Rice Straw

In this study, air, steam and CO 2 -enhanced gasification of rice straw was simulated using Aspen Plus TM simulator and compared in terms of their energy, exergy and environmental impacts. It was found that the addition of CO 2 had less impact on syngas yield compared with gasification temperature. At lower CO 2 /Biomass ratios (below 0.25), gasification system efficiency (GSE) for both conventional and CO 2 -enhanced gasification was below 22.1%, and CO 2 -enhanced gasification showed a lower GSE than conventional gasification. However at higher CO 2 /Biomass ratios, CO 2 -enhanced gasification demonstrated higher GSE than conventional gasification. For CO 2 -enhanced gasification, GSE continued to increase to 58.8% when CO 2 /Biomass was raised to 0.87. In addition, it was found that syngas exergy increases with CO 2 addition, which was mainly due to the increase in physical exergy. Chemical exergy was 2.05 to 4.85 times higher than physical exergy. The maximum exergy efficiency occurred within the temperature range of 800 o C to 900 o C because syngas exergy peaked in this range. For CO 2 -enhanced gasification, exergy efficiency was found to be more sensitive to temperature than CO 2 /Biomass ratios. In addition, the preliminary environmental analysis showed that CO 2 -enhanced gasification resulted in significant environmental benefits compared with stream gasification. However improved assessment methodologies are still needed to better evaluate the advantages of CO 2 utilization.

Farmers in Prafi District often experience problems with the availability of inorganic fertilizers, so it is necessary to provide organic fertilizer. The objectives were (1) to provide insight into the role of environmentally friendly fertilizers for soil and plants; (2) to transfer knowledge and technology for composting based on rice straw waste; (3) to assist farmers in Prafi District, in overcoming the problem of scarcity and high prices of fertilizers.  This training was held in Aimasi Village, Prafi District, which was attended by 24 members of Harapan Makmur group and Petani Peternak Terpadu Sebelas group.  The training included preparation of materials, counseling, and practice, application of compost to plants, and evaluation. The results of the activity showed that the participants gave a very good response to the introduction of composting technology made from a mixture of rice straw and cow feces.  Farmers were able to make compost, so there was no need to buy fertilizer...

Introduction Improving the productivity and profitability of smallholder cattle enterprises in Indonesia requires greater and more efficient utilization of existing feed resources. Rice straw is often burnt, but could meet the maintenance requirements of a cow if a small amount of extra energy and protein is provided. This could be in the form of green feed such as tree legumes. The aim of this experiment was to measure the amount of rice straw and tree legumes required to maintain the weight of a mature, non-lactating, non-pregnant Ongole cow in Indonesia. This was important in establishing a cow-calf system based on rice straw, the Straw Cow project.

The current state of the building ceramics production is based on the following facts. Firstly, as a result of market conditions, the number of operating ceramics factories has significantly decreased. Secondly, considering the increase in the house construction rate due to the shift to new financing mechanisms, there has been an increase in the ceramic brick production by 2-3% since 2019. Growth opportunities are associated with higher thermal efficiency of ceramic products and masonry based thereon.The research objective in this article was the development of compositions for wall heat-efficient ceramics based on loess low-grade loams with the use of rice straw as a burnout additive and, in particular, the determination of the optimal processed rice straw consumption. The scientific novelty of the research consisted in the development of a method for selecting the ceramic mixtures composition, optimizing the composition and substantiating the rice straw and rice straw ash influenc...

Breeding of rice varieties with low carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) emission is essential in reducing global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In this study, we compared the gross CO2e emission of two newly developed green super rice (GSR) varieties with elite hybrids and nationally released farmer-cultivated varieties from production to post-production in the dry and wet seasons in Laguna, Philippines. The average gross CO2e emission was 17.9 tons CO2e ha-1 or 2.98 tons CO2e ton-1 rice (production 82%, post-production 18%). Contributing to this total were soil emissions at 72%, the use of chemicals at 5%, burning of rice straw at 3%, cooking at 12%, and transportation at 5%. The average social cost of carbon (SCC) per ton of rice was estimated at $119. Increasing grain yield per unit area with shorter growth duration decreased CO2e emission of rice per unit of weight. Cultivation of rice varieties GSR8 and GSR2 emitted 37.0% lower CO2e than the popular inbred varieties.

his study examined the effect of three forms of co-ensiled rice straw (RS) with whole sugar beets (SB) crushed on milk production and constituents of lactating cows. The first type (S1) incorporated immersed corn grains (CG) for 24 h (81.96 kg CG per ton, RS), while the 2 nd and 3 rd forms (S2 and S2) contained SB instead of 50 and 100% of CG on an energy basis, respectively. Experimental silages were offered ad libitum separately with a concentrate feed mixture on one of the experimental diets, D1, D2, and D3, respectively. The silage S3 had non-significant (P> 0.05) population of lactic acid bacteria, yeasts and aerobic bacteria compared to other silages. The DM, OM, CP, EE, NFC, and TCH contents of S1 were slightly (P> 0.05) higher than those of S2 and S3, while the opposite was happened with the NDF and ADF contents. The digestibility of CP and EE in all dietary groups did not differ. However, the digestibility of OM, NDF and ADF in the D3 was higher (P< 0.05) than in D1 and D2. Moreover, the D3 group recorded the highest values (P< 0.05) of silage consumption and palatability, while the lowest values for silage refusal were recorded compared to the D1. Milk production, fat corrected milk (FCM), and energy corrected milk (ECM) were (P< 0.05) higher for cows fed D3 compared with D1 and D2. Protein, lactose, and total solids, as well as solids not fat (%), were higher (P<0.05) for D3 than for the other diets except fat% was higher than fed D1. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) of cows fed diet D3 was better than that of cows fed D1 and D2 diets. Blood constituents remained unchanged and were within normal ranges. In conclusion, co-ensiling RS with the whole SB plant is considered a good method to improve its nutritional value and the performance of dairy cows.

Long-term disposal of tannery waste and effluent without rigorous treatment may result in severe chromium (Cr) contamination in soils. In order to reduce the toxicity of Cr in soil, rice straw was co-pyrolyzed with Cr-contaminated soil under 0.5 MPa pressure. The influences of co-pyrolysis temperature (100-300 °C) and rice straw/soil mixing ratio (0-20 wt%) on Cr immobilization were investigated. The synthetic precipitation leaching procedure (SPLP), total Cr(VI) measurement, and simple bioaccessibility extraction test (SBET) were conducted, and results showed that the leachable Cr, total Cr(VI), and bioavailable Cr in copyrolyzed soils were significantly decreased (up to 95%, 86%, 70%, respectively) compared with untreated soil. BCR sequential extraction also indicated that mobile fractions (F1, F2) of Cr were transformed to more stable fractions after pressurized co-pyrolysis treatment. Timevarying desorption tests showed that the pseudo-second order kinetic model fitted better (R 2 > 0.9) in all samples and co-pyrolysis could effectively reduce Cr desorption when extracted by citric acid, nitric acid, and CaCl 2 solution. X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed that unstable forms of Cr transformed to stable Cr species and Cr(III) was the dominant species in the soil. In conclusion, pressurized co-pyrolysis of Cr-contaminated soil with 20% of rice straw at 300 °C effectively immobilized Cr and reduced Cr(VI), making it a promising method to minimize the potential bioavailable risk of Cr in soil.

The primary objective of this study was to evaluate how chemical pretreatment may affect the ability of biochar to adsorb hexavalent chromate [Cr(VI)]. Rice straw biochars produced at three different pyrolytic temperatures (300 °C, 500 °C and 700 °C) were treated with 0.5 mol L -1 hydrochloric acid (A), 0.5 mol L -1 sodium hydroxide (B); deionized water (C); or ethanol (E) and the changes in surface properties and chemical composition were then determined. The results showed that the elemental composition, functional groups and point zero charge (PZC) of the biochars were all affected by the pyrolytic temperatures and chemical pretreatment methods. Chemical pretreatment dramatically altered the adsorption of Cr(VI), as shown by the trend in K d (the partition coefficient): 300B > 300A > 300E ≈ 300W, 500A > 500B ≈ 500E ≈ 500W and 700A > 700B > 700E ≈ 700W (number before the letter indicates the pyrolytic temperature). NaOH treatment exerted the greatest effect on the biochar produced at 300 °C, resulting in 300B having the highest PZC and rich in aromatic CO-and phenolic -OH groups, and hence the strongest capacity for Cr(VI) adsorption under slightly acidic condition. The ash content of the biochar was greatly reduced by HCl treatment, giving rise to reduced PZC and the protonation of functional groups. Thus, all the acid-pretreated biochars (300A, 500A and 700A) yielded the best Cr sorption capacity, with over 90% of the total Cr removed by the acid-treated biochar at pH 2. Both ethanol-and water treatment had little effect on the ability of the biochar to adsorb Cr. The results of Cr K-Edge X-ray absorption Near-Edge Spectroscopy (XANES) revealed Cr(III) as the dominant species adsorbed to the biochars, suggesting that the adsorption of Cr(VI) occurred partly through reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) as well as via anionic adsorption. The finding of this study demonstrated that pretreatment could markedly alter the Cr sorption ability of rice straw-derived biochar, a phenomenon that could have practical application in the remediation of Cr-polluted water. • Biochar's sorption ability was determined by pretreatment methods. • NaOH pretreatment increased biochar's sorption capacity for Cr(VI). • All the acid-pretreated biochars gave similar sorption capacity. • Acid-pretreated biochar removed more than 90% of total Cr at pH 2. • Cr(VI) adsorption mechanisms involved Cr(VI) reduction and anionic adsorption.

Alkaline solution was collected from alkali-treatment of steam-exploded rice straw and then reused as is or with addition of NaOH for the next pre-treatment batch. The as-is-reused solution (without addition of NaOH) showed a significant decrease of alkali-treatment efficiency because NaOH has already reacted with substrates from rice straw in the previous batch. Based on the comparison of alkali-treatment efficiencies between the first-used and as-is-reused alkaline solutions, corresponding reasonable amounts of supplementary NaOH were calculated. The results showed that reused alkaline solutions, with the addition of calculated amounts of NaOH, produce an alkali-treatment efficiency as that of the first-use, while the total amount of NaOH for both batches reduced to around 70 %, implying an impressive saving of chemicals, fresh water, and reduction of volume of waste water.

A study was conducted to evaluate the use of exogenous enzymes as a potential means of improving the cell wall degradation of rice straw. Two developmental cellulases (END), two developmental xylanases (XY), and two commercial enzyme products (EX, supplying a combination of endoglucanases and xylanases; PROT, supplying mostly proteases) were evaluated for their potential to improve in vitro degradation of untreated (URS) or ammoniated rice straw (ARS). The END and XY were added to milled samples (0.45 g dry matter [DM]) of URS and ARS at a rate of 200-300 International Units (IU) of endoglucanase or xylanase. The EX supplied 200-300 IU each of endoglucanase and xylanase, whereas PROT supplied mostly protease. Anaerobic buffer medium and strained ruminal fluid were added to the in vitro incubations and gas production (GP) was measured during 24 h of incubation. Degradabilities of DM, neutral detergent fibre and acid detergent fibre, and volatile fatty acid profiles were determined at the end of the 24 h incubation. Overall, GP and degradability of rice straw were greatly increased by ammoniation. Adding EX or PROT enzymes increased (P<0.05) GP and degradability of URS, whereas END or XY had little impact.

Rice husk ash (RHA) is the residue from the burning of rice husks and is mostly disposed of in landfills, causing serious environmental damage. In this sense, the objective of this research was to analyze the influence of RHA as a partial cement substitute on the microstructural characteristics and mechanical properties of concrete, using proportions of 4%, 6%, 8% and 10%. To this end, the samples were subjected to various mechanical and microstructural tests, which helped to determine the performance of each of the RHA replacements in relation to the standard concrete. The results obtained show that the optimum percentage of 6% RHA significantly improves the compressive strength, increasing by 10.79%, whereas the modulus of elasticity reached an increase of 5.69%. Likewise, the tensile strength rose by 19.89%, while the flexural strength was higher by 11.46%, all these strengths being comparisons with those of standard concrete. On the other hand, the X-ray diffraction (XRD) and the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed mostly silicon oxide (SiO2) composites and an appreciable percentage of amorphous material. The Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) revealed characteristic peaks referring to carbonates and silicates, while the thermogravimetric analysis showed that the final test mass at 900°C is 78.25%. From the presiding information, it is, thus possible to produce a structural concrete with 6% RHA as replacement of cement, which meets the regulatory requirements and also at the microstructural level for a nominal strength of 27.46 MPa.

Atacora and Donga are two departments regarded as the barns of Benin. In these two regions, the surplus of food crops harvested by farmers is stocked in earthen barns whose primary construction material is kneaded clay soil with an admixture of vegetable straws (fonio, rice...) pounded beforehand. The following research is designed to scrutinize the variation of compression strength and/or tensile strength of the used earthen material with respect to the optimum straw content, and the fluctuation of the fracture related parameters. Laboratory tests have shown that an optimum straw content of 2% provides the highest compression strength with the best mechanical performances in terms of cohesion and internal angle of friction. Tensile strength, however, continues to increase with higher straw percentages with no breakpoint indication. Moreover, the laboratory determination of the composite material’s modulus of elasticity has proven that the used soil does not have a linear elastic be...

The utilization of black liquor, produced by the pulp and paper industry in Egypt, as a workability aid and set retarder admixture has been investigated. This approach may help eliminate the environmentally polluting black liquor waste. It also provides a low cost by-product, which can be widely used in the construction industry. The properties of black liquor and its performance on concrete at two different ratios of water to cement have been studied. The results revealed that black liquor from rice straw pulp increases concrete workability, improves compaction, and reduces honeycombing. Moreover, it retards the initial and final set time and enhances uniform compaction. The effect of incorporating small portions of silica fume has been investigated. The ageing effect of this material over a period of one year, to determine its safe storage period, has been studied. Finally, this admixture was found to comply with the relevant Egyptian standards.

Redox status is one of the more difficult soil quality criteria to characterize especially in paddy soils. The soil system chosen in this study was an ongoing paddy field trial on alternative practices of incorporating rice straw instead of traditional burning of straw. Upon flooding, rapid changes in redox potential (Eh) occur in paddy soil due to the decomposition of soil organic matter (SOM), including rice straw. This investigation evaluated three methods of characterizing redox status: (i) Eh, a conventional method using Pt black electrode; (ii) terminal electron-accepting processes (TEAPs), a method of diagnosing microbially mediated electron acceptor (oxidized species) consumption, intermediate product concentration of H 2 and accumulation of final products (reduced species); and (iii) oxidative capacity (OXC), a comprehensive analysis of the algebraic sum of oxidized and reduced species into a single descriptive parameter. There was a need to develop a sampling technique for anaerobic soil pore water in rice paddy (without exposure to the atmosphere) to measure all the redox parameters required by these methods. The setup comprised of a capped piezometer (sampling well) back-filled with sand and sealed with bentonite, and vacuum extraction of pore water containing dissolved constituents. The pore water containing dissolved gases was collected into previously evacuated 400-ml two-port PVC bags from which gaseous phase subsamples were withdrawn with a syringe into 10-ml vacutainers previously flushed with N 2 gas for H 2 and CH 4 determinations in the laboratory. Unstable water quality parameters such as DO, Eh, pH and S 2 À were measured on site using fresh samples, while other parameters such as NO 3 À , SO 4 2 À , EC, Fe(II) and Fe(III), and Mn(II) were analyzed in the laboratory. The above three methods of evaluating redox status were applied to monitoring the paddy pore water over 3 years of field observations (1997-1999). Eh is a simple measure, but it gives at best only qualitative assessment of redox status because this electrode may not respond to many of the important redox couples. The adaptation of TEAPs to assess non-equilibrium redox conditions in flow pathways in large-scale ground water systems to small-scale rice rootzone was not entirely

Redox status is one of the more difficult soil quality criteria to characterize especially in paddy soils. The soil system chosen in this study was an ongoing paddy field trial on alternative practices of incorporating rice straw instead of traditional burning of straw. Upon flooding, rapid changes in redox potential (Eh) occur in paddy soil due to the decomposition of soil organic matter (SOM), including rice straw. This investigation evaluated three methods of characterizing redox status: (i) Eh, a conventional method using Pt black electrode; (ii) terminal electron-accepting processes (TEAPs), a method of diagnosing microbially mediated electron acceptor (oxidized species) consumption, intermediate product concentration of H 2 and accumulation of final products (reduced species); and (iii) oxidative capacity (OXC), a comprehensive analysis of the algebraic sum of oxidized and reduced species into a single descriptive parameter. There was a need to develop a sampling technique for anaerobic soil pore water in rice paddy (without exposure to the atmosphere) to measure all the redox parameters required by these methods. The setup comprised of a capped piezometer (sampling well) back-filled with sand and sealed with bentonite, and vacuum extraction of pore water containing dissolved constituents. The pore water containing dissolved gases was collected into previously evacuated 400-ml two-port PVC bags from which gaseous phase subsamples were withdrawn with a syringe into 10-ml vacutainers previously flushed with N 2 gas for H 2 and CH 4 determinations in the laboratory. Unstable water quality parameters such as DO, Eh, pH and S 2 À were measured on site using fresh samples, while other parameters such as NO 3 À , SO 4 2 À , EC, Fe(II) and Fe(III), and Mn(II) were analyzed in the laboratory. The above three methods of evaluating redox status were applied to monitoring the paddy pore water over 3 years of field observations (1997-1999). Eh is a simple measure, but it gives at best only qualitative assessment of redox status because this electrode may not respond to many of the important redox couples. The adaptation of TEAPs to assess non-equilibrium redox conditions in flow pathways in large-scale ground water systems to small-scale rice rootzone was not entirely

A study was conducted on twenty indigenous goat kids allocated into two different groups. All animals were offered ad libitum rice straw and berseem hay (40:60). Group I (T 1) was fed concentrate mixture (100 g/d). Group II (T 2) was supplemented with urea molasses mineral block (200 g/d). The experiment lasted for 90 days. There was significant decrease in serum sodium (60.68 mEq/L), increase in serum potassium (34.50 mEq/L) and increased activity of AST (340.42 U/L) and ALT (164.96 U/L) was observed in kids of group T 2 in comparison to the controls (T 1). On histopathological examination mild degenerative changes in kidney of group T 2 with congestion in intertubular vessel, granular cytoplasm of the epithelial cells in PCT and DCT, necrosis and swelling of the epithelial cells, congestion of vessels and cloudy swelling was observed in PCT and DCT. Albuminious mass was also present in tubule. On histopathological observation of liver of kid of group T 2 oedema in liver parenchyma and proliferation of fibrious tissue in periportal area was observed.

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Recently, the world energy demand is increasing due to the growing world population. Accordingly, many research works are directed toward the new resources of renewable energy in order to compensate the shortage in petroleum based products. The use of biomass as a source for renewable energy is of growing importance. One of the most problematic agriculture wastes in Egypt is rice straw which is generated in huge amounts over a limited harvesting period. In this study the main objective is to develop and design a new rice straw fast pyrolysis reactor that improves some inefficiencies in traditional reactors while maintaining high bio-oil yields. To accomplish this target, a laboratory scale plant with a free-fall reactor was designed to avoid lack of moving parts; Compared it with other plants, the designed under investigation plant has the advantage of simple design. Two basic principles were combined in the design of the free-fall reactor; the first principle dealt with the particle heating rate, while the second considered the particle's free-fall velocity. Based on this developed and designed free-fall reactor, the fast pyrolysis process of rice straw was carried out at temperatures ranging from 450°C to 700°C. The obtained bioproducts from this process are liquid bio-oil, bio char and non-condensable gases. The characterization and chemical composition of the bio-oil and non-condensable gases were determined, respectively. It was concluded that the above mentioned free-fall reactor can be used for producing useful bioproducts from rice straw and sharing to solve the most problematic agriculture waste.

This study focused on the co-pyrolysis of sewage sludge and rice straw using microwave heating. The input microwave power level was a critical parameter. Sewage sludge was pyrolyzed without the addition of rice straw at the microwave power levels of 200e300 W, while lower or higher than this range led to only drying or overheating. The addition of rice straw increased the performance of microwave heating, which allowed a higher maximum temperature. The calorific value of the pyrolyzed biomass increased with the addition of 30e40 wt.% rice straw. A maximum temperature of up to 500 C was measured for blends containing 20 wt.% rice straw, which could be attributed to the synergetic effect of the addition of rice straw and microwave heating. This high temperature may provide another way of thinking for the thermal treatment of waste sewage sludge. A fixed carbon content of up to 33 wt.% was obtained for blends containing 30e40 wt.% rice straw. The atomic H/C and O/C ratios were very close to those of anthracite coal. Therefore, the pyrolyzed blends should have a high potential to be co-fired with coal or even to replace it.

Nitrogen-doped (N-G) and sulfur-nitrogen co-doped (SN-G) carbon-based electrocatalysts from two different biomass waste are successfully synthesized, and their ORR catalytic activity is also examined. In this research work, a simple preparation route for the synthesis of N-G catalyst from rice straw as a carbon source and urea as a nitrogen source is developed. Another facile route is developed for the synthesis of SN-G catalyst from reeling waste of muga silk (Anthraea assamensis) and thiourea (N and S source). Synthesized catalysts are characterized thoroughly for composition and microstructure details using XRD, Raman spectroscopy, FT-IR, FESEM, XPS, and BET surface area analyzer. The XPS analyses of the synthesized N-G and SN-G catalysts revealed that the nitrogen contents in both the catalysts are 0.85 and 14.85 At. %, respectively. Simultaneously, the sulfur content in the SN-G catalyst is found to be 2.94 At. %. Cyclic voltammetry is used for the evaluation of the catalytic activity of the catalysts towards ORR reaction in oxygen saturated 0.1 M KOH solution.

Rice is a potentially important route of human exposure to arsenic, especially in populations with rice-based diets. However, arsenic toxicity varies greatly with species. The initial purpose of the present study was to evaluate arsenic speciation in rice. It appeared very clear from the present study that inorganic arsenic shared maximum arsenic load in rice straw while in grains it is considerably low. As species recovered from rice grain and straw are principally As(III) and As(V) with a small amount of dimethylarsenic acid (DMA) and almost non-detectable monomethylarsonic acid (MMA) and arsenobetain (AsB). Discussion of the health risk of As in rice has largely been based on its inorganic arsenic content because these species have generally been considered to be more toxic than MMA and DMA and can be directly compared to As in drinking water, assuming equal bioavailability of inorganic As in the rice matrix and in water. The maximum dietary risk of exposure to inorganic arsenic ...

This study presents alkali pretreated rice straw for cellulase production using Aspergillus niger CP1 by solid state fermentation (SSF). On 8th day, 140±2.4 IU g/l dry substrate (ds) carboxy methyl cellulose CMCase), 15±1.2 IU g/l ds filter paper activity (FPA) and 24±1.1 IU g/l ds â-glucosidase activities were noted. On extraction of 120 g material with 1 l of 0.1 mol/l citrate buffer, 5.9±0.12 IU ml/l CMCase, 0.62±0.001 IU ml/l FPA and 1.11±0.002 IU/ml â-glucosidase were obtained. When extracted enzyme was used for saccharification of 120 g fresh pretreated rice straw containing 100 g holocellulose, 45±0.2 g, sugars (50 g/l) were released in 900 ml hydrolysate to give 45% hydrolysis. Hydrolysate after yeast fermentation gave 15.6±0.05 g/l ethanol with a yield of 0.4±0.011 g/l/h and 78% fermentation efficiency. In sequential enzyme production, saccharification and fermentation studies, on 8th day of cellulase production by SSF, temperature was shifted from 28±1°C to 55°C for 36 h, ...

Waste of Aloevera is one of the agriculture wastes which have highly potential for Bali cattle feed supplement, so that research in order to learn the effect of supplementation of Aloevera as High Quality Feed Supplement (HQFS) is needed. Twenty male Bali cattle were used in this experiment, which weight range between 191 – 232 kg. Feed for cattle consisted of rice straw, concentrate and feed supplement in form of Hight Quality Feed Supplement (HQFS) which mixed from sea grass and waste of aleovera. Randomized Block Design was applied in this experiment with 4 repetitions. Treatment A was ad lib of rice straw + 2 kg of concentrate, Treatment B was ad lib of rice straw + 2 kg of concentrate + 150 g HQFS, Treatment C was ad lib of rice straw + 2.5 kg of concentrate + 150 g HQFS, Treatment D was ad lib of rice straw + 3 kg of concentrate + 150 g HQFS and Treatment E was ad lib of rice straw + 3 kg of concentrate. Results of this experiment showed that supplementation of HQFS tended to ...

COMMUNITY EMPOWER THROUGH UTILIZATION OF STRAW WASTE AND RICE HUSK BECOME SUPERCARBON IN MOYUDAN, SLEMAN. Karanganjir, Sejati Dukuh and Setran are three hamlets in the village Sumberarum. The livelihoods of the majority of the population worked as farmers. Each season rice harvest paddy lands in Karanganjir, Sejati Dukuh and Setran will produce abundant rice. Results of the rice harvest in the form of straw and rice husks were also plentiful. Rural farming communities Sumberarum have not been able to utilize the waste straw and rice husks are plentiful. This is due to the lack of awareness, knowledge, and skills for the use of waste straw and rice husks. Pollution of the environment requires a solution that is by utilizing the waste straw and rice husks into supercarbon as kerosene and gas for household and economic value. The program will work closely with youth organizations and farmers' groups in Karanganjir, Sejati Dukuh and Setran, Cooperative of Sumberarum village, Cooperative of Universitas Ahmad Dahlan (UAD), and Department of Industry Trade and Cooperatives of Sleman. This program is conducted by lecturers and UAD students of Community Service Program (KKN) divided into five major themes: 1) Entrepreneurship; 2) Making supercarbon from agricultural waste; 3) Utilization supercarbon as an alternative fuel; 4) Motivating supercarbon entrepreneurship; 5) The establishment and development of business units supercarbon.

Present study was carried out to evaluate the effect of supplementing Direct Fed Microbials (DFM) and Solid State Fermented (SSF)
biomass for 70 days on body weight, nutrient intake, digestibility and rumen fermentation in adult Surti buffaloes (n=15). The animals
were randomly allotted into three groups, with 5 animals in each group. The animals in the control group (T1) were fed TMR (Roughage
to concentrate ratio of 65:35) without supplement, while the animals in group T2 and T3 were fed TMR with 3% DFM and 3% SSF biomass
on DM basis, respectively. The average initial and final body weight (kg) of animals in T1 (411.8 and 428.8), T2 (412.2 and 433.1), and
T3 groups (415.8 and 438.7, respectively) were more or less similar. None of the probiotics had significant effect on average DMI and
CPI. The average daily DCPI was however significantly (p<0.05) higher in T3 and T2 than T1. Average bi-weekly total digestible nutrient
intake was significantly (p<0.05) higher in T3 followed by T2 and T1 group. Digestibility of all nutrients was improved numerically by
supplementation of DFM and SSF biomass in the diet of buffaloes, and was within the normal range. There was significantly (p<0.05)
higher concentration of ammonia-N and TCA precipitable nitrogen in SRL of treatment groups of animals, while the values of SRL pH,
TVFA, total-N, soluble-N and NPN were statistically similar between groups. The overall results suggested that supplementation of
SSF biomass or DFM @ 3% in the ration of buffalo has no adverse effect on feed intake, digestibility and rumen fermentation. Further
research is needed to explore their utilization in livestock ration.

This work is to implement a working model of an integrated process for bioethanol in the process simulation based on rigorous model using the Aspen HYSYS simulation software. As a case study, the simulation is applied to design a pilot plant that converts rice straw into ethanol. The model is based on the process for biochemical conversion of lignocellulosic biomass (rice straw) to ethanol, proposed by the pilot plant of producing bio-ethanol with capacity of 152 kg rice straw/batch. The plant for manufacturing bio-ethanol with rice straw as raw materials comprises basically three units: Pretreatment of rice straw by alkaline treatment; Simultaneous saccharification fermentation (SSF) of rice straw to produce bio-ethanol and the unit for separation and purification of bio-ethanol mixture from simultaneous and fermentation unit. Modeling of rice straw feedstock as a solid material in Aspen HYSYS, including the creation of necessary hypothetical components. Investigate and analyze the...

Organic farming is one of desired methods of sustainable agriculture production due to its crucial role in ecological protection. The demand for organically grown foods is increasing globally and organic rice finds a special mention. The combined input of agricultural residues, composted manures and N-specific bio-fertilizers (N-fixers) can be exploited to meet the nutritional needs of organically grown rice. With the hypothesis that whether the input of organic matter through vermicompost (VC) and farm yard manure (FYM) improves the properties of paddy grown soil and rice grain yield or not, a field experiment was conducted during 2010 and 2011 following a split plot design. Three fertilization practices included organic farming (OF), integrated nutrient management (INM) and chemical fertilization (CF). After two years of rice cultivation, organic matter content of paddy grown soil recorded a value of 4.8 %, significantly higher than the valuesin INM and CF soil. Plant available water content and water retention capacity showed increased values in OF soil, compared with CF soil. The rice grain yield was found to be highest (4.72 t/ha) under OF practices (cyanobacteria +Azolla+ VC + FYM) followed by INM (VC+1/2 recommended dose of N, P, K) and CF (N 120 P 60 K 60) practices (4.36 t/ha). Economical statistics showed that though, organically produced basmati rice grain yield was higher compared with their INM and CF counterparts, but organic farming practice is beneficial when the produce is sold at a premium price of 25 %. Integrated farming practices were more beneficial and could save up to 50 % of synthetic fertilizer without compromising with the yield.

Organic farming is one of desired methods of sustainable agriculture production due to its crucial role in ecological protection. The demand for organically grown foods is increasing globally and organic rice finds a special mention. The combined input of agricultural residues, composted manures and N-specific bio-fertilizers (N-fixers) can be exploited to meet the nutritional needs of organically grown rice. With the hypothesis that whether the input of organic matter through vermicompost (VC) and farm yard manure (FYM) improves the properties of paddy grown soil and rice grain yield or not, a field experiment was conducted during 2010 and 2011 following a split plot design. Three fertilization practices included organic farming (OF), integrated nutrient management (INM) and chemical fertilization (CF). After two years of rice cultivation, organic matter content of paddy grown soil recorded a value of 4.8 %, significantly higher than the valuesin INM and CF soil. Plant available water content and water retention capacity showed increased values in OF soil, compared with CF soil. The rice grain yield was found to be highest (4.72 t/ha) under OF practices (cyanobacteria +Azolla+ VC + FYM) followed by INM (VC+1/2 recommended dose of N, P, K) and CF (N 120 P 60 K 60) practices (4.36 t/ha). Economical statistics showed that though, organically produced basmati rice grain yield was higher compared with their INM and CF counterparts, but organic farming practice is beneficial when the produce is sold at a premium price of 25 %. Integrated farming practices were more beneficial and could save up to 50 % of synthetic fertilizer without compromising with the yield.