Public Health and Environmental Risk Profiles

Standard precautions are designed to protect healthcare workers from being exposed to potentially infected blood and body fluids by applying the fundamental principles of infection prevention4. These principles include: hand hygiene, use of appropriate personal protective equipment (like gloves, mask, face shield, gown), prevention of needle stick and injuries from other sharp instruments, respiratory hygiene and cough etiquette, environmental cleaning, use of linens, proper waste disposal and patient care equipment5. Standard precautions are also intended to protect the patient by ensuring that health care personnel do not transmit infections to patients through their hands or equipment during health care6. In this study, 250 medical and nursing students in UNTH Ituku, Ozalla Enugu were surveyed.  Majority of the respondents were within the age range of 21-25 years (65.6%), followed by those within 16-20 years (19.2%). Also 65.6% were females, while the males were 34.4%. 95.6% were single while 4.4% were married. Majority of the respondents were Christians (98.4%).  61.2% were medical student and 38.8% were nursing students. Majority (32.4%) of medical students were in 600 level. While majority (20%) of nursing students were in 300 level. In our study, only 14.8% of respondents were aware of hospital policies that enhance the compliance to standard precautions. 52.4% have received training on infection control. In our study, it was discovered that out of 250 respondents, 94 (37.6%) regularly wear PPEs while attending to patients, while 156 (62.4%) do not, with reasons from 121 (48.4%) being that there is no regular access to PPE.

This study aimed to analyze the environmental and social risks in Bangladesh along with the attitude of Bangladeshi people towards foreign products offered by multinational companies. Analyses were mostly qualitative in nature. However, quantitative approach involving survey was used to explore the attitude of people and to compare their attitude in respect of gender and age. A structured, close-ended questionnaire having forty questions under eight variables (quality, price, promise, differentiation, trust and credibility, self expressive benefits, foreign culture attraction and satisfaction and loyalty) measured on Likert scale has been used. Convenience sampling method has been applied to collect data from 200 respondents. For data analysis purposes descriptive statistics, independent sample t-test, one-way ANOVA and internal correlation have been applied. Reliability of instrument has been judged by applying cronbach's alpha. The study found that there are both positive and negative aspects in environmental and social components of Bangladesh and the people of this country have an overall favorable attitude towards foreign products.

The study evaluates associated health risks of heavy metals in the soil to inhabitants of two mining areas of Nigeria. For so doing, it collects and analyses nine homogenous soil samples for their lead, copper, cadmium, zinc, and chromium levels, using AAS. The samples are then used to calculate health risks to adults and children. For adult population in Agbaja community, the calculated hazard quotients fall below one in all considered pathways. Hazard index values for all the pathways are also less than one, taking the following order: Cu>Cr>Pb>Cd>Zn. It is shown that for all considered heavy metals, the adult population in Agbaja mining community was not at any risk of non-carcinogenic effects from these metals. As for the children in Agbaja, the calculated HQ values for Cd and Zn have been less than one in all the pathways, while the HQ values for Pb, Cr, and Cu have significantly surpassed 1, with the ingestion route being the main pathway. The HI values have been in the following order: Cu>Cr>Pb>Cd>Zn, which poses serious non-carcinogenic health risks to the children, living around this community. The carcinogenic risk has been calculated based on Pb, Cd, and Cr, with the former (Pb) proven to be the highest contributor to cancer risk. USEPA considers acceptable cancer risk within the range of 1×10 −6 to 1×10 −4. Though insignificant in its values, carcinogenic risk for adults in Agbaja (2.95×10-4) and Itakpe (4.71×10-4) and for children in Itakpe (4.47×10-4) have been higher than the acceptable values. Hence, the adults are more at risk, for whom ingestion is the main contributor to excess lifetime cancer risk, followed by dermal pathways. Considering the health hazards, entailed by the accumulation of these heavy metals, on human health, mining sites and areas require to get monitored properly.

Dioxins have been an inconvenience to the Baltic Sea ecosystem for decades. Although the concentrations in the environment and biota have continuously decreased, dioxins still pose a risk to human health. The risk and its formation vary in different parts of the Baltic Sea, due to variability in the environmental and societal factors affecting it. This paper presents a systematic literature review and knowledge synthesis about the regional dioxin risk formation in four sub-areas of the Baltic Sea and evaluates, whether systemic approach changes our thinking about the risk and its effective management. We studied the dioxin flux from atmospheric deposition to the Baltic Sea food webs, accumulation to two commercially and culturally important fish species, Baltic herring (Clupea harengus membras) and Baltic salmon (Salmo salar), and further to risk group members of four Baltic countries. Based on 46 studies, we identified 20 quantifiable variables and indexed them for commensurable regional comparison. Spatial differences in dioxin pollution, environmental conditions, food web dynamics, and the following dioxin concentrations in herring and salmon, together with fishing and fish consumption, affect how the final health risk builds up. In the southern Baltic Sea, atmospheric pollution levels are relatively high and environmental processes to decrease bioavailability of dioxins unfavorable, but the growth is fast, which curb the bioaccumu-lation of dioxins in the biota. In the North, long-range atmospheric pollution is minor compared to South, but the local pollution and slower growth leads to higher bioaccumulation rates. However, based on our results, the most remarkable differences in the dioxin risk formation between the areas arise from the social sphere: the emissions, origin of national catches, and cultural differences in fish consumption. The article suggests that acknowledging spatial characteristics of socio-ecological systems that generate environmental risks may aid to direct local focus in risk management.

The objective of the present study is to analyze the
discomfort caused by urban noise to community residents or people working in public areas of the city of Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil. Based on the existence of both fixed and nonfixed sources of noise, fifteen such areas were chosen for the study. Noise levels were measured in the areas, and the reactions to the discomfort produced by noise were registered through the use of questionnaires applied to the resident population or those working in places bordering the area specified for research. Statistical tests of association between registered non-acoustical variables– such as age, sex, income and schooling – and discomfort levels were carried out.

The specialty of family medicine is centered on lasting, caring relationships with patients and their families. Family physiciansintegrate the biological, clinical and behavioral sciences to provide continuing and comprehensive health care. The scope of family medicine encompasses all ages, sexes, each organ system and every disease entity. Read more about the history, scope and definition of family medicine by reviewing the following resources.



Public-health-family-medicine



Family medicine is a three-dimensional specialty, incorporating (1) knowledge, (2) skill and (3) process. At the center of the process element is the patient-physician relationship with the patient viewed in the context of the family. It is the extent to which this relationship is valued, developed, nurtured and maintained that distinguishes family medicine from all other specialties.



Family physicians integrate the biological, clinical and behavioral sciences to provide continuing and comprehensive health care. Family medicine encompasses all ages, sexes, each organ system and every disease entity. Family physicians also pay special attention to their patients' lives within the context of family and the community.

Adolescent Medicine
Geriatric Medicine
Pain Medicine
Sleep Medicine
Sports Medicine
Sexual Health
Geriatric Medicine
For more details, PS: https://clinicalcasereports.conferenceseries.com/events-list/case-reports-on-public-health-family-medicine

Objectives: This paper investigates risk profiles of frailty among older people, as these are essential for detecting those individuals at risk for adverse outcomes and to undertake specific preventive actions. Frailty is not only a physical problem, but also refers to emotional, social, and environmental hazards. Methods: Using data generated from the Belgian Ageing Studies, a cross-sectional study (n D 28,049), we tested a multivariate regression model that included sociodemographic and socioeconomic indicators as well as four dimensions of frailty, for men and women separately. Results: The findings indicated that for both men and women, increased age, having no partner, having moved house in the previous 10 years, having a lower educational level and having a lower household income are risk characteristics for frailty. Moreover, when looking at the different frailty domains, different risk profiles arose, and gender-specific risk characteristics were detected. Discussion: This paper elaborates on practical implications, and formulates a number of future research recommendations to tackle frailty in an aging society. The conclusion demonstrates the necessity for a thorough knowledge of risk profiles of frailty, as this will save both time and money and permit preventive actions to be more individually tailored.

Cross-sectional research into the potential relationship between health and income inequality to date has focused primarily on various measures of health outcomes. We explore the presence of a contextual effect of income inequality on various health risks, and whether this effect is homogenous across all factors examined. We conduct a residual regression analysis between residual of health/income and Gini coefficient. We conclude that income inequality has a differential impact on health risks, and that the impact varies across age groups, sex and type of measure used. The sources of the differentials depends on the type of health risk examined and range from psychological stress brought about by relative deprivation to lack of access to "social factors" and lack of social cohesion resulting from heterogeneity of preferences. The extent and nature of the effect, however, is small and inconsistent across categories. We use the

The study evaluates associated health risks of heavy metals in the soil to inhabitants of two mining areas of Nigeria. For so doing, it collects and analyses nine homogenous soil samples for their lead, copper, cadmium, zinc, and chromium levels, using AAS. The samples are then used to calculate health risks to adults and children. For adult population in Agbaja community, the calculated hazard quotients fall below one in all considered pathways. Hazard index values for all the pathways are also less than one, taking the following order: Cu>Cr>Pb>Cd>Zn. It is shown that for all considered heavy metals, the adult population in Agbaja mining community was not at any risk of non-carcinogenic effects from these metals. As for the children in Agbaja, the calculated HQ values for Cd and Zn have been less than one in all the pathways, while the HQ values for Pb, Cr, and Cu have significantly surpassed 1, with the ingestion route being the main pathway. The HI values have been i...

ABSTRACT
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THE IMPACT OF PUBLIC HEALTH AND FATE OF POPULATION HEALTH
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THIS TOPIC IS PART OF MY RESEARCH PROJECT AND INDEPENDENT STUDY OF THE IMPACT OF PUBLIC HEALTH ON POPULATION HEALTH DURING POLITICAL CONFLICTS.
POLITICS PLAYS A GREAT ROLE WHEN IT COMES TO DESIGNING, PLANNING, AND DECISION MAKING.
THE IMPLEMENTATION OF EFFICIENT PUBLIC HEALTH POLICY AND THE OVERALL IMPLEMENTATION MANAGEMENT OF PUBLIC HEALTH SECTORS THAT DIRECTLY AFFECT POPULATION HEALTH DELIVERY SERVICES ESPECIALLY IN COUNTRIES WHERE THE HEALTHCARE INFRASTRUCTURE IS MISSING OR INCAPABLE OF MEETING THE PUBLIC HEALTH NEEDS OF THE POPULATIONS.
AS POPULATION SIZES GROW SO DOES POPULATION HEALTH NEEDS INCREASE SOMETIMES AT AN ALARMING RATE WHILE THE INFRASTRUCTURE FOR THE VITAL DOMAINS OF HUMAN SURVIVAL REMAIN STAGNANT AND UNDERDEVELOPED DUE TO BAD POLICIES AND POLITICAL INTERFERENCES.
THE LACK OF  FUNDING AND TRAINING OF PUBLIC HEALTH PROFESSIONALS WHO MUST BE EQUIPPED WITH THE LATEST TECHNOLOGIES AND TOOLS TO CONDUCT RESEARCH AND INTERVENTIONS OF EXISTING PUBLIC HEALTH ISSUES AND LOOK AT THE EMERGING THREATS IN EMERGING DISEASES AND BACTERIA RESISTANT TO CONVENTIONAL MEDICINES THAT NECESSITATE URGENT FUNDING FOR VARIOUS PUBLIC HEALTH RESEARCH THAT MUST INVOLVE ALL THE KEY DOMAINS OF POPULATION EVERYDAY'S SURVIVAL NAMELY : WATER , FOOD, NUTRITION, ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIETAL BEHAVIORS WHICH MUST GO TOGETHER WITH THE PUBLIC HEALTH CHALLENGES AFFECTING THE GLOBE.
THE LASTING SOLUTION TO THE NUMEROUS PROBLEMS AFFECTING POPULATION HEALTH IN THE GLOBAL CONTEXT RESIDES ON THE REVAMPING OF THE PUBLIC HEALTH DOMAINS AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF EFFICIENT PUBLIC HEALTH POLICIES, SUSTAINABLE HEALTH ECONOMIC PROGRAMS AND THE PROVISION OF FUNDING FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF HEALTHCARE INFRASTRUCTURES AND THE CAPACITY BUILDING FOR THE DISASTER PREPARDNESS AND EMERGENCY PROGRAMS.

Objective: characterize the hospital morbidity of adults living in the city of Maringá, PR, Brazil, between 2000 and 2011, focusing on the differential between men and women. Method: this descriptive study was developed based on data from the Hospital Information System of the Unified Health System in order to investigate the association between groups of hospitalization causes and the average length of hospitalization per gender, in three-year periods. Results: the main groups of hospitalization causes for men were: mental disorders, lesions and circulatory diseases; and, among women: tumors, circulatory and genitourinary diseases. Mental disorders and lesions, tumors, circulatory and genitourinary diseases were significantly associated with the female and male genders across the study period. Although not significant, the mean length of hospitalization dropped across the four three-year periods, and only showed a significant difference between men and women in the second triennium. Conclusion: differences in the hospital morbidity profile between men and women underline the need for specific health and nursing actions, especially in primary health care, with a view to reducing hospitalizations due to the main groups of causes in the city.