Poultry Science

The goal of this study was to determine the effects of dietary supplementation of garlic (Allium sativum) powder (GP) and turmeric (Curcuma longa) powder (TP) as an alternative to antibiotic on production performance, biochemical parameters and economic utility of broiler chicken rearing. A total of 300 Commercial broiler chicks of Cobb-500 strain randomly divided into 5 treatment groups viz. T0 (Control), T1 (antibiotic), T2 (GP 0.5%), T3 (TP 0.5%) and T4 (GP 0.25% & TP 0.25%) having three replications consisting of 20 chicks in each. In this study, feed consumption (FC), live weight (LW) and FCR showed insignificant (P>0.05) difference among the treatments. Abdominal fat (%) significantly (P<0.05) lower in T3 group compared to control group. Significantly (P<0.05) higher dressing percentage found in T3 group compared to T0, T1 and T2 groups. Significantly (P<0.05) lower concentration of serum glucose found in T3 group compared to T0 and T1 group. Significantly (P<0.05) lower concentration of cholesterol found in all treated groups compared to control group. Total cost of production per broiler in T1 (antibiotic group) was significantly (P<0.05) highest as compared to other treated groups. Total income, net profit and BCR per bird was comparatively (P>0.05) highest in T3 group. Analyzing the above factor, the performance of T3 group was better as a replacement of antibiotic. Birds fed 0.5% turmeric powder supplemented diet achieved superior result due to turmeric has ability to increase dressing percentage, reduce abdominal fat (%), glucose, cholesterol and reduce total cost of production.

Smallholder agricultural production is recognised as a globally significant contributor to food security and livelihoods of rural farming communities. However, in Papua New Guinea (PNG) the contribution of smallholder farming to economic growth from the grassroots level remains unrecognised in the implementation of strategic plans. Poultry and pigs are two major animal proteins in PNG and consumption is rising. While importation of meat and eggs provides cheaper products at urban centres this is also an opportunity for local farmers to gain from selling livestock products to the growing markets. In addition, in-land fish farming has gained popularity in many parts of the country where it is expected to provide a cheaper source of household protein and cash income. Feed is the major cost in livestock farming and providing the appropriate cost effective nutrition for different classes of livestock is a technical challenge being addressed by projects at the National Agricultural Resear...

The Ostrich in the Land of Confit. Exotic Bird and Terroir Mentality in the Great Southwest of France
This paper is a study of contemporary ostrich sector in France, especially focused on the Great Southwest: Nouvelle Aquitaine and a large part of Occitanie. It is an historical analysis of the construction and the evolution of this branch of French agriculture that was born in the mid-1980s when Domestic Ostrich hatching eggs were imported from South Africa to obtain a first generation of breeding birds. Pioneers’ intention was to produce ostrich meat as soon as possible. But central administration waited to November 1992 to allow the sale of ostrich meat and to April 1993 to authorize the slaughter of ostriches on the national territory. Following this late decision, ostrich breeding grew significantly within a few years. Domestic ostrich seemed to be a bird with a promising future. Everything changed in the 2000s: French ostrich sector clearly ran out of steam. Representations of the domestic ostrich and its products play key roles in this dynamic. Therefore, this paper is also an anthropological reading of exemplary topics include the legal status of Struthio camelus var. domesticus in France, the consumer attitudes towards ostrich meat, liver and eggs, the evolution of ostrich cooking or the importance placed on origins in the ostrich products market. Beyond the specific case of domestic ostrich in France, this paper tries to remind the usefulness of basic research in the resolution of producers/consumers practical problems.

L’autruche au pays du confit. Oiseau exotique et esprit de terroir dans le Grand Sud-Ouest de la France
Cet article est une étude de la filière autruche contemporaine en France, il concerne plus particulièrement dans le Grand Sud-Ouest : Nouvelle Aquitaine et une grande partie de l’Occitanie. Il s’agit d’une analyse historique de la constitution et de l’évolution de cette activité agricole qui est née au milieu des années 1980, lorsque des œufs fécondés d’autruche domestique ont été importés d’Afrique du Sud pour obtenir une première génération d’oiseaux reproducteurs. L’intention des pionniers était de produire aussi vite que possible de la viande d’autruche. Mais l’administration centrale a attendu jusqu’en novembre 1992 pour permettre la vente de viande d’autruche et jusqu’en avril 1993 pour autoriser l’abattage d’autruches sur le territoire national. A la suite de cette décision tardive, l’élevage d’autruches a connu une croissance remarquable durant quelques années. L’autruche domestique paraissait même promise à un très bel avenir. Tout a changé dans les années 2000 : la filière autruche française s’est considérablement essoufflée. Des représentations de l’autruche domestique et de ses produits ont joué un rôle fondamental dans cette dynamique. Par conséquent, cet article est aussi une lecture anthropologique de phénomènes exemplaires, tels que le statut légal de Struthio camelus var. domesticus en France, les attitudes des consommateurs vis-à-vis de la viande, du foie et des œufs d’autruche, l’évolution de la cuisine de l’autruche ou l’importance accordée à la question de l’origine sur le marché des produits de l’autruche. Au-delà du cas particulier de l’autruche domestique en France, cet article essaye de rappeler l’utilité de la recherche fondamentale dans la résolution de problèmes concrets rencontrés par des producteurs ou des consommateurs.

Background and Aim: Manipulating lighting colors and regimens is considered an effective mean for improving broiler productivity. The influence of red, blue, and white light-emitting diode (LED) was investigated using three different regimens of lighting and darkness; continuous 23 h light (L):1 h dark (D), continuous 18 h L:6 h D, and intermittent 16 h L:8 h D hours on the performance, carcass weight (CW), feed and water intake (WI), serum glucose (GLUCO), triglycerides (TG), and cholesterol (TC), intestinal bacterial load, growth and metabolic hormones, and efficiency of Newcastle disease (ND) vaccine.

Materials and Methods: A total of 252 1-day-old Ross broilers on deep litter were divided into nine groups. The 1st, 4th, and 7th groups were exposed to continuous 23L:1D, the 2nd, 5th, and 8th groups were exposed to continuous 18L:6D, and the 3rd, 6th, and 9th groups were exposed to intermittent 16L:8D (4L:2D, 4 times) lighting regimen using red, blue, and white LED lights, respectively. A total of 1350 samples (225 sera, 225 swabs, and 900 organ samples) were collected.

Results: Blue LED group revealed a highly significant increase (p<0.01) in live body weight, body weight gain, performance index, CW, spleen, heart, and liver weights, and anti-ND antibody titer, as well as a highly significant decline (p<0.01) of feed intake, WI, GLUCO, TG, TC, growth hormone, insulin, tri-iodothyronine (T3), tetra-iodothyronine (T4), total bacterial count (TBC), and total Enterobacteriaceae count compared to red and white LED lights in all tested lighting regimens. Continuous 23L:1D and 18L:6D regimens were significantly (p<0.01) superior to intermittent 16L:8D in their influence on the performance, CW, biochemistry, hormonal profile, and bacterial load.

Conclusion: The blue LED light associated with continuous 18L:6D or 23L:1D h regimen is highly recommended in broiler houses for their enhancing the productive performance, growth, and immunity.

A lot of studies worldwide show that biochar is a powerful tool to address some of the most urgent environmental problems of our time: global warming, soil degradation, water pollution by agro-chemicals, and waste management. In the Philippines, biochar from rice hull is commonly used as soil conditioner and as main ingredient in the production of organic fertilizers.  To popularize the use of biochar in the farm and improve the system of producing it, the Philippine Rice Research Institute (PhilRice) developed the continuous rice hull (CtRH) carbonizer in 2010.  As its name implies, it operates in continuous mode with almost smokeless emission. The heat generated during its operation is recoverable for use as energy source in various farming operations. This action research was conducted in response to the need of a farmer/poultry grower for cost-reducing and environment-friendly technologies for his farm. Specifically, it aims to integrate the CtRH carbonizer in the poultry operations in order to accomplish two things: (a) make use of the carbonizer-generated heat for brooding chicks to replace the conventionally-used liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), and (b) production of biochar as ingredient of organic fertilizer together with the chicken manure. The study involved overcoming challenges of retrofitting the CtRH carbonizer into the automated heating system of a modern tunnel-type poultry house (capacity of 35,000 chickens) that has to comply with the standards set by the broiler integrator whom the farmer was in contract with. Results of the performance test trials showed that the CtRH carbonizer, equipped with heat recovery attachment, can substitute the existing LPG heater to provide the needed heat for brooding chicks, saving 5 to 6 tanks of LPG (50kg/tank) for every one heater replaced. At the price of rice hull and LPG of Php 0.20/kg and Php 70/kg, respectively, a net savings of Php 69,958 per growing period or Php 489,706 per year could be realized per building for brooding. Additional income is expected from the coproduced biochar (1,300kg) which, together with the chicken manure (13,300 kg), can be processed into organic fertilizer.  Moreover, with the integration of the CtRH carbonizer in the poultry operations, greenhouse gas (GHG) emission of around 23 tons CO2e per building per year could be prevented.

How to cite this article: Chauhan S, Singh VS, Thakur V (2017) Effect of Calotropis procera (madar) and amprolium supplementation on parasitological parameters of broilers during mixed Eimeria species infection, Veterinary World, 10(8): 864-868. Abstract Aim: An experiment was conducted on day old 168 broiler chicks to study the effect of 0.4% as well as 0.2% Calotropis procera (madar) leaf powder and 0.0125% amprolium supplementation on parasitological parameters of broilers during mixed Eimeria species infection. Materials and Methods: Chicks were randomly divided into seven groups (I-VII) each with two replicates of 12 chicks. On 15 th day of experiment, broilers of Group II, IV, VI, and VII were infected with 50,000 sporulated oocysts of mixed Eimeria species. To evaluate the anticoccidial effect of different feed supplements percent fecal score, percent survival, percent weight gain, performance index (PI), average oocyst production, and percent reduction in oocyst production were calculated. Results: It was observed that amprolium supplementation had maximum anticoccidial effect as it gave the best efficacy in terms of all parameters, whereas supplementation of 0.4% madar leaf powder showed nonsignificant difference with amprolium for some parameters such as percent survival, percent weight gain, and PI. Conclusion: It can be concluded that madar (C. procera) leaf powder and amprolium had comparable activity against coccidiosis. Hence, madar leaf powder may be used for the prevention and control of mixed Eimeria spp. infection prevalent in field conditions.

Medicinal plants and their derivatives are human-friendly, nutritional supplements, and their
use in the poultry industry is increasing today. Cynara scolymus is a very high-quality antioxidant
medicine plant that has recently attracted the attention of poultry and nutrition
researchers to supplement their rations and reduce feed costs. In the present study, the
effect of powder and extract of C. scolymus on broilers has reviewed. This review shows that
the impact of C. scolymus on production performance, carcass characteristics, liver enzymes
activity, and meat characteristics of broiler chickens are not significant. However, the negative
impact of this compound on these properties has not reported. Moreover, cholesterol
levels reduced by the dietary C. scolymus supplementation. The impact of C. scolymus powder
and extract on chickens’ broiler immunity was not significant in the cited literature, but
dietary C. scolymus powder increases Newcastle antibody titers and lowers blood pressure.
Dietary C. scolymus under heat stress increased anti-sheep red blood cell titers. No substantial
studies have conducted on the effect of C. scolymus on broilers. Therefore, it is not possible
to determine a single dosage for the use of C. scolymus powder or extract in broiler
diets to the improvement of the broiler characteristics. More researches are needed to
determining the appropriate dosage to achieve maximum performance

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different levels of rapeseed expeller cake (RC) in the diet of laying hens on egg performance, egg quality, retention and excretion of nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus, and metabolizability of energy. The experiment was carried out with 72 Bovans Brown hens, from 28 to 53 weeks of age. Experimental treatment consisted of four isonitrogenous and isocaloric corn-soybean diets (as calculated: 17% crude protein, 11.6 MJ/kg metabolizable energy, 0.81% lysine, 0.36% methionine, 3.60% calcium and 0.37% available phosphorus), containing 0, 4, 6 or 8% RC. The RC used was produced from double zero rapeseed and contained 29.3% crude protein, 17.4% crude fat, 10.8% crude fibre, 0.63% calcium, 0.97% phosphorus, 1.91% lysine and 0.84% methionine. During the experimental period, the dietary level of RC had no significant effects on egg performance and egg quality parameters. Boiled eggs from hens fed a diet with 8% RC were characterized by an inferior flavour to those from other groups. There were no treatment effects on nitrogen balance or metabolizability of energy, though the highest dietary level of RC negatively affected retention and excretion of calcium and phosphorus.

The study was conducted in order to determine the biological control of ticks by using indigenous poultry birds. Eight (8) indigenous poultry birds of age 2-3 months were purchased. These birds were divided into two groups as at morning and evening on the basis of their offensive attack on chick feed and ticks for half an hour and the feeding behavior also observed. After feeding the ticks the birds were slaughtered to examine the crops and gizzards. The total number of ticks collected from crops and gizzards of both morning and evening were examined, in which the total numbers were 75.51±17.50 (range, 58-93), 8.00±2.00 (range, 6-8) and 83.50±19.50 (range, 64-103) and 23.25±4.32 (range, 13-33), 2.50±0.64 (range, 1-4) and 25.75±4.11 (range, 17-35), respectively. The total number of attempts for traditional chick feed and ticks for both morning and evening groups were 78.5 and 31.87, respectively. From the current study it was concluded that chickens can be used for tick predation, forming a viable biological control component in an integrated tick management system. Chicken consumed large number of ticks in morning as compared to evening. Therefore, they should be used in the morning time for predation. The present study suggested that it is important to make poultry birds behaviorally adopted to tick predation on cattle and be used as a biological control against ticks

Background: Gastrointestinal (GIT) parasites can affect poultry productivity by compromising its health. It is well studied in other countries, but the documented reports in the Philippines have been limited.

Aim: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the presence of GIT parasites in selected small-scale poultry layer farms in Leyte, Philippines.

Materials and Methods: A total of 243 stool samples from eight small-scale poultry layer farms in Leyte, Philippines, were examined for GIT parasites using floatation and sedimentation technique. Profile parameters were also obtained. Fecal samples were collected and analyzed using floatation and sedimentation techniques. Statistical significance between GIT parasite positivity and profile parameters was determined using Chi-square test.

Results: GIT parasites were detected in 92.2% of the samples (24.7% with single infection, 42.0% with 2-3 parasites, and 25.5% with three or more parasites). The common parasites detected were Ascaridia spp. (41.2%), Heterakis spp. (59.3%), Capillaria spp. (10.7%), Eimeria spp. (43.2%), and Strongyloides spp. (74.1%). Some profile parameters, including farm location, years in business, number of workers, nearby water system, the practice of fecal cleaning, and presence of other animals, were found to be significantly associated with GIT positivity.

Conclusion: GIT parasites were detected in the poultry of small-scale layer farms in selected areas in Leyte, Philippines. This finding calls for the importance of routine GIT parasite monitoring and the implied need for regular deworming or dewormer rotation in the area.

A total of 225 native Hilly chickens (152 females and 73 males) were reared in colony cages as large, medium and small body size groups for 10 months period to compare their production performances. The mean body weights of adult female and male birds were 2129, 1786 and 1457g; and 2436, 2834 and 2249 g respectively. The age of first egg were 158, 147 and 140 days and hen-day egg production were 44.56 ± 0.5, 46.15 ± 0.5 and 48.84 ± 0.7 percent (P<0.01) respectively. The average egg weight were 43.05 ± 0.1, 42.87 ± 0.1 and 41.79 ± 0.24 (P<0.01). The average per bird per day feed consumption was 105, 107 and 105g (P<0.01) and mortality was 6.2, 5.1 and 11.1 percent respectively. The average hatchability percentage performed by 14 broody hens reared on litter floor was 65.71 and the average hatching egg weight and chick weight was 45.9 and 31.7 g respectively. Broodiness character of hilly chicken rearing in cage system was rarely observed. It may be concluded that locally collected large size Hilly chicken has potentiality to be used as meat type chicken. It may be suggested that hilly chicken can be improved further through new collection of local hilly birds to undertake conservation and improvement programme.

L’essai-expérimental effectué dans une ferme traditionnelle sur un échantillon de cent vingt-cinq poussins (125) de souche Arbor Acres a donné les résultats qui ont été l’objet d’une discussion. Trois poussins sont morts sur l’ensemble des sujets mis en expérimentation; soit un taux de mortalité de 2,4%. Avec une consommation  moyenne hebdomadaire (CMH) égale à 324,09 grammes d’aliment et une consommation moyenne quotidienne (CMQ) de 46,29 grammes à la dernière semaine, on a obtenu un gain moyen hebdomadaire (GMH) de 2372,29 grammes (en poids) à la fin de l’élevage, soit 2,372 kg par poulet. Par ailleurs, le gain moyen quotidien (GMQ) au cours de la sixième semaine est égal à 81,35 grammes et celui obtenu à la fin de l’élevage est de 35 grammes. Tous les indices calculés, relatifs à la consommation hebdomadaire sont représentés par un histogramme qui montre l’évolution statistique du rapport des quantités d’aliment consommé au poids des sujets afin de définir l’efficacité de cette conversion en une production donnée par chaque poulet.
The experimental trial carried out on a traditional farm on a sample of one hundred and twenty-five chicks (125) of Arbor Acres strain gave the results that were discussed. Three chicks died on all subjects subjected to experimentation; a mortality rate of 2.4%.With an average weekly intake (MCH) of 324.09 grams of food and a daily average intake (CMQ) of 46.29 grams in the last week, an average weekly gain (GMH) of 2372.29 grams (By weight) at the end of the rearing, or 2,372 kg per chicken. In addition, the average daily gain (GMQ) in the sixth week is equal to 81.35 grams and that obtained at the end of the rearing is 35 grams. All calculated weekly consumption indices are represented by a histogram which shows the statistical change in the ratio of the amounts of feed consumed to the weight of the subjects in order to define the efficiency of this conversion in a production given by each chicken.

L'étude a été réalisée sur 723 sujets provenant d'élevages avicoles privés ou
publiques de différentes wilayas de l'Est algérien. Les prélèvements ont été accompagnés
de fiches commémoratives dûment remplies par le vétérinaire. Le pourcentage des
animaux représentant des lésions macroscopiques sans distinction d'âge ni de
spéculation est de 10.51%. Les lésions ont été réparties sur les différents appareils et
organes dont les causes sont multiples ; nutritionnelles et microbiologiques. En effet,
l'autopsie joue un rôle primordial dans le diagnostic des pathologies des volailles mais
elle doit être complété par les examens sérologiques et bactériologiques.
Mots clés : Autopsie, volailles, lésions macroscopiques, diagnostic.

Decision tree techniques was used to assess the possibility of Halal Critical Point (HCP) manifesting itself in the Halal slaughtering and processing flow. The Assessment branches into Four (4) distinctive areas which relates with halal slaughtering. The slaughtering procedures, tools, slaughterer and the animal have been identified as the four pillars of Halal slaughtering. Humane and hygienic treatment has been added as to ensure, both Halal and Toyyiban aspect are covered in the process. Humane treatment have been found to be detrimental to the livestock being slaughtered as it has a direct consequences on the livestock wellbeing and meat quality, thus affecting the Halal integrity, as a whole.

Poultry farming is the natural practice of raising turkeys, chickens, ducks, or geese. The birds are raised for domestic or commercial use, for meat, eggs, and feathers. Chickens, ducks, geese, turkeys, ostriches and emus are main types of poultry farms. This paper encounters the problems of poultry formers and their opinions on various issues relating to production and marketing of poultry products. Based on available imperial evidence, the paper includes that it is production and marketing level to continue to promote poultry to contribute towards poultry farm owners and livelihood support but concerted efforts must be made to find organizational solutions to minimize public health risks and government provide appropriate extension support on issues like disease prevention, predation, improving hatchability, etc,. Unfortunately most government extension programs in the developing countries are not addressing the needs of poor advice to poultry farmers. Poultry is one of the fastest growing fragments of the agricultural sector in India. The reasons behind the fast growth of the segment are growth in income level of the people, a growing urban population and falling real poultry prices. On the other hand increased investments in breeding, hatching, processing has also contributed significantly towards the growth of the industry. Total egg production in India in 2005 was 46 billion. The six southern states - Andhra Pradesh, Talangana, TamilNadu, Maharashtra, Karnataka and Punjab are the major producing centers.

The objective of this review is to discuss the history, importance of Artificial Insemination (AI), semen collection and deposition techniques, physiology of cockerel reproduction, characteristics and chemical components of chicken semen, semen storage, and evaluation of semen, semen extenders and behavior of sperm in the oviduct. The first AI in poultry was reported in 1936. All of the avian male reproductive system is inside the bird unlike the males of mammalian species. Avian semen contains energy source to help the viability of semen for AI. For the purpose of in vitro storage semen extenders with appropriate osmolarity and source of energy can be used. Abdominal massage method is the most common technique to collect semen. The technique involves restraining the male and gently stroking the back of the bird from behind the wings towards the tail with firm rapid strokes and gentle squeeze to extract the semen. There are two methods of semen deposition in poultry. These methods are the Intra-peritoneal insemination and vaginal insemination. Vaginal insemination is the commonly used method. It involves everting (turning inside out) the cloaca to expose the reproductive tract of the female.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of cage tier and age on performance characteristics of layer hybrids, egg quality and some stress parameters. Ninety laying hens (hybrid ATAK-S) of similar bodyweights were used in the experiment. They were housed in three-tier conventional battery cages (bottom, middle and top) with 600 cm2/per bird. The experiment was conducted on hens from the age of 18 weeks to 42 weeks. Layers at the age of 18 weeks were randomly allocated to conventional three-tier battery cages with five replicates of six hens per treatment in a completely randomized design. In the bottom, middle and top tiers, 5% age of yield was observed as 151, 146 and 156 days, respectively; 50% age of yield was 162.4, 158.6 and 161.8 days; 5% yield age bodyweight (BW) as 1597.8, 1460.5 and 1599.2 g; 50% yield age BW as 1708.7, 1666.4 and 1671.7 g, respectively. The effects of cage tiers on week 42 BW, feed conversion ratio (FCR), tonic immobility (TI), egg weight (EW), egg yield (EY), and most external and internal quality traits of the hens’ eggs were found to be insignificant. Except for shape index (SI) and albumen pH,
internal and external quality traits of eggs were significantly affected by age of the hens. In addition, there were significant effects of age on the FCR, EY, EW and oviposition time. The effects of cage tier on tonic immobility (TI) in week 42 and viability were found to be insignificant, but TI in week 30 was found to be significant. It can be concluded that cage tier did not have significant effects on egg yield, egg quality and indicators of stress parameters studied in the experiment. However, these parameters were affected by the age of the hens at the beginning of the laying period.

Keywords: Cage tiers, layer hybrids, hybrids age, egg quality

L-theanine is a water-soluble non-proteinous amino acid mainly found in green tea leaves. Despite the availability of abundant literature on green tea, studies on the use of l-theanine as a feed additive in animals, and especially broilers are limited. The objective of this study was, therefore, to evaluate the effect of different dietary levels of l-theanine on meat quality, growth performance, immune response, and blood metabolites in broilers. A total of 400 day-old broiler chicks were randomly divided into four treatment groups using a completely randomized design; C-control, basal diet; 100LT-basal diet + 100 mg l-theanine/kg diet; 200LT-basal diet + 200 mg l-theanine/kg diet; and 300LT-basal diet + 300 mg l-theanine/kg diet. Results revealed that the intermediate level of l-theanine (200 mg/kg diet) showed better results in terms of body weight gain (BWG), feed consumed (FC), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) as compared with the other supplemented groups and the control. The live weight eviscerated weight and gizzard weight were higher in all l-theanine levels as compared to those of the control group. Increased weight (p ≤ 0.05) of spleen and bursa were found in group 200LT (200 mg l-theanine/kg diet). Concerning meat color parameters, values for yellowness (b*), and redness (a*) were greater in l-theanine-supplemented groups than the control. Supplementing broiler diet with l-theanine reduced (p = 0.02) total serum cholesterol contents while increased HDL. Further analysis revealed lower relative serum cytokines (IL-2 and INF-γ) and reduced mRNA expression of TNF-α and IL-6 in thymus, and IFN-γ and IL-2 in spleen in the treated group. Moreover, supplementation with 200 mg/kg of l-theanine improved antioxidant status in blood by increasing SOD, GSH-Px, and relative CAT levels. It is concluded that the optimum supplementation level of l-theanine is 200 mg/kg of diet because it resulted in improved performance parameters in broilers. However, higher levels of l-theanine (300 mg/kg diet) may have deleterious effects on performance and health of broiler chickens.

Penelitian ini bertujuan  untuk  mengetahui pengaruh kombinasi CPO (Crude Palm Oil) dan Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) dalam ransum sebagai anti stres pada karkas ayam broiler, dan lemak abdomen ayam broiler. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di kandang unit ternak unggas UPT Fakultas Peternakan Universitas Andalas Padang selama 42 hari. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah eksperimen dengan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan 5 perlakuan dan 4 ulangan. Masing-masing ulangan terdiri dari 5 ekor ayam broiler yang ditempatkan dalam kandang kelompok dengan ukuran 75 x 60 x 60cm. Hasil analisis keragaman menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan  pemberian kombinasi CPO (Crude Palm Oil) dan Vitamin C (Ascorbac acid)  berpengaruh nyata (P<0.05)  terhadap bobot karkas, tetapi terhadap persentase karkas, dan persentase lemak abdomen ayam broiler memberikan pengaruh yang  berbeda tidak nyata (P>0.05). Dalam penelitian ini kecendrungan terbaiknya pada perlakuan (CPO 3% dan Vitamin C 500 ppm)  dalam ransum.

Kata kunci : CPO, Vitamin C, Anti Stres, Bobot Karkas, Persentase Karkas, persentase
lemak abdomen.

In this study, the required ventilation rates for winter and summer breeding season in poultry houses were analyzed according to the known 4 different methods. The methods used for this purpose are (Öztürk, 2003) calculation method, Czech Standards (Anonymous, 1998), ASAE Standards (American Society of Agricultural Engineers) (ASAE, 1987) and finally CIGR Standards (International Commission for Agricultural Engineers) (CIGR, 1984). Calculations were made for the ventilation capacities of a selected broiler house in Samsun region conditions by considering the equations and parameters in these standards, and the differences and similarities among them were discussed.

Ayam Tukong adalah sejenis ayam kampung yang berkembang di daerah-daerah pedalaman Kalimantan
Barat. Ayam Tukong mempunyai ciri spesifik yaitu tidak memiliki tulang ekor atau “brutu”, sehingga lebih
mirip burung puyuh dengan penampilan seperti ayam kampung biasa. Peningkatan populasi penduduk,
mobilisasi dan eksploitasi yang terjadi berdampak terhadap kelestarian sumber genetik yang terdapat di alam,
termasuk ayam Tukong, sehingga perlu di lakukan tindak penyelamatan dan pengembangan. Untuk itu
diperlukan karakterisasi dan identifikasi aspek teknis biologis serta potensi pengembangannya di masa depan.
Metode survei digunakan untuk menjaring informasi dan dilanjutkan analisis deskriptif untuk mengetahui
karakteristik ayam Tukong. Bentuk tubuh, warna bulu, bentuk telur dan jenis pakan yang dimakan oleh ayam
Tukong tidak berbeda jauh dengan ayam kampung biasa, perbedaan fisik yang utama adalah tidak terdapat
tungging/pangkal ekor atau ”brutu” yang biasanya terdapat di bagian ujung tulang belakang ayam kampung.
Ayam Tukong memiliki bobot badan sedikit lebih ringan dari ayam kampung yaitu antara 1,7 – 2,5 kg untuk
yang jantan dan 1,2 – 1,7 kg untuk yang betina, dengan jumlah telur per periode sejumlah 6-12 butir. Ayam
Tukong sebagai ayam lokal Kalimantan Barat keberadaannya sudah mulai langka. Ayam Tukong yang
berkembang di Kalimantan Barat telah beradaptasi dengan kondisi biofisik Kalimantan Barat yang spesifik
beriklim tropis, dengan suhu udara dan kelembaban udara yang tinggi. Secara fisik ayam Tukong adalah
ayam kampung yang tidak memiliki pangkal ekor. Keunggulan ayam Tukong terhadap ayam kampung adalah
sifat yang lebih jinak, mudah dipelihara, lebih tahan penyakit, komposisi karkas yang lebih baik dan memiliki
cita rasa yang lebih gurih. Potensi genetis ayam Tukong perlu dikembangkan secara sistematis untuk
memunculkan sifat unggulnya dalam pengembangan ayam kampung.

This study was carried out on 180 day-old cockerels to determine their growth response and faecal egg counts to herbal supplement administration. The birds were brooded and allotted to four treatment groups of 45 birds with three replicates of 15 birds each. The experimental treatment was based on the frequency of administration of the herbal supplement: Control, Weekly, Fortnightly, and every three weeks. Data on growth response and microbial counts were taken. Data obtained were subjected to One-way Analysis of Variance in a Completely Randomised Design. Herbal supplement had significant (P<0.05) effect on the bacteria and oocyst count of cockerels. Bacteria count was highest in the control treatment, while values were significantly similar in cockerels administered with herbal supplement. Oocsyt count was significantly (P<0.05) influenced with highest values obtained in control with lowest values statistically similar in treatment 2, 3 and 4 respectively. The effect of herbal supplement on the growth response of cockerels revealed that most parameters were not significantly (P>0.05) influenced by herbal supplement except Feed: Gain and average weight gain. The best Feed: Gain value and average weight gain was obtained in birds administered the herbal supplement weekly (treatment 2). Conclusively, herbal supplement (extracts) can serve and be used as antibiotic alternatives in poultry for better performance and utilization of feed in terms of feed: gain and weight gain particularly to control the growth of harmful bacteria.

The aim of this review article is to discuss the results of experiments on the use of microalgae as the feed material in poultry nutrition. Microalgae are unicellular, photosynthetic aquatic plants. They are introduced to poultry diets mainly as a rich source of n 3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, including docohexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic acid, but can also serve as a protein, microelements, vitamins, and antioxidants source, as well as a pigmentation agent. The results of the majority of experiments have shown that microalgae, mainly Spirulina and Chlorella, also as defatted biomass from biofuel production, can be successfully used as feed material in poultry nutrition. They can have beneficial effects, mainly on meat and egg quality, i.e. the increased concentration of n 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and carotenoids in these products, but also in regards to performance indices and immune function. Positive results were also obtained when fresh microalgae biomass was used to replace antibiotic growth promoter in poultry diets. In conclusion, because of their chemical composition, microalgae can be efficiently used in poultry nutrition to enhance the pigmentation and nutritional value of meat and eggs, as well as a partial replacement of conventional protein sources, mainly soybean meal.

Background and Aim: In the recent past, few studies have been carried out in chicken to assess the effect of Azolla meal and raw Azolla feeding on the performance of chicken. If turkeys effectively use unconventional feedstuffs like Azolla without reducing the performance, it will increase the profitability of turkey business. Hence, a study was carried out to evaluate the effect of dried Azolla pinnata vis-a-vis raw Azolla as choice feeding on the growth, feed conversion ratio (FCR), blood biochemical attributes, and immune competence traits of growing turkeys under intensive system.

Materials and Methods: A total of 72, 8-week-old grower turkey poults of black variety were randomly distributed into three dietary treatments having three replicates each with eight birds. The birds of the control group (T1) were fed a basal diet (CP - 19.71% and ME - 2789.79 Kcal/kg), while the other group (T2) and choice-feeding group (T3) were fed 5% of basal diet replaced by dry Azolla powder on DM basis and ad libitum Azolla along with basal diet, respectively.

Results: There was no significant difference among the different groups in the average weekly weight gain during the entire experiment. FCR was significantly better (p<0.05) in the choice-feeding group compared to the other two experimental groups during 8-16 weeks of age. There was no significant difference among the treatment groups in any of the blood biochemical indices except plasma uric acid, which was significantly decreased (p<0.01) in T2 compared to T1 at 16 weeks of age. HA and IgM response to 1% sheep red blood cells (log2 titer) were numerically better in T2 and T3 compared to the T1.

Conclusion: Thus, it may be inferred that choice feeding with Azolla, and basal diet may improve FCR without any adverse effect on blood biochemical attributes and immune competence traits.

To investigate the influence of emulsifiers on broilers fed low-energy diets, the birds were distributed into three sets—the control was fed the basal diet, the second group was fed diets 50 kcal/kg less than control, and the third group was fed diets 50 kcal/kg less than control and supplemented with 500 g/ton of emulsifiers. The used mixture of exogenous emulsifiers contains phosphatidyl choline, lysophosphatidyl choline, and polyethylene glycol ricinoleate. Although the feed intake was not meaningfully affected by dietary low-energy level with emulsifier inclusion (P = 0.42), the weight gain and FCR were clearly enhanced (P = 0.005 and P = 0.044, respectively). Protein and lipids utilization were decreased by reducing energy level, but they were increased by emulsifier supplementation (P = 0.022 and P = 0.011, respectively). Liver thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARs) and muscle palmitic acid concentrations were decreased by reducing the energy level and emulsifier’s su...

ABSTRAK
Pada telur yang sebagian besar kandungan kuning telurnya (egg yolk) adalah asam
lemak tak jenuh rantai panjang (PUFA) terutama sekali asam lemak linoleat (C18:2n-6),
mudah sekali mengalami peroksidasi sehingga membutuhkan antioksidan. Vitamin E dan
selenium memiliki peranan utama dalam sistem antioksidan guna mengatasi peroksidasi
lemak. Vitamin E adalah antioksidan alami yang larut dalam lemak, yang, ketika
dimasukkan ke dalam ransum unggas , cenderung untuk membawa stabilitas oksidatif
pada telur. Selenium merupakan bagian penting dari berbagai selenoproteins, yang paling
dikenal di antaranya adalah glutathione peroksidase (GSH-Px). Secara khusus, GSHPx
terlibat dalam perlindungan antioksidan seluler, dan telah diketahui bahwa GSH-Px
bekerja secara sinergis dengan vitamin E, karena GSH-Px melanjutkan pekerjaan vitamin
E dengan detoksifikasi hidroperoksida. Dalam banyak hal, nutrisi dalam telur adalah
gambaran dari kandungan gizi ransum/pakan, sehingga sangatlah mungkin untuk
meningkatkan kadar vitamin E dan selenium dalam telur dengan memanipulasi
ransum/pakan unggas petelur. Selain itu juga vitamin E dan Selenium dalam jumlah/dosis
yang tepat tidak memiliki efek negatif baik pada kualitas telur maupun konsumennya.
Penelitian-penelitian telah menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan vitamin E dalam ransum
sebesar 40 sampai dengan 200 mg/kg dan selenium sebesar 0.3 sampai dengan 0.5 mg/kg
ransum serta kombinasi keduanya, dapat meningkatkan kandungan vitamin E dan
selenium dalam telur, juga terdapat peningkatan konsentrasi glutathione dalam hati ayam.
Peningkatan kandungan vitamin E dalam telur dapat mencapai 8 mg/100g yolk dibanding
telur biasa yaitu 2 mg/100g yolk, untuk kandungan selenium dalam telur dapat mencapai
30-35μg, dimana jumlah ini sudah memenuhi 50% kebutuhan harian manusia akan
mineral selenium. Investigasi lain menunjukkan bahwa penambahan vitamin E dan
selenium dalam ransum dapat meningkatkan kualitas telur, meningkatkan sistem
antioksidan dan memperbaiki nilai oksidasi lemak. Berdasarkan data dan keterangan
diatas jelaslah bahwa mentransfer vitamin E dan zat-zat lain dari ransum kedalam telur
adalah sangat mungkin dan memberikan jalan atau kesempatan untuk memproduksi
designer egg. Telur-telur yang mengalami pengayaan seperti disebut diatas dapat
dikategorikan sebagai pangan fungsional (functional food) dalam nutrisi manusia.
Key word : Vitamin E, Selenium, Antioksidan, Telur

The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of the egg shape index on egg quality characteristics. The eggs used in this study were laid by layers of the ATAK-S strain. The eggs were classified with respect to shape index (SI), namely sharp eggs (SI < 72), normal (standard) eggs (SI = 72–76) and round eggs (SI > 76). A total of 166 eggs were analysed to determine egg quality characteristics. Effects of egg shape on L*, a*, b*, specific gravity, albumen index and Haugh unit were statistically significant. However, the effects of egg shape index on egg weight, ΔE value, breaking strength, shell thickness, shell weight, surface area, yolk index, yolk colour, albumen pH and albumen and yolk blood spots were not significant. Statistically significant correlations between egg shape index and egg weight, L*, b*, specific gravity, egg surface area, albumen index and Haugh unit were determined. But, shape index did not correlate with a*, ΔE value, breaking strength, shell thickness, shell weight, yolk index, yolk colour and albumen pH. In conclusion, it is clear that the shape index has an effect on some egg quality characteristics. Therefore, shape index should be considered for use in future breeding programs.