Psychological Help Seeking

À l’image des hommes en général, les professionnels de l’urgence (policiers, ambulanciers, pompiers, militaires), lorsque confrontés à des difficultés de nature psychosociale, hésitent à formuler une demande d’aide vers les services professionnels. Les superviseurs, dans les organisations employant ces professionnels, occupent des fonctions privilégiées pour intervenir auprès de ces personnes afin de les orienter vers les ressources appropriées.

Nous nous sommes demandé si une intervention éducative de groupe portant sur la demande d’aide chez les hommes et sur quelques techniques de base en relation d’aide peut permettre d’outiller des superviseurs de professions d’urgence pour mieux intervenir auprès d’un subordonné. À cette fin, l’intervention Urgence Masculinité a été mise sur pied et évaluée. Cette intervention éducative de groupe, d’une durée d’une journée, a été réalisée à six reprises et a permis de rejoindre un total de 43 superviseurs chez les pompiers, les militaires et les policiers.

L’évaluation indique que l’intervention a permis aux participants de se sentir plus outillés pour identifier les problèmes chez leurs subordonnés, pour entrer en relation d’aide auprès de ces derniers et pour les orienter vers les ressources adéquates. De plus, les participants rapportent majoritairement avoir acquis de nouvelles connaissances et habiletés et se disent satisfaits de l’intervention. L’évaluation indique, par contre, que certains participants présentent toujours des besoins concernant l’identification d’un employé vivant des problèmes psychosociaux. Il a, de plus, été impossible de former un groupe de superviseurs ambulanciers, ce qui constitue une limite importante de ce projet.

Aim: Conformity to traditional masculine gender norms may deter men’s help-seeking and/or impact the services men engage. Despite proliferating research, current evidence has not been evaluated systematically. This review summarises findings related to the role of masculinity on men’s help-seeking for depression.
Method: Six electronic databases were searched using terms related to masculinity, depression and help-seeking. Titles and abstracts were reviewed and data systematically extracted and examined for methodological quality.
Results: Of 1927 citations identified, 37 met inclusion criteria. Seventeen (46%) studies reported qualitative research; eighteen (49%) employed quantitative methods, and two (5%) mixed methods. Findings suggest conformity to traditional masculine norms has a threefold effect on men experiencing depression, impacting: i) their symptoms and expression of symptoms; ii) their attitudes to, intention, and, actual help-seeking behaviour; and, iii) their symptom management.
Conclusion: Results demonstrate the problematic impact of conformity to traditional masculine norms on the way men experience and seek help for depression. Tailoring and targeting clinical interventions may increase men’s service uptake and the efficacy of treatments. Future research examining factors associated with men’s access to, and engagement with depression care will be critical to increasing help-seeking, treatment uptake, and effectual self-management among men experiencing depression.

Cet article concerne la validation française de l’Inventory of Attitudes Toward Seeking Mental Health Services (Inventaire d’attitudes envers le recours aux services de santé mentale; IARSSM). Cet outil a pour objectif de mesurer les croyances et les attitudes exprimées à l’égard de la recherche d’aide psychologique professionnelle. Il se présente sous la forme d’un inventaire de 24 affirmations — inspirées de la théorie du comportement planifié — qui rendent compte de l’ouverture psychologique, de l’indifférenceà la stigmatisation sociale et de la propension à l’action. L’objectif de la présente recherche a été de traduire en français l’échelle, puis de tester, notamment, sa validité factorielle. Après application d’une procédure de traduction et de rétro-traduction, l’IARSSM a été rempli par 702 Français. Les réponses ont été traitées par analyse factorielle confirmatoire. Les résultats confirment la structure tri-factorielle théorique et attestent sa supériorité par rapport à une structure unifactorielle. En outre, la présence de corrélations avec des critères externes confirme la validité de l’échelle, et la consistance interne de ses sous-échelles est satisfaisante.

Özet
Türkiye’de psikolojik yardım uygulamalarının geçmişi 1950’li yıllara dayanmaktadır. Psikolojik yardım günümüzde çoğunlukla klinik ortamlarda gerçekleşmekle birlikte eğitim, adalet, endüstri, sosyal hizmet ve din hizmeti alanlarındaki uygulamalarıyla giderek yaygınlaşmaktadır. Önümüzdeki yıllarda toplum, psikolojik yardım hizmetlerine daha da fazla ihtiyaç duyacaktır. Çünkü globalleşme ile birlikte kültür kodlarında yaşanan değişimler, çok kültürlülük, değişen aile ve toplum yapısı, modern yaşam biçimi ve hızla gelişen teknoloji, birey ve toplumun psikolojik yaşantılarını daha da derinden etkileyecektir. Toplumda yaşanan ve giderek artan bu hızlı değişime ayak uydurma çabaları psikolojik yardım hizmetlerine duyulan ihtiyacı arttırmaktadır. Ülkemizde psikolojik yardım alanında, psikiyatrist, terapist, psikoterapist, psikolog, klinik psikolog, pedagog, rehber, psikolojik danışman, sosyal hizmet uzmanları profesyonel yardım sağlamaktadır. Bu yardım alanları içinde son yıllarda ortaya çıkan dinî danışma ve rehberlik, Türkiye’de henüz yeni çalışılan konular arasındadır. Özellikle lisansüstü çalışmaların son derece az olduğu bu alanın akademik ilgiye ihtiyacı vardır. Gündeme daha çok din hizmetleri çerçevesinde gelen dinî danışma ve rehberlik konusu daha çok master düzeyindeki çalışmalar, makale, sempozyum ve çalıştay bildirileri ile ele alınmaktadır.
Bu çalışmada toplumda giderek daha fazla ihtiyaç duyulan psikolojik yardım hizmetlerinin belli başlı alanları nelerdir? Psikolojik yardım uygulamaları bağlamında Türkiye’de dinî danışma ve rehberlik alanında yapılan akademik çalışmalar hangi aşamadadır? Sorularına cevap aranmaktadır. Bu çalışma ayrıca, psikolojik yardım alanları bağlamında gelişen dinî danışma ve rehberlik konusunun diğer psikolojik yardım hizmetleri sunan meslekler ile ilişkisine dikkat çekerek sürecin olgunlaşmasına katkı sağlamayı hedeflemektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Din; Psikoloji; Psikolojik Yardım; Manevi Bakım; Dinî Danışmanlık

Abstract
The history of psychological counseling in Turkey dates back to the 1950s.  Psychological guidance and counseling, that is mostly takes place in a clinical setting, as well as education, justice, industry, social services, religious services, which spreads up day by day. In the future, people will need more psychological support, because of the changes experienced in the cultural codes, which are caused by globalization, multiculturalism, changing family and social structure, modern lifestyle, rapidly evolving technology. The efforts to keep pace with this rapid change in society increase the need for psychological supprt services. The psychological support is professionally supplied by psychiatrists, therapists, psychotherapists, psychologists, clinical psychologists, educators, consultants, guidance, counselors, and social workers in Turkey. Among these, the pastoral guidance and counseling, that is a recent study of field, need more academic attention in Turkey. The pastoral guidance and counseling issues, that arose in the context of the more religious services, have begun to be addressed by the master level studies, articles, the symposiums and workshop papers.
The aim of this study is to answer the following questions: What are the major areas of psychological supprt, that is increasingly needed in the community? In the context of psychological guidance and counseling, the academic studies in Turkey, are at which stage? This study, tries to draw attention to the pastoral guidance and counseling, and its relations to other psychological support services. So that, it also aims to contribute to the process of enhancement of pastoral guidance and counseling in Turkey.
Key Words: Religion; Psychology; Psychological Help; Pastoral Care; Pastoral Counseling

Objective. To examine whether self-stigma of seeking psychological help and being male would be associated with an increased likelihood of having an undiagnosed eating disorder.

Method. A multi-national sample of 360 individuals with diagnosed eating disorders and 125 individuals with undiagnosed eating disorders were recruited. Logistic regression was used to identify variables affecting the likelihood of having an undiagnosed eating disorder, including sex, self-stigma of seeking psychological help, and perceived stigma of having a mental illness, controlling for a broad range of covariates.

Results. Being male and reporting greater self-stigma of seeking psychological help were independently associated with an increased likelihood of being undiagnosed. Further, the association between self-stigma of seeking psychological help and increased likelihood of being undiagnosed was significantly stronger for males than for females.

Discussion. Perceived stigma associated with help-seeking may be a salient barrier to treatment for eating disorders – particularly among male sufferers.

The aim of this research is to determine the variables that qualify the help seeking behavior (willingness to
seek counseling) of Turkish university students. A total of 5829 college students (2974 females, 2841 males, 14
unknown) from eleven universities in Turkey have participated in the study. Personal Form, Self Concealment
Scale, Willingness to Seek Counseling Scale, Problem Areas Scale, Attitudes Towards Seeking Professional
Psychological Help Scale, Multi-Dimensional Perceived Social Support Scale, Bem Sex Role Inventory have
been used in the research. Moreover, the hierarchic regression analysis technique has been used in the analysis
of the data. It is observed that the study has significantly predicated the points gathered from independent
variables with the points related to willingness to seek help. This finding shows that independent variables can
be regarded as explaining the 26 % variance related to the help seeking behavior points. The results show that
the most significant predicator of college students’ willingness to seeking psychological help level is positive
attitudes towards seeking psychological help.

The discourse about men of color in higher education centers on their lower enrollment, persistence, and graduation rates. This paper draws from validation theory to understand how two men of color programs helped 41 Black, Latino, Asian American, and Pacific Islander college students foster healthy gender expression and emotional vulnerability. Although most participants expressed past exposure to toxic and detrimental discussions about masculinity, they aspired to learn how to grow healthy relationships with other college men as well as create pathways to academic success and support within men of color programs. Implications for research and practice are provided to influence men of color programs in higher education to further develop vulnerable spaces.

Introduction: Distressed individuals are often reluctant to seek help (Biddle et al., 2004); when they do, they are more likely to seek help from family and friends instead of mental health professionals (Ashley, 2005). Given the rising rates of mental disorders, it seems pertinent to examine factors that influence formal help-seeking behaviors (FHS). Research has suggested that personality traits are predictors of FHS (Rickwood et al., 1994; Tijhuis, 1990); recent studies have started to suggest that mindfulness influences academic help-seeking behaviors in college undergraduates (Howell et al., 2011). Further, other studies have shown that rumination is not only related to lowered help-seeking behaviors (e.g., Kakhnovets, 2011), but also lowered levels of mindfulness (Raes & Williams, 2010). Because of the complex interplay between rumination and mindfulness no study has yet investigated the impact of mindfulness on the relationship between rumination and FHS. In this study, we attempted to elucidate the relationship, and hypothesized that (1) mindfulness positively correlate with FHS, and that (2) rumination would mediate the mindfulness–FHS relationship. 
Method: 179 healthy undergraduates from National University of Singapore (21.8 ± 1.6 years of age; 56% female; 88% ethnically Chinese) participated in this cross-sectional study. Participants filled out a pen-and-paper questionnaire comprising validated measures of (1) mindfulness, the Five-factor Mindfulness Questionnaire – Short Form (FFMQ-SF; Bohlmeijer et al., 2011); (2) rumination, the Ruminative Response Style Questionnaire, (RRS; Nolen-Hoeksema & Morrow, 1991); and (3) FHS, the vignette version of the General Help-seeking Questionnaire (GHSQ-V; Wilson et al., 2005).
Results: Inconsistent with our first hypothesis, a preliminary look presented no significant relationship between mindfulness and FHS; however, further analyses revealed that this was because only two of the FFMQ-SF subscales, observing and non-judging, were correlated to GHSQ-V, rs = −.02 and .17, respectively. While rumination was negatively correlated with FHS, we discovered that only the reflection subscale of the RRS was correlated with aspects of the FFMQ-SF and the GHSQ-V. Mediation analyses revealed a full significant positive mediation of reflection on the link between non-judging and FHS (Sobel’s z = 2.46, p = .01) but a partial significant negative mediation of reflection on the link between observing and FHS (Sobel’s z = -2.10, p = .03).
Discussion and Conclusions: The results of our study preliminarily suggest that there are differential roles of both rumination and mindfulness on FHS. Clinicians and practitioners alike should be wary of wholeheartedly embracing all aspects of mindfulness-based interventions: the non-judging aspect of mindfulness improves FHS, while the observing aspect seems to lower FHS. Further, reflective, and not brooding, rumination seems to be the conduit through which mindfulness influences FHS. As such, in the interest of improving FHS, there is a greater urgency in emphasizing reflective rumination in the context of being non-judgmental, but not in that of being observant.

The attitude toward seeking professional psychological help is an important concept in the
literature related to psychological help-seeking behaviors. The present study aimed to investigate the attitudes of
pre-service teachers toward seeking psychological help. Data was collected from 143 university students from the
Faculty of Education. Construct was assessed using the abbreviated Turkish form of the scale “Attitudes Toward
Seeking Psychological Help (ASPH-S)” and a personal information form created by the researcher was utilized in
order to obtain demographic and personal data. A general pattern of reluctance for help seeking was illustrated in
the descriptive statistical results. No gender difference was found with respect to Attitude towards seeking
psychological help. Attitude towards seeking psychological help had a significant correlation with age in the
negative direction. Age correlated positively with actual history of professional psychological help and presence of
educational experience about psychological help. Presence of educational experience about psychological help
correlated positively with history of professional psychological help. Year in university correlated positively with
presence of educational experience about psychological help. Income level correlated negatively with history of
professional psychological help. The results and future implications are discussed.

Статтю присвячено профілактиці гострого і хронічного стресу.  Описано численні стратегії самозбереження, відновлення, подолання віддалених наслідків травматизації. Проаналізовано форми організації часу, що сприяють профілактиці вигорання, та засоби швидкої, невідкладної психологічної самодопомоги.

Delays in seeking help often result in dire consequences. In this cross-sectional study, we explored whether rumination and mindfulness were potential predictors of help-seeking. One hundred and seventy-nine students in Singapore (Mean age = 21.8 years; 45% female; 88% Chinese; 71% affiliated with a religion) filled in measures of ruminative tendencies (Ruminative Response Styles), dimensions of mindfulness (Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire), and help-seeking intentions (General Help Seeking Questionnaire). Our results show that mindfulness, specifically non-reactivity, strengthened (negatively mediated) and partially moderated the rumination–help-seeking relationship for women, but not men. We conclude with a discussion of the implications of our results and future directions for this promising field.

Dentro del marco de la creciente demanda por inclusión en la educación superior, el presente artículo tiene por objetivo caracterizar los tipos de apoyos que requieren los estudiantes universitarios a nivel académico para enfrentar con éxito sus estudios. En este estudio, realizado en una muestra de 758 universitarios chilenos, se identifican jerárquicamente los tipos de apoyos que los estudiantes perciben como más necesarios y se analiza la diversidad de apoyos requeridos por estos estudiantes. Los resultados muestran una amplia demanda de todos los tipos de apoyos evaluados, lo que pone en cuestión el enfoque institucional que focaliza los apoyos en aspectos puntuales identificados como carencias e invita a comprender y abordar la problemática de los apoyos académicos de manera más holística y transversal. Se concluye que los apoyos de carácter estratégico instrumental son el principal requerimiento de apoyo en el marco académico por parte de los estudiantes.

This study drew on epidemiological data from a large urban school district to evaluate the implementation of a school-based mental health (SBMH) prevention initiative at 15 high schools. The purpose of this research was to measure the prevalence of student risk and protective factors by race and ethnicity and assess the engagement of Asian youth in prevention services. Results indicated statistically significant racial and ethnic group differences in the prevalence of risk factors (self-reported depressive symptoms, substance use, externalizing behavior at school, failing grades, truancy, and discrimination by school adults and peers), and protective factors (school, home, and peer assets). Controlling for gender, family structure, risk behaviors, protective factors, and school composition, Black (OR = 2.31, p < .001), Latino (OR = 1.36, p < .05) and Multiracial (OR = 1.42, p < .01) had significantly higher odds of using their SBMH program compared to Asian students. Among Asian ethnic subgroups, Cambodian youth (OR=.62, p <.01) were the only Asian ethnic sub-group that had lower odds of accessing school-based services than their Chinese peers. Findings suggest that in order to reach underserved Asian American adolescents, prevention programs must address cultural and contextual influences on adolescent help-seeking when developing program outreach and enrollment strategies. Additional research in the field of prevention science is needed to understand the mechanisms driving patterns of prevention service use by race and ethnicity.
Keywords:  Asian American adolescents, school-based mental health prevention, racial and ethnic disparities, risk and protective factors

Sažetak Studentski život često podrazumijeva odvajanje od doma, roditelja i roditeljske podrške, te nerijetko za studente predstavlja prilično izazovan, težak i stresan period. Iz ovih razloga, studenti postaju korisnici usluga psiholoških savjetovališta. Cilj ovog rada jeste ispitati da li je nacionalnost studenata bitan faktor koji doprinosi razvoju stavova prema traženju psihološke pomoći. Kao instrument korisitli smo Skalu za mjerenje stavova prema traženju psihološke pomoći, odnosno njene četiri subskale: Prepoznavanje potrebe za psihološkom pomoći, Tolerancija na stigmu povezana sa traženjem psihološke podrške, Interpersonalna otvorenost prema nečijim problemima i Povjerenje u profesionalce iz oblasti mentalnog zdravlja. Uzorak je sačinjen od 600 studenata, porijeklom iz tri zemlje: Hrvatske, Bosne i Hercegovine i Turske. Istraživanje je urađeno putem online-upitnika. Rezultati ukazuju da postoje razlike između studenata različitih nacionalnosti i to samo na skali prepoznavanja potrebe za psihološkom pomoći, gdje studenti iz Hrvatske pokazuju najveću sklonost prepoznavanju potrebe, za razliku od studenata iz Turske i Bosne i Hercegovine. Također, spolne razlike su se pokazale značajnim na subskali tolerancije na stigmu, i to kod sve tri nacionalnosti, u pravcu da žene imaju viši skor, dok je interakcija nacionalnosti i spola statistički značajna za sve četiri varijable. Ključne riječi: stavovi studenata, nacionalnost, profesionalna psihološka pomoć.

Objective University students experience common mental health problems such as depression, anxiety, and stress along with poor‐sleep quality. This study explores the relationships between these concepts and help‐seeking intention in a general Australian university student population. The primary aim was to examine the moderating effects of sleep quality on help‐seeking intention for common mental health problems. The secondary aim was to examine sex differences in help‐seeking behaviour. Method University students, between 18 and 55 years of age (M = 30.18, SD  = 11.37, N = 117) of which 98 were female, completed an on‐line survey assessing help‐seeking intentions, common mental health problems, and sleep quality. Results High levels of depression, anxiety, and stress were significantly associated with decreased sleep quality or decreased help‐seeking intention. A multiple regression analysis predicted that students were more likely to report intention to seek help if they had lower scores of depression, but higher scores of stress. Help‐seeking intention levels were lower for males than females. Poor‐sleep quality was not found to be a moderator of help‐seeking intention. Conclusion Although the proposed moderation effect of poor‐sleep quality on the relationship between common mental health problems and help‐seeking intention was not supported, the study advanced our knowledge of university students’ low intention to seek help, despite high scores of poor‐sleep quality. Implications for on‐campus interventions and raising awareness among students about these issues are discussed.

The study was conducted in real conditions while assisting military medical staff. Our psychological team working on a voluntary basis participated in the rehabilitation and psychological assessment of thousands of soldiers during the 44-day war and in the postwar period. In this work, we have made an attempt to address the assessment of soldiers' psychological conditions due to combat stress and post-stress conditions, depending on the nature of the trauma (injury or mental disorder). Accounting all these conditions allows us to more effectively and accurately assess soldiers' mental and physical health, to clarify the vectors of psycho-rehabilitation work, to predict further psychological shifts. The study revealed significant patterns of inverse correlation between physical injury and mental disorders, as well as some connections between the personal component and mental disorder.

The internet has been an increasingly researched resource for mental health support. However past methodologies have been limited to quantitative and mixed method studies. The present research 4 used a qualitative thematic analysis to answer the following research questions: A.) What would young men do if they were experiencing psychological distress and what influences them to seek help? B.) How can the internet impact upon young men's mental health? C.) What is currently missing from support for young men experiencing psychological distress? D.) How can men be encouraged to engage in help seeking for psychological distress? and E.) What is the best approach to adopt when supporting men experiencing negative feelings?

Seeking help from an outgroup can be difficult, especially when the outgroup is known to stereotype the ingroup negatively and the potential recipient cares strongly about its social image. However, we ask whether even highly identified ingroup members may seek help from a judgmental outgroup if doing so allows them to disconfirm the outgroup’s negative stereotype of the ingroup. We presented participants with one of two negative outgroup stereotypes of their ingroup. One could be disconfirmed through seeking help, the other could not. Study 1 (n = 43) showed group members were aware of the strategic implications of seeking help for disconfirming these stereotypes. Study 2 (n = 43) showed high identifiers acted on such strategic knowledge by seeking more help from the outgroup when help-seeking could disconfirm a negative stereotype of their group (than when it could not). Implications for the seeking and acceptance of help are discussed.

This research aims to reveal to what extent university students' attitudes towards their psychological help seeking and hopelessness predict theirlife satisfaction. Participants of the study consist of 359 university students, including 178 female and 181 male. In the research, Life Satisfaction Scale, Psychological Help-Seeking Attitude Scale, Beck Hopelessness Scale and Personal Information Form were used as data collection tools. For the analyses of the research, Regression Analyses were made, and it was determined that university students' attitudes of seeking for psychological help and their hopelessness levels significantly predicted their life satisfactions. Considering these findings, the analyses of the factors that affect university students' life satisfactions may be instructive in determining the targets for the studies of psychological counselling

In Italia la percentuale di persone che ha chiesto una consultazione psicologica si aggira intorno al 3-5,5% e il minor contatto con i servizi si osserva tra i 18 e i 25 anni. Gli atteggiamenti negativi nei confronti della richiesta di aiuto sono più elevati tra i giovani adulti e sono associati a bassi livelli di apertura emotiva, desiderio di risolvere i propri problemi in autonomia, alti livelli di alessitimia e insicurezza di attaccamento. Il presente studio si prefigge di completare tali risultati attraverso l’analisi delle loro interconnessioni, analizzandone anche i meccanismi intrapsichici sottostanti. S’ipotizza che soggetti con elevati punteggi d’insicurezza dell’attaccamento, di alessitimia, di disregolazione emotiva, e peculiari stili di coping siano meno propensi a richiedere un aiuto, in accordo con la concettualizzazione della teoria dell’attaccamento come una teoria di regolazione emotiva, per cui, alla luce delle esperienze con i caregiver primari, si sviluppano strategie che influenzano le risposte cognitive, affettive e comportamentali di gestione del disagio.
Metodo. Alla ricerca hanno partecipato 370 giovani adulti (18-25 anni). Sono stati utilizzati diversi strumenti self-report per studiare i costrutti sopra citati e proiettivi (Test di Rorschach, valutato secondo il CS).
Risultati. I soggetti con atteggiamento negativo nei confronti della richiesta di aiuto presentano attaccamento insicuro, disregolazione emotiva e coping basato sull’evitamento. I risultati sono in linea con la letteratura, mentre disconfermano la relazione tra alessitimia e attitudine a richiedere aiuto.
Conclusioni. Tali risultati preliminari potrebbero gettare luce sul gap esistente tra sofferenza psicologica e richiesta d’aiuto.