Reproduction and Artificial Insemination

Enfanter, à n’importe quel prix ? L’histoire de l’insémination artificielle et de sa condamnation par l’Église catholique permet d’éclairer le débat actuel sur l’ouverture de l’assistance médicale à la procréation aux femmes seules et aux couples de femmes homosexuelles.

De 1985 à 2001, l'activité piscicole en Algérie consistait en l'importation de diverses espèces dulçaquicoles : le sandre Sander lucioperca (Percidae), la carpe Cyprinus carpio, la carpe grande bouche Aristichthys nobilis, la carpe argentée
Hypophthalmichthys molitrix et la carpe herbivore Ctenopharyngodon idella (Cyprinidae) et leur introduction dans divers plans d'eau et barrages. Les essais concluants de reproduction artificielle de ces espèces grâce à l'induction de la ponte (utilisation d'extraits hypophysaires de carpe) représentent une solution idéale pour éviter de lourdes et coûteuses opérations d'importations et les risques de transferts d'entités pathogènes.

Alla luce dell’ampia portata delle motivazioni utilizzate dalla giurisprudenza costituzionale per dichiarare l’illegittimità del divieto di fecondazione eterologa, ci si interroga se nel nostro ordinamento emergano fondate ragioni per ritenere che la coppia che si propone di accedere alla maternità surrogata altruistica sia portatrice di interessi che hanno valore sovraordinato.
Una volta argomentata un’interpretazione del divieto di cui all’art. 12, comma 6, legge n. 40/2004 meno restrittiva dei diritti, il lavoro verifica se la costituzione del rapporto di filiazione possa essere effetto tipicamente riconducibile agli atti giuridici riferibili alla coppia che ha espresso il consenso all’accesso alla pratica e alla donna portante che ha rinunziato a dichiarare la propria maternità. Impostazione che consente di articolare un complesso di regole anche in assenza di una specifica normativa espressa e di porre limiti che si rivelino compatibili con i modelli generalmente accolti nell’esperienza di altri ordinamenti.
L’impianto argomentativo si rivela inoltre di particolare attualità se riferito al controverso tema della conformità all’ordine pubblico degli atti di nascita stranieri.

No presente estudo dispõe-se sobre a abordagem de alguns problemas resultantes do chamamento sucessório do filho nascido mediante técnicas de Procriação Medicamente Assistida.
Trataremos do início e do fim da vida, do nascer e do morrer. Dois fenómenos responsáveis pelo começo e término, respectivamente, da Personalidade Jurídica, suscitando por isso, diversas questões jurídicas.
Tratou-se recentemente a questão da PMA com o pedido de revisão da Lei 32/2006, de 26 de Julho, discute-se a maternidade de substituição, ou seja, as barrigas de aluguer.  Quiçá amanhã, poder-se-á discutir a procriação post-mortem ou a revisão dos artigos do nosso Código Civil, que teimam em ignorar alguns dos filhos resultantes destas técnicas.
É nosso objectivo analisar essa mesma Lei, o Livro V do Código Civil, e entender o pensamento doutrinário de vários Autores, a fim de apreender a evolução da sociedade, do espírito e do ordenamento jurídico.

Entre 1877 et 1897 la Congrégation du Saint-Office eut à examiner cinq dubia concernant le statut moral de la fécondation artificielle appliquée aux êtres humains. Les inquisiteurs romains se formèrent un jugement précis dès le premier dubium, après avoir requis l'avis compétent de conseillers issus du monde médical, qui surent leur expliquer les caractéristiques d'une pratique parfai-tement inconnue à l'intérieur des murs de la congrégation. Ce premier jugement ne fut, toutefois, pas rendu public : sa circulation resta confinée aux canaux confidentiels de la communication ecclésiastique, accompagnée de la recommandation explicite d'en limiter au maximum la circulation, pour ne donner aucune publi-cité à une opération qui présentait divers aspects problématiques au regard de la morale catholique. Ce n'est qu'en 1897, vingt ans après le premier débat inquisitorial, que la Congrégation du Saint-Office décida de faire connaître ses propres positions, en publiant le dispositif du décret dans les Acta Apostolicae Sedis. La première parmi les institutions religieuses des diverses confessions, l'Église catholique prenait ainsi une position définitive sur une expérience thérapeutique qui, à la fin du XIX e siècle, demeurait encore rela-tivement peu connue, dans la pratique et même dans le discours médical. Durant les vingt ans qui séparent les deux décisions, le jugement des inquisiteurs demeura pratiquement immuable, le vrai facteur de discontinuité résidant dans le choix de rendre public les déci-sions inquisitoriales, mais à un moment où le parcours normatif se trouvait déjà dans une phase avancée. Sur les bureaux des inquisi-teurs s'étaient accumulées les interrogations et les réflexions adres-sées par des fidèles concernant la moralité de cette procédure de fécondation, tandis que parallèlement s'étaient également opérées une série de transformations culturelles et sociales impliquant l'Église elle-même, si bien que la discipline de la fécondation arti-ficielle constituait à bien des égards une sorte de condensé de tels changements. En effet, l'intervention normative du Saint-Office en la matière se fit dans un contexte historique marqué par les efforts de l'Église catholique, en particulier à travers sa congrégation la plus influente

Ključne riječi: krava, bik, estrus, sjeme, vrijeme osjemenjivanja, spol, proizvodna svojstva, meso i mlijeko, polovica gonjenja.
Key words: cow, bull, estrus, semen, time of insemination, sex, production properties, beef and dairy, half of the estrus.

Background and Aim: Lepidium meyenii Walp (Maca) is an herbaceous plant that grows in the Peruvian Andes and it has been widely used as a nutritional supplement and fertility enhancer and has been used in the treatment of a variety of diseases, such as rheumatism, respiratory disorders, and anemia. The most notable feature of Maca is its potent antioxidant capacity, which helps in the scavenging of free radicals and protection of cells from oxidative stress. This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro effect of Maca extract on thawed sperm cells from bulls.

Materials and Methods: Three dilutions of 1, 10, and 100 μg/mL of Maca extract were incubated with frozen–thawed bovine semen and analyzed at 1, 3, and 24 h of exposure time, evaluating the activity of the extract on the DNA, motility, morphology, viability, integrity of the membrane and acrosome of spermatozoa.

Results: The Maca extract improved the studied sperm parameters of motility, acrosome integrity, vitality, and DNA integrity of sperm cells at a concentration of 10 –g/mL, and at 1 –g/mL, an improvement was observed in the morphology and integrity of the membrane. However, the best activity of the Maca extract was observed on the DNA integrity of the sperm, which was effective at the three concentrations evaluated after 24 h of incubation.

Conclusion: The results indicate that L. meyenii can help in maintaining spermatozoa cellular integrity after the frozen–thaw process, especially in the protection against DNA fragmentation. Therefore, Maca would be a feasible supplementation to protect sperm to maintain their fertile ability after thawing.

Recent years have illustrated how the reproductive realm is continuously drawing the attention of medical and legal experts worldwide. The availability of technological services to facilitate reproduction has led to serious concerns over the right to reproduce, which no longer is determined as a private/personal matter. The growing technological options do implicate fundamental questions about human dignity and social welfare. There has been an increased demand for determining (a) the rights of prisoners, unmarried and homosexuals to such services, (b) concerns over child's information and health needs, (c) claims for wrongful birth and wrongful life, (d) the role of donors and physicians, (e) posthumous reproduction etc. In addition, the role of national and international law has been emphasised for an efficient system of functioning and delivery. This paper is an attempt to explore the pressing claims to reproductive choices, coupled with a marked increase in demand for legislative intervention in India. I.

Aim: The current study aims to evaluate the reproductive performances of the Borgou cow inseminated on natural or induced estrus with semen from Gir and Girolando at the Okpara Breeding Farm.

Materials and Methods: Semen from exotic breeds was used to inseminate 70 Borgou cows on induced estrus with the norgestomet implant and 285 others on natural estrous. Data on the reproductive performances of inseminated cows were collected.

Results: In inseminated cows on induced estrus, the pregnancy rate was 30% and that of abortion was 9.52%. The fertility rate was 28.57% and those of live births and mortality were, respectively, 105.26% and 5% in these cows. As for inseminated cows on natural estrus, the pregnancy rate was 75.79% and the one of calving was 88.89%. The fertility rate recorded with natural estrous was 66.67% and was significantly higher than the one recorded with insemination on induced estrus. The live births and the birth-weaning mortality rates were, respectively, 98.96% and 11.58% in inseminated cows on natural estrus.

Conclusion: Reproductive performances are better in Borgou cows inseminated on natural estrus than in those inseminated on induced estrus.