Periodontology

As we see more adults entering comprehensive orthodontic treatment, we must be more attuned to the implications of periodontal issues. In this updated chapter, Robert Vanarsdall, Ignacio Blasi and Antonino Secchi review periodontal issues that impact orthodontic tooth movement. They describe periodontal "high risk" factors, mucogingival considerations, and problems with ectopic as well as ankylosed teeth. A new section on alveolar decortication and augmentation grafting has been added to address the increased use of these procedures designed to develop the alveolar housing and potentially increase the speed of tooth movement. Excellent clinical examples are pictured throughout the chapter.

Dental implants have been used to replace missing teeth to provide function and esthetics. One goal of such restorations is to maintain host tissue around the implants. The purpose of this prospective multicenter human clinical trial was to evaluate radiographic marginal bone levels around non-submerged hollow cylindrical and solid-screw implants for 5 years after loading. Patients older than 18 years of age with sufficient native bone to surround a dental implant without imposing on a vital structure were recruited at five sites. Solid-screw or hollow-cylinder implants with a titanium plasma-sprayed implant surface were placed in the anterior maxilla or anterior mandible and restored with fixed restorations. Baseline radiographs were taken at the time of implant placement. Subsequent radiographs were taken at the time of final prosthesis placement, at 6 months after prosthesis placement, and annually from prosthesis placement for 5 years. The results of 596 implants in 192 patients...

Smart phones are electronic gadget that is used for many purposes other than communication. Past few years data reveals increased smart phone buyers due to introduction of 4G network. The e-rays emitted from cell phone usually between 301MHz and 950 MHz depending upon the type of device, frequency and duration of use. Long duration of mobile use can lead to increase in temperature of the exposed areas and surrounding tissues. Mobile phone radiation increases production of singlet oxygen through NADPH oxidase, leading to oxidative stress that forms a major etiological factor for various diseases. Increased exposure to smart phone radiation could have ill effects on human body. Particularly, oral cavity & Perioral tissues are frequently exposed to mobile radiation compared to other parts of the body. This review highlights the possible mechanism between effects of cell phone radiations on oral tissues.

Background
Optimal oral hygiene practices are instrumental to achieving good dental and gingival health. The purpose of this study was to determine the gingival health and oral hygiene practices of schoolchildren in the North West region of Cameroon.

Methods
This cross-sectional survey among 12–13 years old rural and urban schoolchildren in the North West region of Cameroon was conducted between March and November, 2010.

Results
A total of 2295 schoolchildren were interviewed but only 2287 of them had oral examination giving a 99.7 % participation rate. Out of 2287 school children examined, 1676 (73.3 %) had normal gingiva while 26.7 % had gingivitis of varying severity. The gingivitis was found significantly more in rural dwellers (P = 0.001). In terms of the severity of the recorded gingivitis, mild gingivitis constituted 549 (89.9 %), moderate gingivitis 49 (8.0 %) and severe gingivitis 13 (2.1 %). The majority-1929 (85.4 %) of the participants had received instruction on how to care for their teeth and the predominant source of this instruction was from their parents. Irregular teeth cleaning were marked 1137 (49.7 %) among the children. The dominant teeth cleaning materials were toothbrush and toothpaste. The other oral hygiene aid utilized by the participants include dental floss-25 (1.1 %), stick-759 (33.6 %), dental floss-25 (1.1 %) and other unorthodox agents. The reasons for teeth cleaning among the participants in descending order were to make the teeth clean, to prevent halitosis, to make teeth stronger, to prevent pain and dental diseases.

Conclusion
The prevalence of gingivitis among Cameroonian schoolchildren in the Northwest region was 26.7 % with majority being of mild gingivitis category. Parents, dental professionals and teachers were the main sources of instruction on oral care.

Keywords: Gingivitis; Oral hygiene; Teeth cleaning

Magnification is simply increasing the size using lenses and enhanced illumination of the site with most precise instruments considered “the microsurgical Triad”. To ensure the best results and satisfaction of the patient’s beliefs both biological and esthetical are expected from today’s periodontal practice. Microsurgical equipments aid normal vision through magnification with enhanced illumination the execution of precise periodontal procedures are facilitated. This review is to present the basic microsurgical triad and its benefits in periodontics in this era of patient-driven dentistry.
Keywords: Magnification loupes, Microsurgery, Mucogingival surgery, Periodontal plastic surgery, Surgical microscope.