Corruption has become one of the most popular topics in the social scientific disciplines. However, there is a lack of interdisciplinary communication about corruption. Models developed by different
academic disciplines are often isolated from each other. The purpose of this paper is to review several major approaches to corruption and draw them closer to each other. Most studies of corruption fall
into three major categories: (i) rational-actor models where corruption is viewed as resulting from cost/benefit analysis of individual actors; (ii) structural models that focus on external forces that determine corruption; and (iii) relational models that emphasize social interactions and networks among corrupt actors. Focusing on actors’ behavior and the social context, this article explains corruption concepts taken from sociology, economics, organization studies, political science, social anthropology, and social psychology."

Were Pilate and Herod being churlish and vindictive, rubbing it in when the unfortunate Jesus was being led away to crucifixion while they renewed their friendship? What is behind Luke's statement that on the day of Jesus' death, they became "friends"?

The view that 1 Corinthians 8:6 represents a careful adaptation of the Shema (L. Hurtado 1988; N. T. Wright 1991; R. Bauckham 1998) has gained widespread acceptance, so much so that scholars increasingly consider the text to be paradigmatic of the shape of Paul’s Christology. However, the manner of the text’s relation to that central Jewish scripture is still contested. Is Paul splitting or supplementing the Shema? Is he identifying Jesus with God or distinguishing Jesus from Him?

Contrary to approaches that emphasize a background in Jewish divine Wisdom traditions, this paper argues that the relationships in 1 Corinthians 8:6 are best interpreted in light of the hierarchical resource-exchange relationships of Graeco-Roman society.  In order to combat powerful social obligations to patrons outside of the Christian community, Paul reminds the Corinthians of their obligations to their ‘patrons’ inside the community, God the Father and Jesus the Lord. A reconstruction of the patron-broker-client relationships between pagan deities, celebrated benefactors, and worshipping communities in Roman Corinth offers a new way of thinking about the God-Jesus-believer relation. In situating the passage within its immediate social context of pagan and Christian dining practices it becomes clear that Jesus functions as a broker of God’s benefactions to the community, analogous to the role of local patrons in Corinthian temples. A patron-broker-client framework moves beyond the limited labels of ‘low’ and ‘high’ Christology and provides a platform for understanding how Paul both maintains Jewish monotheism and honours Jesus as Lord within the relational structures of his own world.

In this chapter, I question the theoretical conceptualisation of patron– client relationships in historical perspective and discuss the ways in which the fundamental patterns of patron– client relations – reciprocity, hierarchy and repetition – adapt to the workings of complex societies. In particular, I elaborate on the themes of timing, symmetry and status in patron– client relationships in modern societies. Finally, I emphasise the detrimental effects of patron– client relations for resource mobilisation, democratic accountability, party formation, and institutional development.

The launch of China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) has sparked scholarly interest in understanding how global Chinese capital has entered and faced the unique challenges often associated with the business and regulatory environments of developing economies. Drawing on the case of Cambodia, this paper seeks to understand: i) how the new generation of overseas Chinese investors and companies, in the era of BRI, acquire licences and secure business operation in developing economies; and ii) how these investments cope with the host country's regulatory institutions: including grassroots communities and civil society organizations. This paper argues that, while the BRI Chinese investors has played a crucial role in the Cambodian economy, this injection of capital has co-opted and exacerbated the ambiguity of Cambodia's regulatory environment. These Chinese investors have perpetuated the host country's socio-political culture of patron-client networks, partly entrenched by the Sino-Cambodian elites. These networks are necessary to tap into secure investment operations, and they duly capture (influenced) regulatory institutions at the expense of marginalized communities and civil society organizations. Drawing on Cambodia's case, the paper contributes to the understanding of patron-client relations and regulatory capture in the context of socio-legal studies and the political economy of China's global capitalism.

Hubungan patron klien merupakan hubungan kekerabatan antara seorang berstrata tinggi atau biasa disebut patron, dengan seorang berstrata rendah (klien). Hubungan tersebut berupa pemberian perlindungan atau keuntungan yang kemudian dibalas dengan loyalitas dan juga pemberian bantuan jasa pribadi. Sedangkan pertanian merupakan sektor yang masih mendominasi Indonesia tak terkecuali Desa Wanurejo yang ahkan memiliki julukan desa wisata. Terdapat beberapa jenis petani dengan perannya masing-masing dan memiliki hubungan satu dengan yang lain. Hubungan ini mengarah pada hubungan patron klien. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif dengan memperoleh data melalui observasi di lapangan dan wawancara. Teknik pengambilan sampel yang digunakan adalah random sampling, analisis data yang digunakan adalah analisis kualitatif model Miles dan Huberman digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Model ini digunakan untuk menganalisis dan mengelompokkan data hasil wawancara secara bertahap hingga mencapai suatu kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan adanya hubungan patron klien diantara petani pemilik lahan, petani penggarap dan juga buruh tani (buruh tani). Hubungan tersebut dilihat dari sistem kerja dan perekrutan yang digunakan berdasarkan kekerabatan, adanya loyalitas diantara keduanya, dan juga adanya hubungan ketergantungan antara petani pemilik lahan, petani penggarap, dan juga buruh tani. PENDAHULUAN Indonesia merupakan negara yang memiliki keberagaman yang sangat tinggi. Memiliki ribuan pulau, yang dihuni oleh bernagai macam ras, etnis, suku, dan adat istiadat yang berbeda. Masing-masing daerah memiliki keunggulan masing-masing tak terkecuali potensi alamnya. Hal itu tentunya menguntungkan dalam bidang kepariwisataan. Karena terdapa banyak potensi alam yang dimiliki tersebut dapat menjadi destinasi wisata yang akan menarik banyak wisatawan okal maupun mancanega. Salah satu daerah yang terkenal dalam industri pariwisata yaitu di Kabupaten Magelang, tepatnya di Kecamatan Borobudur. Terdapat banyak desa yang menyajikan berbagai macam destinasi yang sangat menarik. Tak terkecuali Desa Wanurejo. Desa Wanurejo ini terletak diantara

French colonial archives allow us to understand the career of a Chinese Teo Chew businessman and how he gained support from a family of Cambodian officials at the provincial level. The alliance between these families, through a client-patron bond, allowed them to take control over the most profitable businesses in the province of Kampong Thom.
Tea Meng Ly was a rice merchant who left South China to settle in Cambodia at the beginning of the 20th century. Despite the context of the Great Depression, Tea Meng Ly became very wealthy when he invested in road transportation and fisheries at the beginning of the 1930s. His partners rose to the top of the Cambodian social hierarchy.

Active citizenship and participatory community-development approaches have evolved partly in response to perceived aid-dependency among rural communities. In Solomon Islands these methods have met with mixed success. This article reflects on the frustration often felt by local and international development workers when working with rural communities. It questions some of the assumptions that shape the way in which development workers and programmes understand the types of community which make up Solomon Islands.

Updated Spanish version of  "Socio-Political Changes and Continuities in the Levant (1300-900 BCE)", in Ł. Niesiołowski-Spanò & M. Węcowski (eds.), Change, Continuity, and Connectivity: North-Eastern Mediterranean at the Turn of the Bronze Age and in the Early Iron Age (Philippika - Altertumskundliche Abhandlungen, 118; Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2018), 57-67.

A pioneering study of kinship, patronage, and politics in Central Asia, Blood Ties and the Native Son tells the story of the rise and fall of a man called Rahim, an influential and powerful patron in rural northern Kyrgyzstan, and of how his relations with clients and kin shaped the economic and social life of the region. Many observers of politics in post-Soviet Central Asia have assumed that corruption, nepotism, and patron-client relations would forestall democratization. Looking at the intersection of kinship ties with political patronage, Aksana Ismailbekova finds instead that this intertwining has in fact enabled democratization—both kinship and patronage develop apace with democracy, although patronage relations may stymie individual political opinion and action.

The events which led to the Venetian Interdict crisis of 1606–1607 include the approval of a law on emphyteutic leases that was designed to limit the expansion of ecclesiastical property. The law was approved by the venetian Senate in order to answer to a petition: this sequence of events can therefore be used to evaluate the close proximity of the Venetian petitioning system to the decision-making process. The preparatory documents for the presentation of the petition, largely unpublished, will allow us to evaluate the profound dynamics
of the dialogue between Venice and its dominion, as well as the structures, institutions, rhetoric and practices – both formal and informal – deployed to this end.

‘Nature does not discriminate, but humans do’ – this  deliberately echoed sentiment in an area affected by Cyclone Sidr problematizes the practice of resource distribution in post-disaster situations. While relief and rehabilitation services have the objective of ‘building back better’, the possibility of elite-capture of resource distribution channels, jeopardizes both humanitarian initiatives as well as future development. This paper explores the political economy of post-Sidr  interventions from an ethnographic account. The paper establishes links between power networks and access to resources in the study area, finding that marginality is a production of ongoing disaster interventions which favour the relatively well-off over the structurally poor. Ultimately, humanitarian assistance channels resources through established power networks, thus reinforcing them and producing uneven resilience among different social strata. This paper offers important insights for redesigning the distribution of humanitarian assistance.

The Flemish painter Michele Desubleo (* 1601, Maubeuge; † 1676, Parma) had a successful career in Italy. In Rome, Bologna and Venice, he established contacts with some of the most renowned painters and art collectors of his time and secured honourable commissions. He thus represents a special case of an immigrant painter. However, the artistic recognition he received during his lifetime could not prevent Desubleo’s name from rapidly disappearing from art historical literature after his death.

This monograph explores for the first time the complex mechanisms that led to the success and oblivion of a foreign painter in 17th century Italy. The study reveals the multi-faceted picture of a gifted artist and traces his unusual rise far from official career paths.

This dissertation is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MSc in the Violence, Conflict and Development of SOAS, University of London, 15 September 2017

In February 2014 several Bosnian cities experienced large-scale anti-government protests which began by disenfranchised and jobless workers of former publicly-owned companies. As the number of participants grew, the protests turned violent - regional government building in Tuzla was burned, as was a part of the Presidency building in Sarajevo and a few other administrative buildings. In Mostar, an ethnically divided city, political party headquarters of the two main nationalist parties were burned. Most of the academic and policy literature on this subject has hailed the protests as a “Bosnian Spring,” announcing a new social movement that will challenge the dominance of the ethnonationalist elites and their logic of patron-client networks, corruption, political and economic disenfranchising of the masses. However, analysed through the framework of political settlements and inclusive elite bargain, this paper argues that the 2014 protests have revealed that the challenge to the prevailing political order may irreversibly push the already fragile and disunited country towards final disintegration and likely a renewal of ethnic violence.