Perceived social support

Вопросы изучения роли психосоциальных ресурсов личности в cохранении здоровья и профилактике его нарушений являются актуальным направлением современного научного поиска в сфере клинической психологии и психиатрии [1; 4], а также
психосоматической медицины [2]. Одним из признанных психосоциальных ресурсов личности является социальная поддержка, оценить которую чаще всего удается субъективно, в форме самооценки воспринимаемой личностью поддержки со стороны своего ближайшего окружения.

(Comment): This is a rare study describing the development and validation of a psychological test of perceived social support as conducted in a war-torn field setting. Although originally developed for use with Bosnian adolescents who, due to ethnic cleansing and other war-related horrors, lost (due to traumatic deaths, genocide, abductions and disappearances, natural deaths, and lengthy or permanent involuntary separations from loved ones)  much of their social networks, the Multi-Sectory Social Support Inventory (MSSI) described herein can be used with many different child and adolescent populations. Four primary strengths of the MSSI  include: (1) It is based on Weiss's social provisions theory and is thus amenable to evaluating the perceived availability of specific types of support (e.g., pursuant to evaluating the "matching" hypothesis). (2) The MSSI  captures perceived social support from four different sectors of youths' social networks including nuclear family, extended family, peers, and adult friends and mentors (and is thus amenable to evaluating the "compensatory" hypothesis in a research study). (3) The MSSI can be used to help clients problem-solve which individuals within specific sectors are appropriate sources of specific types of support as part of an intervention, and thereby serve as a useful supplemental tool with different interventions (specifically the social support seeking skills sections) of several interventions I have co-authored including Psychological First Aid (PFA), Skills for Psychological Recovery (SPR), and Trauma and Grief Component Therapy (TGCT). And (4) the MSSI has thus far been used in a variety of field studies, including in adapted form with war refugees (e.g., see the work of Heidi Ellis).

In order to keep up with the demands of consumers, the variety of food choices have expanded throughout the years. These wide arrays of selections have left students the risk to develop unhealthy eating habits and eating attitudes. Moreover, the practice of a healthy eating lifestyle has not been easy as they are exposed to different factors during their stay in college. Multiple factors that will be studied in this research are the educational stress they will go through, the level of perceived social support they acquired from friends and family, and several psychological factors, namely self-esteem and degree of loneliness. If educational stress will be the most inevitable factor any college student will experience, then it will be a significant factor linked with their eating habits and eating attitudes. A sum of 410 De La Salle University Manila students of various ages, genders, and year levels answered a survey comprised of scales that measures the factors aforementioned. Chi-square analyses and descriptive statistics analyses performed to observe the current stance of the students’ eating habits and eating attitudes. Second, two hierarchical multiple regression analysis was run to find the correlations among the different factors and find the significant predictors of the eating habits and attitudes of the students. The results concluded with educational stress as the main predictor of both the eating habits and eating attitudes of students, perceived social support from the family and loneliness respectively.

The study examined emotional intelligence and perceived social support as predictors of
psychological wellbeing among undergraduate students of Covenant University. The participants
were chosen via systematic random sampling. There were 270 participants in total, 88 males at
32.6% and 182 females at 67.4%. The age range of participants was 15-25 years. The mean age
was 18.656 and the standard deviation from the mean was 1.8301. The Trait Emotional
Intelligence Scale (TEIQUE-sf), Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support and Ryff’s
Psychological Wellbeing scale was used to measure emotional intelligence, perceived social
support and psychological wellbeing respectively. Regression analysis was done to check how
much of the variance in psychological wellbeing that the independent variables accounted for. The
analysis showed that both emotional intelligence and perceived social support were predictors of
psychological wellbeing at p=.000. With emotional intelligence accounting for over 50% of the
variance in psychological wellbeing. The implication of these findings was that students with higher
levels of emotional intelligence and perceived social support have better psychological wellbeing.
Keywords: Psychological wellbeing, Emotional Intelligence, Perceived Social Support
Word Count: 168

Background: Sense of community (SOC) is paramount for persons with serious mental illness (SMI) to achieve the goals of psychiatric rehabilitation (PsyR): recovery, community integration and quality of life (QOL). This study provides a thorough understanding of the predictors of SOC by using the biopsy-chosocial model as the conceptual framework. Aims: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed biopsychosocial model of SOC among persons with SMI. Method: Hierarchical regression analysis was used to understand the overall prediction model of SOC, as well as the unique contribution of the biological, psychological and social factors on SOC. Results: Results of the study provide empirical support for using the biopsychosocial model in understanding SOC for persons with SMI. Conclusions: This study informs PsyR professionals on how to provide effective PsyR services to improve SOC for persons with SMI, such as self-efficacy promotion and social support provision.

The effects of alcoholism are far reaching. Alcohol affects every body system. It leads to many difficulties on personal level, societal level and its mental effects vary from stress and anxiety to personality changes. Earlier studies focused on loss of self control, which is considered to be a vital cause of alcoholism. Several factors can contribute to one’s loss of self control. Subjective vitality and personal growth initiative can play as protective factors over addiction. On the basis of previous literature and available theories, the present study aims to find out the influence of the self forgiveness and perceived social support on subjective vitality and personal growth initiation among alcoholics who undergo rehabilitation and alcoholics who do not undergo rehabilitation. The sample consisted of 80 alcoholics (40 from rehabilitation & 40 from non rehabilitation). Results indicate that self forgiveness and perceived social support have significant influence on subjective vitality and personal growth initiation. Education and frequency of use of alcohol also have significant influence on subjective vitality and personal growth initiative.

Objective: Migraine is a profoundly debilitating condition that psychological variables can affect it. The aim of this study was to investigate the mediating role of coping styles and perceived social support in the relationship between temperament and character dimensions and psychological well-being in people with migraine. Method: This study was a correlational study. The statistical population included all people with migraine in Rasht in 1398 who referred to a neurologist. The sample consisted of 432 people (276 female and 156 male) who were selected by available sampling method. Instruments used in this study included the temperament and character inventory (TCI-56), psychological well-being scale (PWB), coping responses inventory (CRI), and multidimensional scale of perceived social support (MSPSS). Findings: Path analysis showed that the psychological well-being in people with migraine is influenced by temperament and character dimensions, coping styles and perceived social support. Also, the mediating role of coping styles and perceived social support in the relationship between temperament and character dimensions and psychological well-being was confirmed. To evaluate the model, CFI (0.91), GFI (0.93), NFI (0.91), and RMSEA (0.07) indices were used and the proposed model fit well with the data. Conclusion: Psychological factors play a role in the psychological well-being of people with migraines. Therefore, identifying these variables could have important implications for psychological migraine treatments.

Öz Yakın zamana kadar " zorbalık " fiziksel, sözel ve dolaylı zorbalık şeklinde türlere ayrılırken, son yıllarda tek-nolojinin insan yaşamında giderek daha yaygın hale gelmesiyle birlikte zorbalık olgusunun bağlamı genişle-miş ve yeni bir zorbalık türü olan siber zorbalık ortaya çıkmıştır. Özellikle küçük yaş grupları için en önemli sosyal destek kaynağı olan ailenin, siber zorbalığı önlemede önemli bir yapı olduğu düşünülmektedir. Bu çalışmada öncelikle, algılanan aile desteği değişkeni ile siber zorbalık arasındaki ilişki ele alınmıştır. Ayrıca öğrencilerin cinsiyet, sınıf düzeyi, internet kullanım sıklığı gibi demografik özelliklerine göre siber zorbalık ve algılanan aile destek düzeyleri incelenmiştir. Araştırmanın çalışma grubunu siber zorbalığın önemli risk gruplarından birini oluşturan ve çocukluktan ergenlik dönemine geçiş aşamasında olan ortaokul öğrencileri oluşturmaktadır. Araştırma nicel araştırma yöntemlerinden betimsel ve ilişkisel araştırma yöntemlerine göre desenlenmiştir. Araştırma verileri Kişisel Bilgi Formu, Siber Zorbalık Ölçeği ve Algılanan Sosyal Destek Öl-çeği kullanılarak toplanmıştır. Verilerin analizinde, değişkenler arasındaki ilişkiler incelenirken Spearman sıra korelasyon katsayısı, ortalamalar karşılaştırılırken Kruskal-Wallis ve Mann-Whitney U testleri kulla-nılmıştır. Ulaşılan bulgular doğrultusunda; öğrencilerin cinsiyetinden bağımsız olarak, sınıf düzeyleri ve internet kullanım sıklığı arttıkça algılanan aile desteği düşmektedir, diğer taraftan siber zorbalık davranışları ise artış göstermektedir. Öğrencilerin siber zorbalık düzeyleri ile algılanan aile desteği düzeyleri arasında negatif yönde orta düzeyde bir ilişkinin olduğu da tespit edilmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler Siber zorbalık • Algılanan sosyal destek • Aile desteği • Çocuklarda internet kullanımı •

The aim of this research was to examine the relationship between social media use, perceived social support, and happiness. The study participants were 717 university students studying in different departments and at different class levels at Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, whose participation was voluntary. The research involved using the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, the Subjective Happiness Scale, and the Scale of Social Media Use to obtain the data. The statistical analysis methods comprised Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation and path analysis. According to the results, social media use predicted perceived social support negatively and significantly, while social support predicted happiness positively and significantly. Furthermore, social media use did not predict happiness directly, but did so indirectly.

Bu araştırmanın amacı sosyal medya kullanımı, algılanan sosyal destek ve mutluluk arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesidir. Araştırmanın çalışma grubu Muğla Sıtkı Koçman Üniversitesi’nin çeşitli bölümlerinde ve sınıflarında öğrenimlerine devam eden 717 üniversite öğrencisinin gönüllü katılımıyla oluşturulmuştur. Araştırmada veriler, Çok Boyutlu Algılanan Sosyal Destek Ölçeği, Öznel Mutluluk Ölçeği, Sosyal Medya Kullanma Ölçeği kullanılarak elde edilmiştir. Verilerin istatistiksel analizi için Pearson Momentler Çarpımı Korelasyonu ve yol analizi kullanılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda, sosyal medya kullanımı algılanan sosyal desteği negatif düzeyde anlamlı olarak yordamakta, sosyal destekte mutluluğu pozitif anlamlı olarak yordamaktadır. Sosyal medya kullanımının mutluluğu doğrudan yordamadığı fakat algılanan sosyal destek üzerinden  dolaylı olarak yordadığı bulunmuştur.

The aim of this study was to investigate the mediating role of positive metacognition and meta-emotion in the relationship between perceived social support with corona anxiety. The research method was descriptive-correlational (structural equation modeling). The statistical population consisted of all citizens of Tehran city in April and May of 2020, based on Internet recall in virtual social networks (WhatsApp and Telegram) by voluntary sampling method 224 people were selected as statistical sample. To collect data, the Corona virus Anxiety scale (Alipour et al., 2020), multi-dimensional scale of perceived social support (Zemmit et al., 1988), and positive meta-cognition questionnaire (Beir, 2011) were used. Pearson correlation coefficient and structural equation modeling were used to analyze the statistical tests using SPSS-25 and AMO2-24 software. Result showed that the fit indices were in optimum condition (REMSA = 0.04, 97.0 = GFI, 98.0 = IFI, 94.0 = RFI, 98.0 = CFI, 0.96 = NFI, 66.0 = PCFI, 56.0 = PNFI). Direct social support routes to positive meta-cognition, meta-cognition and positive metacognitive anxiety and indirect path of perceived social support to corona anxiety with metacognitive and meta-cognitive mediation were significant. The direct path of perceived social support to the corona anxiety was not statistically significant. Research findings emphasize the importance of the role of education based on perceived social support and meta-cognition and positive emotion in prevention of Corona anxiety.

The main objective of the current study is to investigate the relationship between workplace social support and work-family conflict among employees who were married, living with a partner, or had at least one child or dependent living at home and worked a minimum of 20 h/week in Rural Water and Wastewater Company employees Kermanshah, Iran. The relation between workplace social support and work–family conflict (WFC) was  examined using a two-dimensional measure of WFC and both global and summed facet measures of workplace social support (perceived coworker support and perceived supervisor support (pss). Data were gathered from 158 employees. The results indicated that workplace social support related significantly to both types of WFC, but the relation was significantly stronger to perceived coworker support than to perceived supervisor support (pss). When considering all three forms of conflict simultaneously (time-based, strain-based, and behavior-based), regression results revealed that behavior-based was the only form of conflict significantly related to workplace social support. The results underscore the importance of considering both the form and direction of WFC. The study population included 158 employees. It used the improved Leiden Quality of Work Life Questionnaire by Van der Doef and colleagues and the work-family conflict questionnaire by Kelloway and colleagues to measure participants' responses. One-way ANOVA and Pearson linear correlation coefficient were used for data analyses. Results: There was a negative relation between Workplace Social Support and work-family conflict. Respondents experienc!ed higher levels of work-to-family conflict than family-to-work conflict. There were significant negative relations between Perceived Coworker Support with work-family conflict and Perceived Supervisor Support (PSS) with work-family conflict. work-family conflict of employed women could be reduced by rearranging Workplace Social Support and conditions.
JEL: A39, J81, E23, J21

A critical evaluation of the diverse models and methodological issues in the assessment of social support highlighted the need to create a new measure. With this aim, the present paper addresses the development and preliminary validation of a 33-item self-report instrument – the Multidimensional Social Support Questionnaire (MSSQ) – designed to assess three different aspects of social support: perceived support, available support and deserved support from two specific sources: significant others and non-significant others. Methods: Several analyses were conducted a) to examine item dispersion, b) to explore and confirm the factorial structure of the scale, c) to investig
ate its internal consistency, d) to establish its temporal stability, e) to provide its construct validity evidence, in terms of concurrent, convergent and discriminant validity. Results: Results indicate that the questionnaire has promising psychometric properties. Conclusions: The usefulness of the measure and implications of
the findings are briefly discussed.

Autism spectrum disorder is a type of neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent impairment in social interactions and communication as well as repetitive and specific behaviors. The purpose of this study was to compare of the effectiveness of stress management and social support perception training based on cognitive-behavioral manner on quality of life of mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder. The research method was experimental with pretest, posttest and follow up design. First, the subjects were screened for inclusion criteria, then 30 mothers with children with autism spectrum disorder were selected and after being matched, they were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups (10 person in each group). Mothers in the two groups, stress management and social support perception management, received 8 sessions of 90 minutes of intervention and the control group received no intervention. The research instrument, including WHO Quality of Life Ques...

The study on the impact of family and social support on the health of people in Calabar Metropolis, Cross River State was embarked upon to in order to assess the importance of family and social support on the health and wellbeing of people in Calabar Metropolis. The major objective of the study therefore is to examine the health impact of those who lack certain social support and the measures to be taken to reduce the effects. To realize these objectives, the survey method was used, deploying the questionnaire as the instrument for data collection in order to get valid information for analysis and to draw conclusion for the study. Findings from the research showed that there was a significant relationship between family and friend’s relationship on the health and well-being of individuals. Social support means being able to access people that a person can rely upon if needed. The support of family and friends during crises has long been seen to have a positive effect on people’s health and well-being. Further analysis also revealed that those who live near their family have lower stress issues than those who live apart from their family as the family plays an important role in one’s ability to make healthier choices. Based on the findings, the study recommends that people should take the issue of stress very seriously because not all illnesses are biological, as revealed by the study; some illnesses are caused by social factors. The study also recommends that interventions in the form of promoting social support from among family and friends should be given especially for individuals are faced with depression.

Tinto’s model of undergraduate student departure is often used in research to examine how integration at social and academic levels affects student propensity to depart. With the rapid rise of online social media, such as social networking sites (SNS) including Facebook, research suggests mixed results on whether such technologies serve as a benefit or detriment to users. Using Tinto’s model and multiple regression modeling, this paper investigates the connection between Facebook use and constructs of social support and university belonging. The strong positive correlations between purpose and frequency of use and social constructs suggests that SNS provide significant support to students and may lead to college retention.

Background: The present study investigated the effects of supportive social network ties on health in a sample of mothers with a young child. The aim of this study was to examine if Liverpool participants having a large supportive network of close relatives reported less cases of illness than participants without such social support.

Methods: A cross-sectional design was employed whereby 74 randomly sampled mothers over the age of 20 with a child 24-36 months completed a questionnaire at twelve monthly time intervals over the course of one year. Multiple logistic regressions were applied to health survey data from participants from Liverpool collected from October 2001 to October 2002.

Results: Respondents living in Liverpool reported decreased illness rates with increased interpersonal contact. A statistically significant reduction in physical illness was observed for mothers and infants that had high contact frequency with close relatives. A statistically significant reduction in physical illness was also found for participants with a large social network of close relatives.

Conclusion: Results confirmed a potentially protective health relation for frequent contact with a large network of close relatives, but showed a less consistent picture for health benefits beyond a certain threshold of more distant relatives. Previous research has shown that social relationships can have a significant impact on psychological wellbeing, health and human disease, and so a greater understanding of social network structure is important to establish the need for preventive care and advice on maintaining important social relationships.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between loneliness and life satisfaction mediating by self-esteem and perceived social support. The research design was a structural equation modeling relationship. This study was carried out with 153 students selected through convenience sampling method from seventh to ninth grade female students (First High School) in Arak. To measure the variables, Loneliness Questionnaire (LQ), Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) and Rosenberg self-esteem scale were used. Structural equation modeling was used to investigate the research hypotheses. In order to verify the model's fit, CR, Cronbach's alpha and average variance extracted (AVE) were reported, that indicate the model's reliability. In the structural equation model, direct relationship between loneliness and life satisfaction was not confirmed; therefore self-esteem and social support play a full mediating role in relationship between loneliness and life satisfaction in the structural equation model (P<0.01)

Abstract: The article presents the results of research on the relationship between social support and self-care of people with
myocardial infarction. 127 patients treated in a rehabilitation centre participated in the study. The Inventory of Socially
Supportive Behaviours (ISSB) and the Self-care Questionnaire (KTS) developed by the author, were used. The findings
suggest that persons receiving little support are characterised by lower level of self-care than people with medium and
high level of support. No such difference was noted between people with medium and high support level. This suggests that
social support is of considerable importance for the changes in the level of self-care only in the case of people previously
receiving little support. The research also indicates that informational support is related to higher level of self-care
whereas instrumental support is related to lower level of self-care. Emotional support was significant only for the care
for social functioning.
Key words: social support, self-care, myocardial infarction

PT.
Os indicadores de envelhecimento na população portuguesa colocam Portugal como um dos países mais envelhecidos do mundo, sendo os idosos um grupo populacional socialmente vulnerável. A vulnerabilidade, resultante de trajetórias ao longo da vida com acúmulo progressivo de desvantagens, tem como determinantes os fortes níveis de perda de autonomia com o avançar da idade, o risco de isolamento social, o elevado risco de exclusão e de pobreza, colmatado pelo forte impacte das transferências sociais no rendimento, a par das transformações na sociedade portuguesa, particularmente na morfologia das famílias e na relação com o trabalho. Este quadro de vulnerabilidade tem encontrado resposta na expansão de políticas de bem-estar no contexto do desenvolvimento do Estado-providência, mas também na provisão informal, sobretudo das famílias. Em tempos recentes, assistimos a uma inversão na trajetória providencial por parte do Estado português, cada vez mais recuado, agudizando-se a responsabilidade familiar. O artigo apresenta uma reflexão sobre a relevância do suporte social informal na proteção social em Portugal no que concerne à população idosa, problematizando particularmente o papel providencial das famílias num contexto de austeridade, a partir de documentação e literatura produzida no e sobre o contexto social português.

Aging indicators in the Portuguese population, places Portugal as one of the most aged countries in the world, being the elderly a socially vulnerable group. The vulnerability, resulting from lifelong trajectories of progressive accumulation of disadvantages, has as determinants the strong levels of loss of autonomy with advancing age, the risk of social isolation and the high risk of social exclusion and poverty, compensated by the strong impact of social transfers on income, together with the changes in Portuguese society, particularly in the morphology of families and in labor. This vulnerability framework has been adressed with the expansion of welfare public policies, but also trough informal provision, especially by families. In more recent times, we witnessed a reversal in the providencial trajectory by the Portuguese state, increasingly retreated, accentuating the family responsibility. The article presents a reflection on the relevance of informal social support in social welfare in Portugal regarding the elderly population, particularly problematizing the providential role of families in an austerity context, based on documentation and literature produced in and about the Portuguese social context.

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships of vocational outcome expectation to social support
which is an environmental factor and locus of control which is a personal factor. With this purpose, using Social
Cognitive Career Theory as the theoretical framework, 263 undergraduate students completed Vocational
Outcome Expectations Scale, Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, and Rotter’s Locus of Control
Scale. Results indicated that perceived social support from family, friends and significant others were positively
and locus of control were negatively associated with vocational outcome expectations. The results also indicated
that within the perceived social support dimensions, family support was the unique significant predictor of vocational
outcome expectation. Locus of control significantly predicted vocational outcome expectation scores
as well. In the light of these findings, suggestions that interventions targeting to increase vocational outcome
expectations of students had better take the family support into consideration and include exercises for families
were emphasized and ideas for future research are discussed.

Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice - 13(3) • 1426-1430
©2013 Educational Consultancy and Research Center

One of the government policies applied to workers / employees based on age is the retirement system. Individuals can enjoy their life because they are no longer burdened with duties and responsibilities based on the agency or organization where they work, but the fact is that many individuals are not ready to enter retirement, some of them perceive negatively by assuming that retirement is a sign that the individual is useless and unnecessary. due to old age and decreasing productivity so that it is no longer profitable. This is what makes retirement have different meanings and impacts on each person, including certain views on how they suggest their life. This study aims to determine the role of psychological adjustment as a mediator variable of perceived social support for the quality of life of employees facing retirement. This study uses quantitative methods with a total of 93 respondents. The results obtained in this study were psychological adjustment could be a mediator of perceived social support for the quality of life of employees facing retirement. So if an individual has a high psychological adjustment and is supported by perceived social support, then the quality of life will increase.

Objectives Due to the importance of social support and healthy lifestyle, this study aims to evaluate the relationship of perceived social support with health-promoting lifestyle in women who participated in national breast cancer early detection program. Methods In this cross-sectional study, 1000 women participating in breast cancer early detection program in Arak, Iran were selected from 16 health centers using a convenience sampling method. Two questionnaires of Perceived Social Support (PSS) and Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile (HPLP) were completed on behalf of them. To describe the variables, mean, standard deviation, frequency and percentage were used. The Pearson correlation test was used for examining the correlation between study variables. Data analysis was conducted in SPSS V. 23 software. Results The Mean±SD age of women was 33.78±11.30 years. There was a significant correlation between perceived social support and health-promoting lifestyle (r=0.42). Regarding HPLP dimensions, perceived social support had the highest and lowest correlation with spiritual growth (r=0.46) and physical activity (0.26) dimensions, respectively. Regarding the PSS dimensions, health-promoting lifestyle had the highest and lowest correlation with family support (r=0.40) and the support from friends (r=0.30), respectively. Conclusion There is a direct and significant relationship between perceived social support and healthpromoting lifestyle in women. Therefore, by increasing their social support, it is possible to promote their healthy lifestyle.

This study examines the effectiveness of the Gazi Inclusive Environment Social Integration Program (GIESIP), which we applied to 4th-grade elementary school students. We completed the study in a public elementary school located in Ankara in the 2016–2017 academic year. The study group consisted of 30 female and 28 male students. We chose the school via a random sampling method among public elementary schools. This school is in a middle socioeconomic status region in the Mamak district of Ankara, Turkey. In the study, we used a quasi-experimental design, including an experimental control group, pretest, posttest, and follow-up test. We applied a personal information form, Social Acceptance Scale (SAS), and Perceived Social Support Scale-Revision (PSSS-R). Research findings reveal that the students who have typical development levels in the experimental group have highly increased levels of social acceptance and perceived social support. Based on the results of the study, we can recommend that teachers who have inclusive students in their classes improve and support the development of the students’ social acceptance.

Entrepreneurship has attracted enhanced attention in the twenty-first century. Entrepreneurial schemes vary
the production and service sectors of a country's economy and lead it to increase its revenues and materialize speedy
growth and development. However, the current Saudi regime has allowed enhanced social space to females, and a new
social environment has paved the way for them to partake business opportunities actively. Thus, the aim of this study is
to explore the direct impact of perceived social support towards e-entrepreneurial intention as well as the direct influence
of perceived social support on the theory of planned behavior (TPB) components encompass attitude towards
entrepreneurial, subjective norms, and self-efficacy of entrepreneurship. Also, this study examines the direct effect of the
theory of planned behavior (TPB) components (attitude towards entrepreneurial, subjective norms, and entrepreneurial
self-efficacy). Data were collected through questionnaires which were completed by 534 undergraduate female Saudi
students have been selected randomly studying at various Saudi universities. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was
used to test the model, and data analysis was carried out using Structural Equation Modelling – Partial Least Square
(SEM-PLS). This study, therefore revealed that perceived social support has a positive impact on the e-entrepreneurship
intention as well as the relationship between perceived social support and the components of the TPB (attitude towards
entrepreneurial intention, subjective norms, and entrepreneurial self-efficacy) were statistically significant. Subsequently,
the direct effect of the TPB components (attitude towards entrepreneurial and entrepreneurial self-efficacy) was
significant, while the direct effect related to subjective norms and the e-entrepreneurial intention was insignificant.
Therefore, this study offers theoretical and practical contributions to entrepreneurial studies.

10.30699/jambs.29.135.223 Background & Objective: Social support is generally accepted to act as a protective factor against stressful situations. However, the extent of its effect on the depression and lifestyle of myocardial infarction (MI) patients is not known. Therefore, the present study aimed to examine the role of perceived social support in predicting major depressive disorder and lifestyle components in MI patients. Materials & Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted in 2019 on 176 MI patients chosen through the purposive and convenience sampling methods from the Heart Center Hospital of Mazandaran, Iran. The required information was collected by three standard questionnaires, including the social support appraisals (SS-A) scale by Phillips, the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II), and Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile (HPLP-II). Pearson correlation coefficient and canonical correlation coefficient were performed. The significance level in this study was consi...

Objective: Mammography rates are low and psychosocial factors may affect mammography behavior in Turkey. This study aims to compare levels of fear and perceived social support and to examine factors associated with mammography behaviour among women who did and did not have a mammography.
Materials and Methods: This is comparative- descriptive and cross-sectional study. Data were collected from women who were 40 years and older in two Family Health Centres in Denizli between April 1–July 1, 2018. Descriptive characteristics questionnaire form, Breast Cancer Fear Scale and Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) were used as data collection tools.
Results: Significant differences were found between marital status, knowledge about breast cancer, breast self-examination (BSE), clinical breast examination (CBE) status and mean MSPSS scores between both groups (p<0.05). There was not a statistically significant difference between groups concerning mean fear scores (p>0.05). LR analysis revealed that being married (OR: 0.08) and obtaining information about breast cancer previously (OR: 0.15) were found to affect mammography behaviour positively (p<0.05).
Conclusion: Being married and obtaining information about breast cancer positively affected their behaviours of having a mammography. Primary health care professionals should inform women over the age of forty about breast cancer and screening and refer them to mammography. In addition, it is also important to strengthen the referral of single people to mammography.

In the presence of social support, one feel loved, valued, and cared for, and people have clarity about the resources available for them. Friends, relatives, lovers, roommates, co-workers, and spouse all can serve as sources of social support. This research aims to examine the level of social support perceived by Indian expatriates’ working in Muscat. A total of 328 questionnaires was distributed to Indian expatriates who are currently working in Muscat. A sample of 320 returned-questionnaires was used for further analysis. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA to investigate the relationship of selected demographic variables like nature of work, salary, and respondents’ accommodation status and perceived social support from their family, friends and significant others. Independent sample t-test used to ascertain the significant differences between gender, family, friends and significant others. Findings reveal that the Indian expatriates perceived less social support from their family, friends and significant others. The study implicates that greater attention is required to design work settings in organizations for providing an effective support system to increase the comfortability of the employees for their better life.