Animal feeding and nutrition

The Western Honeybee is a key pollinator for natural as well as agricultural ecosystems. In the last decade massive honeybee colony losses have been observed worldwide, the result of a complex syndrome triggered by multiple stress factors, with the RNA virus Deformed Wing Virus (DWV) and the mite Varroa destructor playing crucial roles. The mite supports replication of DWV to high titers, which exert an immunosuppressive action and correlate with the onset of the disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 1,3-1,6 β-glucan, a natural innate immune system modulator, on honeybee response to low-titer natural and high-titer experimental DWV infection. As the effects exerted by ß-glucans can be remarkably different, depending on the target organism and the dose administered, two parallel experiments were performed, where 1,3-1,6 ß-glucan at a concentration of 0.5% and 2% respectively, was added to the diet of three cohorts of newly emerged honeybees, which were sampled from a Varroa-free apiary and harboured a low endogenous DWV viral titer. Each cohort was subjected to one of the following experimental treatments: no injection, injection of a high-copy number DWV suspension into the haemocel (experimental DWV infection) or injection of PBS into the haemocoel (physical injury). Control bees fed a ß-glucan-free diet were subjected to the same treatments. Viral load, survival rate, haemocyte populations and pheno-loxidase activity of each experimental group were measured and compared. The results indicated that oral administration of 0.5% ß-glucan to naturally infected honeybees was associated with a significantly decrease of the number of infected bees and viral load they carried, and with a significant increase of the survival rate, suggesting that this natural immune mod-ulator molecule might contribute to increase honeybee resistance to viral infection.

The pivotal roles of regulatory jurisdictions in the feed additive sector cannot be over-emphasized. In the European Union (EU), antioxidant substances are authorized as feed additives for prolonging the shelf life of feedstuffs based on their effect for preventing lipid peroxidation. However, the efficacy of antioxidants transcends their functional use as technological additives in animal feeds. Promising research results have revealed the in vivo efficacy of dietary antioxidants for combating oxidative stress in production animals. The in vivo effect of antioxidants is significant for enhancing animal health and welfare. Similarly, postmortem effect of dietary antioxidants has been demonstrated to improve the nutritional, organoleptic and shelf-life qualities of animal products. In practice, dietary antioxidants have been traditionally used by farmers for these benefits in livestock production. However, some antioxidants particularly when supplemented in excess could act as prooxi...

Forage sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] is a warm-season annual grass used mainly as a silage or hay crop in the USA with the potential to become a bioenergy feedstock. Chilling-tolerant forage sorghum genotypes would allow an earlier planting for more optimum use of the growing season. This will likely lead to an increase in productivity of forage sorghum in North Central Regions of the USA. The objective of this study was to screen and select potential chilling-tolerant forage sorghum genotypes with the hypothesis that chilling-tolerant genotypes would produce greater or similar dry matter yield when sown earlier than normal into field plots in Fargo and Hickson, ND. In the field, cv. SPX-901 was among the highest yielding genotypes (16.4 Mg ha-1), which produced similar yields between early (10 May) and more normal (27 May) sowing dates. These results indicate that early planting did not affect crop performance and yield. Preliminary conclusions indicate chilling tolerance exists among commercial cultivars, which can produce greater biomass yield when planted earlier than normal in the North Central US.

Abstract
Hay is the oldest and most important conserved fodder. The aim of haymaking is to store feed for later on-farm use. Traditional haymaking practice
in Ethiopia has many problems. Delayed or early harvesting, improper handling system during harvesting, transportation, and storage stages are
identified as main causes of feed loss. This project is, therefore, intended to evaluate and demonstrate manual hay presses so as to assist users in
haymaking and baling practice.
Two hay press models, vertical and horizontal hay presses, were manufactured and after preliminary test, practical on field test was conducted at
two sites. Besides, discussions were made with farmers and their opinions were recorded. The test result has shown that, the average pressing rate,
bale density, and baling time of vertical hay press was 45.2 kg h-1, 86.5 kg m -3 and 14.1 min per piece. Likewise, similar parameters of the
horizontal type were 36.9 kg hr-1, 72.3 kg m -3 and 17.4 min per piece, respectively. It was observed that most of the respondent farmers preferred
vertical type press due to its lower energy requirement and better output. Therefore, the vertical hay press model is recommended for further
promotion.
Key words: animal feed, hay making, mechanical hay press

In recent years concentrate feeding has been the main factor affecting production in feedlot cattle industry. The use of concentrate in feedlot is approximately 90% of the total feed consumed. Although such feeding practive is relevant in boosting animal performance within a short period of time, however, its application may induce a metabolic disorder in the rumen, i.e. acidosis. Acidosis occurs when lactic acid and volatile fatty acid production rate are above their clearance rate through absorption and passage to the subsequent gastro-intestinal tract. Rumen mechanical stimulation (RMS) is a technology that may reduce such incidence although the results so far are varied.

Kreider, RB, and Greenwood, M. The effects of creatine monohydrate supplementation with and without D-pinitol on resistance training adaptations. J Strength Cond Res 23(9): 2673-2682, 2009-Coingestion of D-pinitol with creatine (CR) has been reported to enhance creatine uptake. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether adding D-pinitol to CR affects training adaptations, body composition, whole-body creatine retention, and/or blood safety markers when compared to CR ingestion alone after 4 weeks of resistance training. Twenty-four resistance trained males were randomly assigned in a doubleblind manner to creatine + pinitol (CRP) or creatine monohydrate (CR) prior to beginning a supervised 4-week resistance training program. Subjects ingested a typical loading phase (i.e., 20 g/d 21 for 5 days) before ingesting 5 g/d 21 the remaining 23 days. Performance measures were assessed at baseline (T0), week 1 (T1), and week 4 (T2) and included 1 repetition maximum (1RM) bench press (BP), 1RM leg press (LP), isokinetic knee extension, and a 30-second Wingate anaerobic capacity test. Fasting blood and body composition using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) were determined at T1 and T3. Data were analyzed by repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). Creatine retention increased (p , 0.001) in both groups as a result of supplementation but was not different between groups (p . 0.05). Significant improvements in upper-and lower-body strength and body composition occurred in both groups. However, significantly greater increases in lean mass and fat-free mass occurred in the CR group when compared to CRP (p ,0.05). Adding D-pinitol to creatine monohydrate does not appear to facilitate further physiological adaptations while resistance training. Creatine monohydrate supplementation helps to improve strength and body composition while resistance training. Data from this study assist in determining the potential role the addition of D-pinitol to creatine may aid in facilitating training adaptations to exercise.

There is a growing concern about the impact of increased used of Agro-pesticide on public health and safety issues especially in farming community who pursue high agricultural productivity. Pesticide pollution is a subject of global concern and the extent of its poisoning is considered to be grossly under estimated. This study was conducted to assess the concentration of heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Hg, Cr, As and Ni) in muscle, liver, kidney and lungs of matured locally reared chickens. Sampling was carried out in two cocoa producing areas (Ikom and Etung) and non-cocoa producing area (Odukpani) in Cross River State, Nigeria, over a period of one year (November, 2013 to October, 2014). Determination of heavy metals was carried out using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (ASS). Highest levels of cadmium (0.11±0.02 µg/g) and lead (0.26±0.11 µg/g) were recorded in liver simples from Etung and Ikom. The highest levels of chromium concentration (2.95±0.05 µg/g) was observed in kidney of chickens from Etung, while nickel (1.16-±0.0404 µg/g) was highest in lung samples from Etung and Odukpani recorded the highest nickel concentration values (1.16±0.04 µg/g). The results show that higher levels of heavy metals can accumulate in the body tissues/organs of chickens in cocoa producing area. These are no exception since Etung is a cocoa producing area and the metals were found highest in kidney and lungs of chicken from this area. Generally, livers and kidneys were found to have the highly significant (P<0.5) levels of the metals than the muscles and lungs the lowest. However, the concentrations of all the metals studied were within the tolerance limits with exception of chromium and nickel which were respectively higher than their 0.10 µg/g and 0.5 µg/g tolerance limit. The results obtained in this study will be useful in formulating guidelines and standards for heavy metals in chicken products in cocoa-producing and non-cocoa producing areas of Nigeria.

ABSTRACT
This work reviewed researches done on the effect of feed restriction on growth performance of broiler chickens in a hot climate. The effect of thermal stress on chickens has led to several strategies of alleviating this problem to ensure maximum productivity including; genetic, nutritional, feeding and housing. Feed restriction is one of the most promising management procedures in improving the thermal resistance of broiler chickens in short run. Restriction of feed has been found to serve as a stimulus leading to increased body weight. It has generated different responses in relation to catch-up growth, feed conversion efficiency and abdominal fat pad weight. Feed restriction procedures have been found to decrease metabolism, digestion and absorption and hence, reduced the amount of energy generated as a result of these processes leading to reduced stress on the bird. As per literature reviewed, it was found that the effect of different restriction time were comparable base on the bird’s growth parameters. The duration and level of feed restriction determines the rate of mean feed intake, mean live weight gain, mean gain: feed ratio, mean final live weight and feed cost in addition to other growth parameters. Restriction of feed for 3-5 hours did not have any significant effect on growth performance of broilers but cost of production was numerically lowest for birds on 5hours restriction. Access to feed only at night with the aid of artificial light gave better results in terms of growth performance. Mortality was lowest for birds fed at night only with the aid of artificial light.
Keywords: Broiler chickens, restriction, growth.

Feed manufacturing and the associated quality control programme are keys to successful fish culture. Unless the fisheries biologist understands and specifies the activities of the feed mill and its laboratory, profitable fish farming will be a matter of chance. Dry feeds may be ground, sifted, screened, mixed, compressed, expanded, texturized, coloured and flavoured. By one or more of these processes, a wide variety of ingredients can be prepared into a standardized product. Since most fish have size and texture preferences and often react to colour, odour, and flavour, processing research is an integral part of fish culture.

Voluntary intake and digestibility of nutrients in heifers fed hydroponics maize (Zea maize L.) fodder was studied. Hydroponics maize fodder (HMF) was produced in a hydroponics chamber (greenhouse) measuring about 25 ft × 10 ft × 10 ft with a daily production potential of 600 kg fresh HMF and equipped with automatic sprayer irrigation by tap water. Four heifers (avg. BW 305 kg) were fed individually 2 kg standard conventional concentrate mixture along with 3 kg jowar straw and ad lib. HMF daily to meet their nutrient requirements for a period of 45 days followed by a 6-d digestion trial. The HMF looked like a mat of 20-30 cm height consisting of germinated seeds, white roots and green leaves. The increase in weight of the HMF than the seed weight on fresh basis was 5-6 folds. The DM content of the HMF was 15.4% and the CP, EE, CF, NFE and TA content was 13.56, 2.46, 8.98, 73.45 and 1.56% on DM basis, respectively. The DM intake per 100 kg BW of the heifers was 2.25 and the R: C ratio was maintained at 73: 27. The digestibility of DM, OM, CP, EE, CF and NFE of the ration was 65.62, 68.06, 69.36, 80.95, 59.70 and 69.87%, respectively. The total ration had 12.73% CP, 8.81% DCP and 68.71% TDN. It can be concluded that hydroponics maize fodder could be fed to heifers in situations where conventional fodder is not available or can not be grown due to any adverse conditions.

Medicinal plants and their derivatives are human-friendly, nutritional supplements, and their
use in the poultry industry is increasing today. Cynara scolymus is a very high-quality antioxidant
medicine plant that has recently attracted the attention of poultry and nutrition
researchers to supplement their rations and reduce feed costs. In the present study, the
effect of powder and extract of C. scolymus on broilers has reviewed. This review shows that
the impact of C. scolymus on production performance, carcass characteristics, liver enzymes
activity, and meat characteristics of broiler chickens are not significant. However, the negative
impact of this compound on these properties has not reported. Moreover, cholesterol
levels reduced by the dietary C. scolymus supplementation. The impact of C. scolymus powder
and extract on chickens’ broiler immunity was not significant in the cited literature, but
dietary C. scolymus powder increases Newcastle antibody titers and lowers blood pressure.
Dietary C. scolymus under heat stress increased anti-sheep red blood cell titers. No substantial
studies have conducted on the effect of C. scolymus on broilers. Therefore, it is not possible
to determine a single dosage for the use of C. scolymus powder or extract in broiler
diets to the improvement of the broiler characteristics. More researches are needed to
determining the appropriate dosage to achieve maximum performance

A study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of replacement of groundnut cake with mustard cake on the performance of growing lambs. Twenty-four pure-bred Corriedale male lambs of 3-4 months of age with an average body weight of 13.62±0.49 kg, were randomly divided into four groups of six each. The dietary treatments consisted of iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric concentrate mixtures in which groundnut cake (GNC) was replaced at 0, 50, 75 and 100% levels by mustard oil cake (MOC) and designated as G1, M1, M2 and M3 groups, respectively. The lambs were fed weighed quantity of concentrate mixture and ad libitum chopped oat hay for 90 days. Growth performance and dry matter intakes did not differ significantly among the groups. The average daily gain (g) were 76.63, 75.95, 68.67 and 68.89 in G1, M1, M2 and M3 groups, respectively. Cost of feeding (Rs/kg weight gain) reduced with increasing level of mustard cake in the diet. Feed conversion ratio was lowest (9.04) in 50% GNC group. The animals were in positive nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus balance. Significantly (P<0.05) higher nitrogen balance was observed in M1 in comparison to other groups. It is concluded that groundnut cake may completely be replaced by mustard oil cake without affecting the performance of lambs and economizing the cost of feeding.

The study was conducted to determine the growth performance and carcass characteristics of broilers fed with varying levels of Trichanthera gigantea leaf meal. The dietary treatments were assigned to experimental units in a randomized block design. Carcass evaluation was done to evaluate the general acceptability of the flesh and skin in terms of color. Result showed significant differences in average weight gain, feed consumption and feed efficiency of broilers fed with increasing level of incorporation of Trichanthera gigantea. Apparently, birds given with T1 diet (commercial feeds) exhibit highest feed consumption, but T4 diet (15% Trichanthera gigantea leaf meal) produced the highest weight gain resulting to excellent feed conversion efficiency(0.95) and high return above feed  and chick cost (Php55.75). Generally, the acceptability rating for skin and flesh color is comparable for all treatment diets. Panelists describe them as dislike very much.

Key words: average weight gain, feed consumption, feed efficiency, carcass quality

In livestock production systems in the tropics of Mexico, especially extensive systems, the use of native pastures as a basic diet prevails. However, in the dry season the quality and quantity of the grasses decreases, making the use of supplements with high nutritional value necessary, increasing feeding costs. The search for new sources of food for ruminants, which are of good quality and are accessible because of their low cost, has motivated the evaluation of efficient and economically viable alternative food resources such as leguminous and non-leguminous tree species, among which Moringa oleifera stands out. Supplementation with M. oleifera fodder is an efficient alternative to improve the use of low to medium.

Makanan sebagai sumber protein, karbohidrat, lemak, vitamin, dan mineral sangat diperlukan bagi kesehatan fisik, pertumbuhan, dan mengatur proses metabolisme. Makanan yang berkualitas, aman dan menarik dapat diperoleh melalui perlakuan yang tepat pada setiap tahapan produksi, mulai dari persiapan, pengolahan, penyimpanan, pemasaran dan penggunaannya. Makanan yang tidak aman jika dikonsumsi dapat menimbulkan gangguan kesehatan bahkan berakibat pada kematian (Suryana, 1994, dalam Sundari, 2013). Undang-undang Nomor 7 Tahun 1996 menyatakan bahwa kualitas pangan yang dikonsumsi harus memenuhi beberapa kriteria, diantaranya adalah aman, bergizi, bermutu, dan dapat dijangkau oleh daya beli masyarakat. Aman maksudnya mencakup bebas dari cemaran biologis, mikrobiologi, kimia, logam berat, dan cemaran lain yang dapat mengganggu, merugikan dan membahayakan kesehatan manusia (Mudjajanto, 2014). Dalam Islam dikenal dengan istilah makanan halalan thayyiban. Makanan halalan (halal) yaitu makanan yang tidak diharamkan, dan tidak menyalahi hukum syari`at Islam untuk dikonsumsi sesuai Al-Qur'an dan sunnah nabi. Makanan yang baik atau dalam istilah agama thayyiban yaitu baik dari sudut pemenuhan kebutuhan gizi bagi tubuh, pengolahan makanan baik, dan bahan campuran yang baik. Saat ini, Industri pangan di Indonesia telah berkembang dengan pesat, ditandai dengan munculnya industri kecil dan industri rumah tangga yang 1

Utilization of locally available industrial by-products in livestock feed is very important methods to enhance livestock productivity and minimize feed cost. The objective of this paper is to review the utilization of brewery by-product as a protein source feed for efficient animal production. Brewer’s by-products like brewers spent grain and brewers spent yeast are the major by-products produced by the brewing factory. They are produced all year round with the same volume and with simple cost and used as animal feed. These materials provide animals with high-quality protein (about 35% CP) and can improve feed quality and animal production. It can replace high-quality protein source feed such as soybean. The optimum contents of fibre and protein in brewer’s by-product together with the low cost of this byproduct make it a substrate of great interest for use as livestock feed. Quality apprehension is the major things need attention when those by-products are given for animals since brewer’s grains are susceptible to bacterial and fungal contamination (mycotoxins) and care should be taken to feed only unspoilt brewers grains.

GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF POST-WEANED PIGS (Sus domesticus) FED WITH COMMERCIAL RATION SUBSTITUTED WITH VARYING LEVELS OF TARO (Colocasia esculenta) LEAF MEAL by PHOEBE JANE SANTILLAN EDQUILA, Bachelor of Science in Agriculture, Department of Animal Science, Central Mindanao University, Musuan, Maramag, Bukidnon, March 2014.
Thesis Adviser: Julnar E. Pepito, Ph.D.
A 25-days feeding trial was conducted to determine the effect of substituting commercial ration with varying levels of taro  (Colocasia esculenta) leaf meal in the growth performance of post-weaned pigs at Central Mindanao University Swine Project.
A total of nine (9) post-weaned pigs were used as experimental animals. These animals were all uncastrated males and Landrace x Duroc breed line. This study was composed of three (3) treatments and three (3) blocks. Blocking factors were based on live weights. Below were the varying levels of treatments that were used in the study:
Treatment 1 = 100% Commercial Ration + 0% Taro Leaf Meal
Treatment 2 = 85% Commercial Ration + 15% Taro Leaf Meal
Treatment 3 = 70% Commercial Ration + 30% Taro Leaf Meal

Data gathered were as follows: initial weight, final weight, body weight gain, total feed consumption, taro leaf meal consumption, feed efficiency and return above feed cost of the post-weaned pigs. The data excluding total feed consumption, taro leaf meal consumption and return above feed cost were analyzed statistically using the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) of the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) and significant differences among treatment and block means were tested using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT).
Results revealed non-significant difference among treatment and block means on the final weight, body weight gain and feed efficiency of pigs used in the study. However, initial weight revealed highly significant differences (P<0.01) among block means, and non-significant difference among treatment means.
Taro leaf meal can be substituted to commercial starter ration up to 30% showing no adverse effects on the health and growth performance of post-weaned pigs. Moreover, it is economical since pigs in Treatment 3 showed to have high return above feed cost of Php 1,210.21 compared to pigs in Treatment 1 with Php 1,200.00 and Treatment 2 with Php 1,153.44. In areas where taro is abundant or available, it can be an alternative feed source to reduce cost of commercial feeds. On the other hand, it was observed that after sun drying and grinding 1.00 kilogram of taro leaves, the recovery rate was only 12%. Nevertheless, further study is recommended to use higher levels of taro leaf meal, and other methods of processing taro leaves to obtain additional results.

ÖZET Araştırma melasın diğer pelet bağlayıcılar ile pelet kalitesine etkisini karşılaştırmak için yapılmıştır. Bunun için, karma yemin elde edilmesinde çekiçli değirmen ve 6 mm çaplı elek kullanılmıştır. Pelet makinesinin buhar sıcaklığı 120 0 C , buhar basıncı 4.2 ATM ve tavlama sıcaklığı ise 60 0 C'ye ayarlanmıştır. Karma yeme pelet bağlayıcı olarak melas % 2.45, lignobond % 0.30 ve aquaküp % 0.50 katılmıştır. Farklı pelet bağlayıcı ilaveli karma yemlere ait dayanıklılık, ufalanma oranı, peletleme etkinliği, kalite-ko etkinliği, pres üretim tonajı değerleri tespit edilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre; dayanıklılık ve ufalanma oranına ait değerler arasında önemli bir farklılık görülmemiştir(P>0.05). Melas, lignobond, aquaküp pelet bağlayıcı içeren pelet yemlerin çıkış miktarı sırasıyla; 3.03 ton/saat, 3.9 ton/saat; 3.6 ton/saat; melas, lignobond, aquaküp pelet bağlayıcı içeren pelet yemlerin kalite-ko etkinliği sırasıyla; 3.29, 3.95, 3.61; Melas, lignobond, aquaküp pelet bağlayıcı içeren pelet yemlerin peletleme etkinliği sırasıyla; 29.29 kWsaat/ton, 24.44 kW saat/ ton, 26.84 kW saat/ton olarak bulunmuştur. Kuzu besi karma yemlerinde pelet bağlayıcı olarak kullanılan melas, lignobond ve aquaküp arasında, pelet kalite kriterleri(pelet yemlerin çıkış miktarı, kalite-ko etkinliği, peletleme etkinliği, dayanıklılık ve ufalanma) bakımından gruplar arasında çok önemli bir farklılık görülmemiştir. Bu sonuca göre, enerji kaynağı olarak kullanılan melasın, özellikle kuzu besi karma yeminde diğer pelet bağlayıcılara gerek kalmaksızın, pelet bağlayıcı olarak kullanılabileceği gözlenmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Karma yem, pelet kalitesi, peletleme etkinliği Effects of Different Pellet Binders on Pellet Quality of Compound Feeds ABSTRACT In this experiment molasses is compared with the different other pellet binders in terms of pellet quality. Hammer mill with 6 mm diameter was used preperation of the compound feed. The steam temperature and pressure were 120 o C and 4.2 ATM, respectively. The conditioning temperature was set up 60 o C. Molasses, Lignobond and aquacup were used 2.45 %, 0.30 % and 0.50% rate of compound feed, as pellet binders. Pelletting efficiency, quality coefficiency, pellet durability, press capacity and rate of fines were mesaured. The results showed that there were no significently differences between groups in terms of pellet durability and rate of fines (P<0.05).

Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) is popular for both water gardeners and aquarists because it is one of only a few floating aquatic plants. However, it is also considered invasive aquatic weed plants in tropical and subtropical regions, and many attempts have been made to eradicate or control these plants. A feeding trial was conducted to explore the potential of water hyacinth meal (WHM) on growth performance, economic viability, and cell-mediated immunity of broiler chickens in a 42-day feeding trial. Sixty-one-day-old broiler chickens were randomly allotted to 4 treatment groups: (T1) 0% WHM, (T2) 2.5% WHM, (T3) 5.0% WHM and (T4) 7.5% WHM, replicated thrice with five birds each replication arranged in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) experimental setup. Results revealed no significant difference (P>0.05) on the biweekly body weight gain (BWG), average daily gain (ADG), and feed conversion ratio. Numerically, Treatment 2 showed the highest final body weight (1545.33± 36.37 g/bird), while the control showed the lowest value (1076.00±109.23g/bird). A significant effect (P<0.05) was observed on the voluntary feed intake (VFI), and cell-mediated immunity of broiler chicken fed diets containing WHM. Moreover, the highest gross return results in T2 leads to the highest overall return input cost per chicken, and experimental birds without WHM had the lowest income generated. In conclusion, a noxious water weed could be incorporated into the diet with no adverse effect on broiler production performance.

Propinsi Kalimantan Barat mencanangkan 25.000 ha areal penanaman jagung. Sumberdaya Kabupaten Pontianak diarahkan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan sendiri dan kebutuhan penduduk Kota Pontianak. Termasuk dalam penyediaan ternak sapi sehingga perlu diketahui bagaimana potensi kendala dan peluang pengembangan ternak sapi di Kabupaten Pontianak dalam rangka menunjang pengembangan tanaman jagung. Terdapat 287.954 ha areal potensi sumberdaya lahan jagung di Kabupaten Pontianak. Biomasa jagung dari areal tanam jagung di Kabupaten Pontianak sejumlah 14.268,30 ton dapat mendukung 7.818,25 unit ternak per tahun per musim tanam. Jika 25 % potensi areal pengembangan jagung seluas 71.988,50 ha akan menghasilkan 18,50 kali biomasa/musim tanam dari pertanaman jagung saat ini, maka mampu menyediakan pakan untuk 144.637,60 unit ternak. Sejumlah 58,68 % penduduk Kabupaten Pontianak bekerja di bidang pertanian merupakan potensi untuk pengembangan ternak sapi. Iklim Kabupaten Pontianak sangat sesuai untuk pengembangan bangsa sapi Bos indicus  dan Bos sondaicus. Keperluan sapi bakalan untuk Kabupaten Pontianak sejumlah  22,19 % dari jumlah populasi per tahun, merupakan peluang dalam usaha pembibitan sapi bakalan. Satu hektar jagung menghasilkan 7-10 ton pupuk organik per tahun dari 4 – 6 ekor sapi yang menunjang kebutuhan pupuk organik dua kali tanam setahun untuk 1 – 2 hektar. Konsumsi protein hewani penduduk Kalimantan Barat khususnya daging, masih kurang sebesar 6,26 kg/kapita/tahun atau sebesar 60,78 % merupakan pangsa pasar bagi pengembangan ternak sapi. Pola penggemukan sapi selama 3 bulan memberikan keuntungan yang paling maksimal dibandingkan penggemukan setahun dan pembibitan, pemilihan pola pemeliharaan sangat ditentukan oleh kapasitas sumberdaya modal dan sumber pakan tersedia. Pemerintah perlu menggerakkan para petani, pemodal, pengusaha dan lembaga penunjang lainnya untuk bersama-sama merumuskan struktur dan mekanisme sistem agribisnis ternak sapi yang operasional dan terarah.