Rhetoric (Languages and Linguistics)

This paper reports an analysis of research article (RA) abstracts from linguistics journals from two related angles: rhetorical organisation and thematic structure. Based on a small scale study it reveals two major types of rhetorical organisation, here called the IMRD type and the CARS type. When thematic analysis, in terms of thematic progression and method of thematic development, is applied to the two types of structure, distinct patterns of thematic distribution and choice are revealed, showing that the study of thematization can shed light on the complex profile of the RA abstract and contribute towards the understanding and explicit description of these texts. Moreover, the approach taken in this study shows potential for further research and pedagogic applications.

Neuro-realism is a widely cited concept describing a textual phenomenon in popular science news wherein brain research uncritically validates or invalidates the " realness " of particular beliefs or practices. Currently, no research on neuro-realism examines the variable rhetorical roles of such statements, that is, how they support specialized arguments or enhance social functions across genres of public communication. This article details the nuances of neuro-realism, arguing that neuro-realism is much more than a singular textual phenomenon but a flexible rhetorical vehicle manifesting in at least three forms: commonsense, judicial, and rational. Each form serves a larger argumentative purpose, and each can be consistently linked to a popular news subgenre, illuminating how neuro-realism's stunning lack of criticality proves permissible and reproducible in popular science publications.

Although the Ancients placed great emphasis on delivery, modern rhetorical scholars often overlook the oral dimensions of speech. Speech is powerful because of its ability to elicit a somatic response. Scholars in other disciplines are examining how speech affects the body, but contemporary rhetorical scholarship often overlooks their findings. This essay reviews scholarship both inside and outside of communication studies that demonstrates the interplay between rhetoric and orality, paying particular attention to how scientific scholarship can inform our conception of ethos and pathos. By drawing together scientific and rhetorical scholarship, scholars in all disciplines can gain a greater understanding of how speech affects the mind, body, and soul.

Contrary to what is assumed in Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT), the conceptual power of metaphor may not lie in its widespread unconscious use but in its more limited and targeted deliberate use, which may or may not give rise to conscious metaphorical cognition. Deliberate and conscious metaphorical thought are connected to the general functions of all conscious thought described by Baumeister and Masicampo (2010). Their theory provides a basis for demonstrating how deliberate and conscious metaphorical cognition facilitate social and cultural interactions by reconsidering Musolff’s (2004) analysis of metaphor in political discourse about European integration. The paper concludes by formulating some implications of CMT’s neglect of conscious metaphor, and more generally deliberate metaphor. If the power of metaphor lies in thought, as has been held by thirty years of CMT, it may be the case that it is conscious rather than unconscious cognition, or more generally deliberate rather than non deliberate metaphor use, which in fact enables that power. Given the relative lack of frequency of deliberate and conscious metaphor use, this in turn may entail that the online effect of metaphor is more restricted than has been assumed over the past three decades.

This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy is furnished to the author for internal non-commercial research and education use, including for instruction at the authors institution and sharing with colleagues. Other uses, including reproduction and distribution, or selling or licensing copies, or posting to personal, institutional or third party websites are prohibited. In most cases authors are permitted to post their version of the article (e.g. in Word or Tex form) to their personal website or institutional repository. Authors requiring further information regarding Elsevier's archiving and manuscript policies are encouraged to visit: http://www.elsevier.com/authorsrights a b s t r a c t Research questions have often been regarded as an indispensable part of experimental research dissertations, yet the ways in which the language varies in the formulation of these questions have thus far remained an unexplored domain. This genre-based investigation analysed the language used for formulating research questions in 32 doctoral disser-tations submitted to universities in the United States between 2001 and 2009. It examines how candidates in experimental research actually use various communicative resources to formulate research questions in the introductory chapters that determine the directions in which their dissertations on Applied Linguistics will be developed. The aspects covered include (i) the frequency and positioning of the questions, and (ii) categories of these questions and their linguistic choices. The views of experienced supervisors in Applied Linguistics were elicited to provide supportive explanations concerning the context in which the research questions were formulated. Recommendations are given on how teaching materials can be prepared to demonstrate the ways in which research questions can be formulated using pertinent and authentic examples actually employed by doctoral dissertation writers.

Modern executive politics is characterised by blame games – offensive and defensive symbolic performances by various individual or collective social actors. In this article, I propose a discursive approach to analysing opposition–government blame games where top politicians try to persuade mass audiences to side with them in disputes over government's culpability by using carefully crafted written texts.

Drawing insights and concepts from the tradition of discourse-historical studies into political communication as well as the recent literature on blame avoidance in government, I analyse conflicting opinion pieces published by the Prime Minister and the Leader of the Opposition in the UK in the wake of the global financial crisis that developed since 2007.

I present a basic functional argument model of attributing and avoiding blame, reconstruct the competing argumentation schemes that help us interpret public debates over the crisis, and show how blame is attached or deflected using various persuasive discursive devices, such as metaphors, lexical cohesion, and ways of framing and positioning, that underlie particular attacks, justifications, or excuses. In conclusion, I emphasise the importance of looking beyond the formal structure of the arguments to identify the more subtle emotional appeals used in government-related blame games.

In the classic Greek conception, axiology is the study of values or decisions displayed in behavior (ethics, aesthetics, politics, rhetoric). Whereas, dialogue is the study of discourse or choices displayed in judgement (dialectic, sophistic, rhetoric, maieutic). I examine, in a preliminary way, the dynamics of human communicology (decision choices) wherein the method of semiotic phenomenology accounts for Husserl’s (1929; 1933) maxim that “subjectivity is intersubjectivity” (155). The primary methodology for this analysis is the chiasm logic of Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Michel Foucault, and Claude Lévi-Strauss, identifying middle voice [G. gērys] as the essence of the human.

Drawing on overarching methodological frameworks of Hallidayan grammatical metaphor, Fairclough's perspective on critical discourse analysis and rhetoric, this study attempts to posit a novel, integrated and practical approach to political, the media, advertisement and other discourses. To this end and based on the proposed approach, it aims to critically and eclectically exemplify and dissect three speeches delivered by Mr. Barack Obama, former president of the US, to first manifest the integrated approach practicality and adeptness through analysis; then by virtue of analysis to unveil how language is manipulated and distorted by orators in order to convey seamlessly intended messages and political creeds to the audience. Surveying recent annals of literature, to date no one has conducted an integrated study applying these disciplines in an individual paper and this study as a trial one can be useful for upcoming research. The analysis depicts practicality and efficiency of the integrated approach and displays that the speeches abound with nominalizations, modal verbs, parallelisms and antitheses. Furthermore, there are some three-part listing, the use of passivization, quotations and modality metaphors. Therefore, a tendency to utilize more nominalizations, parallelism and other devices by the speaker can be a fundamental reason for making his political language more powerful, impressive, persuasive and ambiguous as well.

This paper examines whether and to what extent data-driven learning (DDL) activities can improve the lexico-grammatical use of abstract nouns in L2 writing. A topic-based corpus was compiled to develop concordance learning activities, and 40 Chinese students majoring in English were randomly assigned to a control group or an experimental group. At the prewriting stage, both groups were given a list of five abstract nouns: the experimental group was provided with paper-based concordance lines to study the collocations of the words, while the control group was allowed to consult dictionaries for the usage of the words. The written texts of the pre-test, immediate post-test, and delayed post-test were analysed and compared between and within groups. The results showed that the written output by the experimental group, as compared with the control group, contained a higher variety of collocational and colligational patterns and had fewer linguistic errors in using the target abstract nouns. The post-experiment learning journals and questionnaires administered to the experimental group further confirmed that concordance activities encouraged usage-based learning, helped students notice the lexical collocations and prepositional colligations of the target words, and thus improved accuracy and complexity in their productive language. Despite these positive findings, potential problems of using concordance activities for independent learning were also reflected in the students' written output and reported in the learning journals.

"Identification is affirmed with earnestness precisely because there is division. Identification is compensatory to division. If men were not apart from one another, there would be no need for the rhetorician to proclaim their unity. If men were wholly and truly of one substance, absolute communication would be of man's very essence. It would not be an ideal, as it now is, partly embodied in material conditions and partly frustrated by these same conditions; rather, it would be as natural, spontaneous, and total as with those ideal prototypes of communication, the theologian's angels, or 'messengers.'" --Kenneth Burke, _A Rhetoric of Motives_ (22)

Note: I am making this paper available here because since its publication in RSQ 1995, it has been missing the diagram, "The Diaspora of Western Philosophy,"  discussed in some detail within its pages.  One could attribute its disappearance to mystical processes... but I prefer to make that (more recently designed) diagram available here. With apologies to the Rhetoric Society of America.

Governments’ policies and actions often precipitate public blame firestorms and mediated scandals targeted at individual or collective policy makers. In the face of losing credibility and resources, officeholders are tempted to apply strategies of blame avoidance which permeate administrative structures, operations and language use.

Linguistic aspects of blame avoidance are yet to be studied by discourse analysts in great detail. In this article, I contribute to filling this gap in knowledge by proposing an improved heuristic for understanding typical macroconversational discursive practices adopted by officeholders in the circumstances of blame risk to achieve the goal of positive self-presentation.

Based on a multidisciplinary review of scholarly literature, I show how personal and institutional risk aversion involves the application of certain strategies of argumentation, framing, denial, social actor and action representation, legitimation and manipulation. I use concrete textual examples from public statements of UK government officeholders to illustrate how blame avoidance works at the highest level of administration.

I argue that to understand blame avoidance as a dominant recurring theme in public communication we should look beyond current linguistic approaches to conflict talk. This could lead to the application of new useful analytic tools within discourse studies and open new avenues of critical research into language use in politics and bureaucratic organisations.

Women's rhetoric in the Middle Ages reflects their participation in the deliberative rhetorical genre inherited from classical antiquity. The deliberative tradition, which was often theorized by medieval rhetoricians as existing in consular practice, can thus serve as an example of women's rhetoric which, as Christine Mason Sutherland has noted, could take place in sermo. Women's letters were often hortatory, civic, and sometimes agonistic in tone. These rhetorical artifacts demonstrate that women operated in the rhetorical tradition as eloquent, powerful agents of persuasion in the civic arena, and they also show that, although unmoored from traditional spaces and practices associated with deliberation in antiquity, deliberative rhetoric was a more viable form of rhetoric in the Middle Ages than previously believed.

Abstract

Onomatopoeias (<old Greek ὀνοματοποιία; ὄνομα ‘name’, ποιέω ‘I make’) are mimetic elements representing sounds and lexicalizations of sounds (to smack). A large set of problems and studies (based on repositories: Gubern and Gasca in Diccionario de onomatopeyas del comic. Cattedra, Madrid, 2008:1.000 lemmas; corpora: Zlatev in Sound symbolism and cross-modal iconicity in language, Università Roma Tre, Rome, 2013; algorithms: Asaga et al. in Onomatopedia, pp 601–612, 2008) has been related to onomatopoeias since Cratilo’s analysis of the analogical dimension of verbal language. Nonetheless, it is still difficult to accept a (semantic, functional or grammatical) descriptive and explicative model of onomatopoeia, because the rules that constrain processes of selection and construction remain idiosyncratic and variable (Dogana in Le parole dell’incanto. FrancoAngeli, Milano, 2002; Catricalà 2011). This article proposes a classification model based on spatial cognition criteria. The hypothesis (Catricalà 2011) is that onomatopoeias are related to image schemas (Johnson in The body in the mind. University Press, Chicago, 1987), i.e. to the visual mapping of a movement. We also refer to force dynamic (Talmy in Language typology and lexical description, pp 36–149, 1985; Jackendoff in Semantic structures. MIT Press, Cambridge, 1990) as a basic model of conceptual maps (Langacker in Grammar and conceptualization. Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin, 1999). Categories are related to the presence of specific phonemes and phoneme clusters, while visual patterns correspond to different image schemas. The association between specific categories of pseudo-onomatopoeias and specific spatial/movement patterns is also the object of an experiment focused on onomatopoeia interpretation. Most part of data confirms a correlation between image schemas as CONTAINER/CONTAINMENT (crunch, plop) or SOURCE-PATH-GOAL (tattarrattat ‘shots’) and an occlusive consonant, while liquid and trill consonants correlate with PATH (vroom).


Keywords
Onomatopoeia  – Image schema  – Phonology  – Cognitive rhetoric

1 O as 1^ f 2 1) --2 •^^ I? ^-! •g H 00 ° •rJ oo •=! Whar liien is rrutii;' A niohiie army of meraphors, meionymies, anthropomorpliisms ~-in sfiori, a sum of human rehiiions which, poetically and rhetorically inrensified, Ix'come transposed and embellished, and which alrer long usage by people seem fixed, canonical, and binding on them.

Cicero’s dialogue Brutus offers a history of Roman eloquence from its origins and Greek roots up to the time of the work's composition (46 BC) in the late Republic. It forms part of Cicero’s response to the political and intellectual changes brought about by Caesar’s dictatorship and has therefore attracted considerable scholarly attention from a number of fields. However, scholarly discourse has frequently remained isolated. This volume addresses the need to look at Cicero’s treatise from an interdisciplinary angle and assembles contributions from scholars of historiography, prosopography, rhetoric, philosophy and politics. It thus puts forward a coherent and genuine interpretation of Cicero’s Brutus that showcases the significance of this text for our understanding of the final years of the Roman Republic.

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"La Rome républicaine ne valorise pas le silence dans l’espace politique, et l’orateur qui ne parvient pas à prononcer les paroles qu’on attend de lui sera toujours violemment critiqué. Cet article entend éclairer les deux modes d’interprétation du silence oratoire que les textes classiques nous ont conservés. Le premier a une valeur pratique : il fait du silence le signe d’une défaite de l’orateur face à la vérité ou, pire encore, de sa corruption. Il représente un outil polémique et argumentatif particulièrement efficace dans l’affrontement oratoire. Le second analyse le silence de l'orateur soit comme la conséquence d’une incapacité physique ou intellectuelle, soit comme le résultat d’un défaut technique à étudier d’un point de vue rhétorique. Cette analyse rhétorique des causes du silence aboutira, dans la doctrine, à la mise en place d’un ensemble de solutions permettant de combattre ce défaut, mais aussi à la formulation d’une éthique interdisant à l’orateur de rester silencieux.

Keeping silent in the political and public arena is seldom viewed positively in Rome during the Republic, and when unable to speak as expected, the orator is always harshly criticized. This article analyzes the two opposing ways of interpreting silence in oratorical practice, as they appear in the classical corpus. The first one is practical, and offers an efficient polemical and forensic tool : it turns silence into a proof of guilt or corruption. The second one views this silence either as the result of a physical or intellectual flaw, or as the consequence of a technical defect to be analyzed as a rhetorical phenomenon. This rhetorical approach entails a set of technical precepts designed to help the orator fight this defect, and, alongside, the building of an ethical rule forbidding the orator to stay silent."

This article examines the rhetorical transformation of Malthus's concept of the "redundant population" into what Marx and Engels relabeled the "surplus population" and the "industrial reserve army." Three rhetorical functions can be observed in this transformation. First, the altered terminology served as a rhetorical marker for a place of theoretical disagreement about economic causality. "Rhetorical marker" refers to a subtle terminological modification that has manifold ramifications for meaning and understanding. Second, this reconstitution of the masses reinforced opposed assumptions about the relationship of people to technology, and third, it provided a type of embodied material proof for Marx's and Engels's revolutionary politics.

“Hate speech” is a social issue. There is no consensus about what the concept “hate speech” means. “Hate speech” is a term that points to a type of public expression. “Hate speech” is gyűlöletbeszéd in Hungarian.

This book investigates the relationships among these propositions, and asks what we can learn from those relationships. More generally speaking, this book is about the cultural foundations of public communication, and about how cultural thinking can be used to inform political action through public expression. My goal is to demonstrate to my readers – scholars and students interested in a cultural approach to public expression, political actors who wish to understand issues in their full complexity before they act, and others – that public communication and political action never happen in a cultural vacuum. The book is also an ethnographic study of the public life of the term “hate speech” (gyűlöletbeszéd) in Hungary during the heyday of the “hate speech” debates between 2000 and 2006.

(1) This semester-long project requires each student to write one entry that will be compiled with their classmates’ entries into an argumentative dictionary and published as an eBook. By “argumentative dictionary,” I mean a book that defines terms, and argues about how they rhetorically function. (2) By writing argumentative dictionary entries that include definitions, historical contextualization, and mini rhetorical analyses, students will learn the fundamentals of rhetorical studies, including the rhetoric of definitions, persuasive writing, argumentation, rhetorical criticism, and discourse analysis, as well as ePublishing. (3) Learning how to write for a public, open-access audience is emphasized.

In the context of Hungarian political discourse, critics of contemporary antiracist advocacy argue that the antiracist “hate speech” agenda is motivated by carefully concealed political interests that pose a danger to the integrity of Hungarian society. The aim of the present article is twofold: to capture the themes and rhetorical strategies emerging from discursive challenges to the “hate speech” agenda, and to identify the cultural foundations of that rhetoric. The article identifies four themes in critical responses to the “hate speech” agenda: (i) the “hate speech” agenda is founded on the deliberate corruption of the Hungarian language; (ii) the “hate speech” agenda reveals that antiracists are pursuing an alien political utopia; (iii) the “hate speech” agenda is fraught with ideological inconsistency; and (iv) antiracist proponents of the “hate speech” agenda are themselves filled with hatred. Discursive manifestations of the four themes are analyzed for a shared cultural model of sociation and argumentative strategies. The article ends with a discussion of how findings may inform antiracist activism.

Rhetorical scholarship has for decades relied solely on culture to explain persuasive behavior. While this focus allows for deep explorations of historical circumstance, it neglects the powerful effects of biology on rhetorical behavior – how our bodies and brains help shape and constrain rhetorical acts. Not only is the cultural model incomplete, but it tacitly endorses the fallacy of human exceptionalism. By introducing evolutionary biology into the study of rhetoric, this book serves as a model of a biocultural paradigm. Being mindful of biological and cultural influences allows for a deeper view of rhetoric, one that is aware of the ubiquity of persuasive behavior in nature. Human and nonhuman animals, and even some plants, persuade to survive - to live, love, and cooperate. That this broad spectrum of rhetorical behavior exists in the animal world demonstrates how much we can learn from evolutionary biology. By incorporating scholarship on animal signaling into the study of rhetoric, the author explores how communication has evolved, and how numerous different species of animals employ similar persuasive tactics in order to overcome similar problems. This cross-species study of rhetoric allows us to trace the origins of our own persuasive behaviors, providing us with a deeper history of rhetoric that transcends the written and the televised, and reveals the artifacts of our communicative past.

In English, as in many other languages, male-gendered pronouns are sometimes used to refer not only to men, but to individuals whose gender is unknown or unspecified, to human beings in general (as in "mankind") and sometimes even to females (as when the casual "Hey guys" is spoken to a group of women). These so-called he/man or masculine generics have come under fire in recent decades for being sexist, even archaic, and positively harmful to women and girls; and advocates of gender-neutral (or nonsexist) language have put forward serious efforts to discourage their use. Have they been successful, and to what extent? In this paper, I review some of the main arguments in favor of abolishing sexist male generics. I then present three studies tracking the use of he/man terminology in academic, popular, and personal discourse over the past several decades. I show that the use of these terms has fallen dramatically in recent years, while nonsexist alternatives have gradually taken their place. We may be paying witness to the early stages of the ultimate extinction of masculine generics.

Se analiza el reconocimiento legal de la situación violenta en Colombia bajo la denominación de Conflicto armado interno, a través del discurso presidencial del 14 de mayo de 2011, en el marco de la polémica suscitada por el texto de la Ley 1448. El análisis está concentrado en el funcionamiento de la lógica argumental de Juan Manuel Santos a favor de tal reconocimiento, desde la perspectiva francesa de la argumentación retórica. En las conclusiones, se sostiene que el tratamiento de temas controversiales bajo políticas de la legalización y el consenso ideal, agravan la radicalización de las posiciones opuestas, y con ello, la polarización de la opinión pública, no ya en una aceptación de la diferencia a través de la coexistencia en el disenso, sino en la anulación (discursiva algunas veces, violenta y brutal en otras más) del Otro como sujeto social.

We trace the different stages of the analogy found in UNESCO’s discourse between biological and cultural diversity. The first article of the Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity, stating that “cultural diversity is as necessary to humankind as biodiversity is to nature” (UNESCO 2002) serves as our starting point. Following Plantin’s typology of analogies (2011): relational, categorial and structural, we analyze various UNESCO documents between 2001 and 2010 in order to reconstruct the trajectory of this analogy as it evolves through those three different stages, until it merges into “biocultural diversity”, a concept formulated in a 2010 UNESCO conference (UNESCO 2010b, art. 12). We furthermore underline the argumentative value of this analogy, which includes the legitimization of cultural diversity through a concept and value already widely accepted in the doxa (biodiversity) as well as the naturalization of a political concept – cultural diversity – through its close association with a scientific and “natural” one. The article also explores the argumentative role of fuzzy semantic and categorial boundaries.

This book examines the history of ethnic minorities--particularly Chicano/as and Latino/as--in the field of composition and rhetoric; the connections between composition and major US historical movements toward inclusiveness in education; the ways our histories of that inclusiveness have overlooked Chicano/as; and how this history can inform the teaching of composition and writing to Chicano/a and Latino/a students in the present day. Bridging the gap between Ethnic Studies, Critical History, and Composition Studies, Ruiz creates a new model of the practice of critical historiography and shows how that can be developed into a critical writing pedagogy for students who live in an increasingly multicultural, multilingual society.

The current political landscape seems rife with partisanship and toxic rhetoric. Although this is certainly nothing new, there has been an increase in rhetoric that suggests that citizens take up arms against the government. In the wake of the shooting at a political rally held by Representative Gabrielle Giffords, the media began asking whether violent rhetoric could lead to violent acts and politicians began to call for greater civility in political discourse. This essay examines the rhetoric of Sarah Palin and Sharron Angle to explore the rhetorical implications of a worldview that deeply distrusts the government and considers armed insurrection as an appropriate corrective to a government run amok

This article explores the role parish priests were expected to play in educating the populace of the Habsburg empire at the end of the eighteenth century, and especially how this was manifested in the form and content of their sermons. Emperor Joseph II took a keen interest in the education of future priests and expected them to be good shepherds (pastores boni) and educators to their parishioners. To this end, together with his mother, he carried out several reforms in their education (such as changing theology faculty curricula, introducing pastoral theology as a new subject and establishing general seminaries) and even issued a special decree on 4 February 1783, providing detailed instructions for preachers. The article outlines how future priests were taught to educate their parishioners through their sermons, concentrating on how they followed these instructions in their homiletic practice, which changed the form and content of sermons radically. It is based on archival material concerning the education of future priests (such as court decrees, governmental orders and university curricula), pastoral theology textbooks used at the Prague faculty of theology, and selected printed sermons.

Abstract: The article consists of a brief biographical account of Immanuel Kant’s life and career, followed by a discussion of his basic philosophy, and a brief discussion of his pivotal point in the history of Rhetoric and Communicology. A major figure in the European Enlightenment period of Philosophy, his Collected Writings were first published in 1900 constituting 29 volumes. He wrote three major works that are foundational to the development of Western philosophy and the human sciences. Often just referred to as the “Three Critiques” informally, the First, the Second, and the Third. These are respectively: The Critique of Pure Reason focused on issues in logic, The Critique of Practical Reason relating ethical guide- lines, and The Critique of Judgment exploring issues of aesthetics. He is most famous for his philosophy of transcendental idealism. This version of idealism argues that in logic statements are analytic (subject and predicate are the same; no new information) or synthetic (predicate differs from the subject; new information is constituted). He further argues that statements are a priori (before experience) or a posteriori (a result of experience). Models of rhetoric (tropic logic), phenomenolo- gical methodology, and the contemporary Perspectives Model of interpersonal communicology are included as the Kantian legacy in the US. Notes provide a guide to edition and philological issues in the Kantian corpus, especially for the hermeneutics of Vorstellung (‘presentation’) versus Darstellung (‘representation’).
Keywords: aesthetics, chiasm, ethics, communicology, idealism, phenomenology, rhetoric, tropes

This essay sets out an approach to parallelism in verbal art as a semiotic phenomenon that can operate at multiple orders (or levels) of signification. It examines parallelism in the sounds through which words are communicated, in language communicated by those sounds, in symbols or minimal units of narration communicated through language, and then in more complex units of narration communicated through those symbols or units. Attention is given to how these different levels of parallelism interrelate and may diverge, while revealing that parallelism at all of these levels reflects a coherent semiotic phenomenon.

"Parallelism in Verbal Art and Performance: An Introduction" (in collaboration with Lotte Tarkka), "Parallelism and Orders of Signification (Parallelism Dynamics I)" and "Multimedial Parallelism in Ritual Performance (Parallelism Dynamics II)" can be read together as a monograph-length study.