Runic inscriptions

On the basis of an analysis of early spellings of the Old Norse men’s names Erlingr and Erlendr, this article rejects the widespread etymology that relates these names to the common noun jarl m. ‘earl’. An alternative etymology of Erlendr as an original byname *ørlendr ‘out-landish’, ‘foreign’ is reassessed and further substantiated, while a new etymology for Erlingr is proposed, deriving it from Old Norse ǫrn/ari m. ‘eagle’, with the diminutive suffix -linga-. According to this hypothesis, the name is an original byname with the literal meaning ‘little eagle’, but most likely an honorific title denoting ‘the one who acts like an eagle’.

This article deals with the inscription on a rune-stone fragment discovered in 1985 at Igelsta in Östertälje parish in Södermanland, which according to the author commemorates a man named Øygrīmʀ. This name is very rare and is previously unrecorded in East Scandinavian
sources.

There are over 3000 runic inscriptions on stone made in Scandinavia in the late Viking Age. This book is the first attempt by a historian to study the material as a whole. The analysis reveals significant regional variations that reflect different stages in the process of conversion, and the growth of royal power. Many monuments were declarations of faith or manifestations of status; but virtually all reflect inheritance claims, and cast unexpected light on the prehistory of the inheritance customs found in later Scandinavian law codes. The results of this analysis make a significant contribution to understanding developments in other parts of the Germanic world, as well as Scandinavia. The inclusion of a digest of the data-base on which this book is based will facilitate further study of this rich vein of evidence.

Skiftet. Vikingatida sed och kristen tro. Ett mångvetenskapligt perspektiv på kristnandeprocessen i Mälarområdet. Red. Sten Tesch. Artos & Norma bokförlag, Skellefteå 2017. 310 s. ISBN 978-91-7580-848-2. Detta arbete utkom kort innan Situne Dei 2017 skulle redigeras. Innehållet är till viss del relevant för Sigtunaforskningen och en snabb anmälan är därför befogad, även om den blir en smula rapsodisk.

Birka, Sigtuna and Medelpad—Glimpses of Three
Writing Environments in the Viking Age.

The author discusses some aspects of vernacular literacy in the Viking Age by analysing the runic material from three different places in Sweden: the towns of Birka and Sigtuna in Uppland and the province of Medelpad in Northern Sweden.

This article explores runic literacy in medieval Norway by focusing on the medieval use of runes in churches. The church as an arena of communication generates interaction and overlap between the public and the private, the authorized and unauthorized, the ceremonial and the casual. Runic inscriptions and other forms of graffiti occur both inside and outside Norwegian stave and stone churches. In this article they are examined with regard to their production, presence, and potential reception in the church setting. The functions and meanings of the runic inscriptions within the religious and social space of the church are brought to the fore. The corpus of church inscriptions contributes towards an enhanced understanding of runic textual practices in the Middle Ages.

Comprehensive editions of the oldest runic inscriptions are few and largely outdated; even the more recent ones do not meet modern critical standards. Other runic publications that treat this material tend to concentrate on selected data only. An up-to-date scholarly edition of the oldest runic inscriptions is thus currently lacking. The question is: what criteria must a new edition fulfil?
Of course, information has to be provided concerning the rune-bearing object, such as (1) a description of the artifact, including the present place of keeping, (2) the find circumstances and (3) an archaeological dating. The description of the inscription itself has to be thorough, and must include (1) a plausible reading of the runes with remarks on runic forms and the textual composition,
and (2) a transliteration, which constitutes the basis for a transcription. The transcription is the starting point for the internal, viz. linguistic interpretation that has to contain etymological as well as syntactic information (where necessary). In the etymological component, all important proposals have to be reconsidered. The linguistic interpretation must be the starting point for any broader analyses, which of necessity will require an interdisciplinary approach. The paper shows how such an edition can be laid out by means of one selected example.

On the basis of the literature gathered on the Piraeus Lion at the Venetian Arsenal, a website has been created as a virtual space collecting various types of contents regarding the Piraeus Lion: videos, photos, a 3D point cloud, a secondary-literature timeline, C.C. Rafn’s article on the runes of the statue (1855) in Danish, and the relative English translation. Both scholars and generic users indeed benefit from easy access to the website and its contents. With particular reference to the 3D point cloud, photos of each side of the statue of the Lion have been collected and processed by means of Agisoft Metashape: the final result is an image-based polygonal mesh. A future outlook will be discussed: more specifically, the annotation of metadata to a 3D point cloud, from an epigraphical and philological perspective.

Bulgarian Runic Inscriptions in Europe during Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages
The Bulgarian runic script is the first in time and a separate branch of the Orkhon-Yenisei runic script. Inscriptions of the Bulgarian runic script are left from the Yenisei to Central Europe, such as: Грешен съм, Тангра; Държавата на Дуло; Да пие Аспарух; Блюдото, от което да се храни Аспарух; Гробът на Кърчи - да го поменем; Надгробният камък на старейшина Джугутур, годината, когато той беше поставен, е Козирог, м. Десети Погребението чрез кремация на княз Йогюн, ние ти намерихме нов другар, застани пред Бога.

This article discusses Peircean ideas and integrates them into a system that can be understood as magical communication within the Umwelt of the Runemaster of the elder runic tradition. I begin by discussing the issue with the word "magic," and I shed light on the problematic etymon. I then go through various schools of academic thought on what this word means and how it may or may not contrast with religion. Albeit rather briefly, I present various schools of thought from Tylor, Frazer, Peirce, Mauss, Durkheim, Malinowski, Lévy-Bruhl, Jakobson, and Nöth. After discussing these approaches, I offer my own idea, called the Law of Magical Semiosis, which is a definition for magical communication specific to the Runemaster and his Umwelt. The goal of this article is to create an objective framework that will allow runologists to use a model to measure magical communication specific to the Elder Futhark tradition.

Do tej pory pokutuje w oficjalnej nauce pogląd o niepiśmienności Słowian przed misją braci Cyryla i Metodego. Ale, co ciekawe, ten sam osąd dotyczył także do niedawna ludów germańskich, z czego obecnie już się wycofano, pozostawiając jedynie Słowian w absurdalnej pustce niepiśmiennictwa wczesnego średniowiecza, choć taki R. Page w swej popularnej pracy o runach jeszcze pisze: Powszechnie uważa się, że plemiona germańskie były niepiśmienne aż do chrystianizacji, kiedy to Kościół przyniósł im naukę chrześcijańskiego Rzymu; kiedy nauczył je zarówno czytać i pisać, jak i co to jest grzech i pokuta. Twierdzenie to, chociaż zasadniczo prawdziwe, zawiera w sobie _pewne uproszczenie. Niektóre ludy germańskie miały swój własny sposób pisania, z charakterystycznym alfabetem nazwanym runicznym, którego litery zwane są runami. Obecnie wiemy, że runy stanowią zapis wczesnych stadiów rozwoju języków gockiego, duńskiego, szwedzkiego, norweskiego, angielskiego, fryzyjskiego, frankijskiego i różnych języków plemion środkowych Niemiec oraz że być może służyły innym językom germańskim, nie pozostawiwszy żadnego, widocznego śladu do dziś. Według danych archeologicznych najstarsze istniejące runy są datowane na drugi wiek e.ch. Pismo to funkcjonowało w niektórych regionach poprzez wieki średnie, aż do wczesnych czasów nowożytnych.

Cóż można do tego dodać, chyba jedynie to, że taki znany runolog Page – nie wiedzieć czemu – zapomniał wymienić Słowian, jako tych, którzy bez żadnych wątpliwości także używali pisma runicznego, o czym zapewne musiał wiedzieć, a świadczą o tym niezbicie znajdywane artefakty, kroniki i relacje historyczne. Niestety wszystko wskazuje na to, że jest to kolejny przykład niezrozumiałej manipulacji faktami, przypominający politykę historyczną z czarnego okresu dziejów Europy.

Dodatek: czcionka TTF Runy_slowianskie do pisania w Wordzie http://marek-medrzak.pl/runy_slowianskie_kosinski.7z

In this, the first volume of Groundings Ancients, we witness a unique collaboration of undergraduates and academics from the four ancient universities of Scotland: Aberdeen, Edinburgh, Glasgow, and St Andrews. The scope of involvement and participation for both the Editorial Board, and the Academic Advisory Board, shows the commitment and excellence of the respective institutions, ultimately advertised by the quality of student work (authors and editors alike) on display within the journal. Equally, the extent of participation across the Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences schools and faculties of each university demonstrates the resolve of students and academics to engage and co-operate, in both inter-varsity and cross-disciplinary spheres.

In a year that sees the University of St Andrews celebrate its 600th anniversary, their theme of ‘Time and Tradition’ resonates with a long and distinguished history within the educational framework of Scotland. For the University of Glasgow, their theme of ‘Voice and Power’ mirrors, however coincidentally, the recent efforts of that university’s Dialectic Society in arranging the first student referendum on Scottish independence. With the University of Aberdeen, their theme of ‘Memory and Experience’ reflects more than 500 years of student engagement. And the University of Edinburgh, with their theme of ‘Unity and Independence’ evokes the dichotomy of a ‘shared’ notion, as the 2014 Scottish independence referendum looms.

This journal was created to showcase the academic abilities of undergraduates at the four ancient universities of Scotland. Its existence is derived from the formulation of an idea early Spring 2012, the consistent support of academics at each ancient university, and the considerable talents of undergraduate editors and authors. It is very much more than the sum of its parts, with credit due to Professor Margaret Ross, Vice Principal at the University of Aberdeen; Professor Dorothy Miell, Vice Principal at the University of Edinburgh; Professor Frank Coton, Vice Principal at the University of Glasgow, and Professor Nic Beech, Dean of Arts at the University of St Andrews. The Editorial Board deserve special mention as well; their collective efforts as the torch bearers and first ever editors of Groundings Ancients will, it is hoped, be carried on for many volumes to come.

Mark McCahill, Editor-in-Chief

Här följer en bearbetad version av kapitel 1 (samt Referenser) ur min bok  KVINNOR OCH FAMILJ I DET FORN- OCH MEDELTIDA SKANDINAVIEN (Skara 1992)
Denna bok skrevs ursprungligen för att i någon mån fylla behovet av en kortfattad översikt över nordisk kvinno- och familjehistoria att användas runt om på gymnasier, i studiecirklar och för alla som är intresserade av ämnet. Det första kapitlets presentationer av nordiskt källmaterial vänder sig främst till dessa läsare.

Previous studies of Christian runic inscriptions have tended to deal with particular types of inscription from defined periods of time. This article analyses all the relevant Scandinavian runic material from the Viking Age and the Middle Ages, focusing on textual features and material contexts of inscriptions
that use prayers and invocations. Its main aim is to explore the dynamics of
what may be termed “the runic prayer tradition” with a view to identifying potentially stable elements of this tradition as well as those that alter over time. Two main categories of prayer and invocation explored are formulations in the vernacular and in Church Latin. The results of the study reveal various
possibilities of variation in the runic prayer tradition, but also suggest links and overlaps between the earlier and later vernacular prayers. The evidence further suggests some sort of a division between a monumental (or public) form of discourse in connection with rune-stones, grave monuments and
church buildings — which are dominated by vernacular prayers — and that of various loose objects, where Latin prayer formulas seem to be favoured.
Keywords: Viking Age, Middle Ages, Scandinavia, Christianity, Christian runic inscriptions, prayer, invocation, vernacular, Latin

A short overview on seals in Iceland along with Jón Sigurðsson´s writing
on seals and insignia Wax seals were widely used well into the 20th century to verify signatures and validate documents. In the Nordic countries seals were primarily used by royals, archbishops and bishops. However as the middle ages progressed others within the church, such as abbots, priors and priests began to use seals as well. Officials, lawyers and merchants also adapted the use of seals and eventually citizens and farmers. The use of wax seals in Iceland appears to follow the same pattern, primarily it was the bishops who used seals, but more and more men of the church followed, and eventually secular people.
This article aims at filling up a gap in Icelandic sigillography with a short overview on sigillographic research in the Nordic countries, as well as presenting previously unpublished summaries written by Jón Sigurðsson (1811-1879) on seals and insignia in Iceland, and ownership markings on objects and places. These summaries are published here along with
commentaries, notes and a reconstructed list of references. [Article in Icelandic]

2012 a hoard of four gold bracteates were found at the Stavnsager settlement in East Jutland. Two C-bracteates both carried runic inscriptions. The larger (IK 647) has a garbled futhark in a band ending in birds’ heads, closely related to other bracteates from the area, while the smaller (IK 650) only carries the runes ïz under the chin of the quadruped. The other two bracteates are of type D, one (IK 648) featuring a bird, while the other (IK 649) is exceptional in having the runic inscription aalul, perhaps a garbled alula (alu forwards and backwards). This is the first example of an indisputable D-bracteate with runes. The bracteates and their inscriptions will be discussed by Axboe & Imer in the forthcoming publication of the Sachsensymposion at Durham 2012.

Yenisey yazıtları ifadesi ile, bugünkü Tuva ve Hakasya sınırları içerisinde ele geçmiş yazıtlar anlaşılmaktadır. Yenisey yazıtları, ilk keşfedilen yazıtlar olduğu hâlde Moğolistan’daki büyük kağanlık yazıtlarının gölgesinde kalmaktan kurtulamamıştır. Bunun en önemli nedenlerinden birisi, Moğolistan bozkırlarında bulunan ve özellikle II. Türk Kağanlığı ve Uygur Kağanlığı yazıtlarının satır sayısının çok olmasıdır.
Kitapta, Yenisey yazıtlarının bulunuşu, ilk çalışmalar, Türkiye’de yapılan çalışmalar ve yazıtlarla ilgili genel bilgilerden sonra, bugünkü Tuva ve Hakasya sınırları içerisinde ele geçmiş runik harfli eski Türk yazıtlarının runik harfli metni, transkripsiyonu, günümüz Türkçesine çevirisi, üzerinde yapılan çalışmalar verilmiştir. Her yazıtla ilgili bölümün sonunda o yazıttaki kimi sözcükler ve sözcük grupları üzerinde durulmuş ve etimolojik değerlendirmelere yer verilmiştir. Kitabın sonunda ise dizin, kaynakça ve yazıtlardan resimler bulunmaktadır.

Crosses on Swedish rune-stones have been studied
on numerous occasions, mostly in isolation from
other features of the monument. This article examines
the use of rune-stone crosses with an emphasis
upon their varying functions in the total composition
of runic monuments. The analysis that combines the
level of visual composition with textual elements reveals
different strategies in the display of crosses. Besides
functioning as externalized Christian markers,
crosses could be made to serve various internal (i.e.
inscription-based) stylistic, decorative and practical
purposes. The role of the cross could be modified according
to particular contexts of usage.

Руническая надпись из Калбак-Таша II в Центральном Алтае (к вопросу об азах и территории их расселения)* Статья посвящена вводу в научный оборот, прочтению и интерпретации новой рунической надписи, найден-ной на местонахождении петроглифов Калбак-Таш II в Центральном Алтае. Если соседний петроглифический пункт Калбак-Таш I представляет собой крупнейшее местонахождение наскальных рунических надписей древнетюркской эпо-хи на территории не только Республики Алтай, но и всей России, то на данном памятнике это первая подобная наход-ка. Профессор М. Эрдал выполнил транслитерацию, перевод рунической надписи, которая насчитывает семь знаков, и дал комментарии к ней. Перевод звучит как: «Племя лошади. Охотники Азов (племени), откройте (путь)!». Вероят-но, эта надпись маркирует границы пастбищных угодий племен или небольших социальных групп, в данном случае – пле-мени азов. Предположительно она была нанесена в VIII в. В статье приводятся упоминания племени азов в рунических памятниках Монголии и Тувы, а также мнения различных исследователей относительно вероятной территории про-живания, связи с соседними племенами, происхождения азов и их дальнейшей исторической судьбы. Найденная руниче-ская надпись подтверждает точку зрения большинства ученых, согласно которой т.н. горные или горно-таежные азы обитали не только в Западной Туве, но и в Восточном и Южном Алтае, в то время как степные проживали совместно с кыргызами в Хакасско-Минусинской котловине. Не исключено, что племени азов могли соответствовать археологи-ческие древности кудыргинского типа на Алтае. Упоминание в надписи из Калбак-Таша II этнонима – племени азов – подчеркивает важность этой новой находки на Алтае. Подобные памятники древнетюркского письма, несмотря на их лаконичность, являются существенным дополнением широко известных орхонских рунических текстов, повествующих об истории тюркских каганатов.

The article introduces and interprets a new runic inscription found at the Kalbak-Tash II petroglyphic site in Central Altai. Whereas the adjacent petroglyphic site, Kalbak-Tash I, is the largest collection of Old Turkic runic texts in the Altai Republic and in Russia at large, Kalbak-Tash II has so far yielded only one such inscription, consisting of seven characters. Professor Marcel Erdal has suggested its transliteration, translation, and commentary. The proposed translation reads, " The Horse tribe. Hunters of the Az (tribe), open (the way)! " The inscription, evidently dating to the 8th century, marks boundaries of tribal grazing areas or those of small social units, in this case, the Az tribe, mentioned in runic texts from Mongolia and Tuva. Various viewpoints regarding their location, affi nities with neighboring tribes, origin, and later history are discussed. This new inscription confi rms the common

My survey aims at giving a short introduction to the
rune studies, which is inadequately presented in
Hungarian scholarship, to put the objects into the
context of international classification, and complete
the information, for example in relation to their
function. In my opinion, the runic script personalize
the artefact, moreover, elevates it to a sacral level,
by transforming it an amulet, at least as its secondary
function. There are two major effects of
amulets: protection from the harmful forces and
winning over the beneficial powers, such in case of
fertility. The practice of runic script is of mainly
masculine character, with its patron Ódin-Wotan, as
masculinity was considered to be protective force,
however, there could have been female rune masters
as well, as the examples shown in this in the paper
denotes.

The Ossolineum bought the coin discussed in this article at the 58th auction of the Warsaw Numismatic Centre held on 8 November 2014. It was initially identifi ed as a Gothic imitation
of an aureus of Severus Alexander, most probably made in the Chernyakhiv culture. Only after close examination was it revealed that the coin had a runic inscription, which was part of the matrix and not carved on the coin. This means that it is the oldest known runic coin, as it should be dated to 271–332, whereas other runic coins or gold Scandinavian bracteates are dated no earlier than to the fi fth century AD. The authenticity of the specimen has been confirmed by microscopic examination, comparative analysis of other imitations, numismatic objects produced in an analogical method or style and metal analyses. Attempts to trace the provenance of the specimen failed. The meaning of the inscription cannot be ascertained. The discovery of runic signs on the coin has serious implications for our knowledge of ancient East Germanic peoples. It means that we have to
date the beginnings of Germanic coinage at least two  centuries earlier than has been accepted until recently. We must also accept that the links between the Baltic and Black Sea regions were very close.

Uygur Devleti 745’ten 840’a kadar Orta Asya’da hakimiyet kurmuş; bu hakimiyeti sırasında elde ettiği siyasî, iktisadî ve askerî başarılar sayesinde Orta Asya’nın hayatına yön vermiş bir Türk devletidir. Uygurlar bu başarılarını, şehirciliğe verdikleri önem ve yazıyı kullanmak gibi medenî hayatın olmazsa olmazları kültürel uğraşlar ile tamamlamıştır. Çeşitli yazı sistemlerini kullanmış ve arkalarında kültürel öneme sahip birçok yazılı eser bırakmıştır. Uygurlar bu yazı sistemlerinden olan Göktürk yazısı ile Tes, Taryat, Hoyd Tamir, Şine Usu, Suci, Gurvaljin Uul, Karı Çor Tigin, Karabalgasun-I, Karabalgasun-II kitabelerini oluşturmuş ve Eski Türkçe döneminde Türk dili ile edebiyatının önemli eserlerini vücuda getirmiştir.
Metindilbilim, 1960’dan bu yana gelişen, tümce ötesi dil çalışmaları gerçekleştiren, yazılı veya sözlü dilsel ürünlerin metin olup olmadığını araştıran bir dilbilim yöntemidir. Metindilbilime göre dilsel bir ürünün iletişimi gerçekleştirebilmek ve bilgi aktarımını sağlayabilmek yani metin olabilmek için bağlaşıklık, bağdaşıklık, amaçlılık, kabuledilirlik, durumsallık, metinlerarasılık, bilgisellik şeklinde yedi metinsellik ölçütüne sahip olması gerekir. Bu metinsellik ölçütlerinin yanında etkinlik, etkililik, uygunluk şeklinde iletişimi düzenleyici ölçütler de bulunmaktadır. Bu metinsellik ölçütlerinden bağlaşıklık ve bağdaşıklık metin odaklı ölçütler iken diğer beş ölçüt dış bağlam odaklı ölçütlerdir.
Bu çalışmada Göktürk yazısı ile oluşturulmuş Uygur Kağanlığı yazıtlarının metindilbilimsel yöntem ile incelenmesi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmada yazıtlar, metindilbilim yönteminin metne yönelik olan bağlaşıklık ile bağdaşıklık ölçütlerine göre incelenmiş ve yazıtların metin olup olmadığı araştırılmıştır. Gerçekleştirilen bu araştırmanın sonucunda yazıtların yüksek bir metinselliğe sahip olduğu, yazıtlarda bağlaşıklık ve bağdaşıklık araçlarının etkili şekilde kullanıldığı tespit edilmiştir. Bu inceleme sonucunda yazıtların rastgele bir şekilde değil çeşitli kompozisyon kurallarına dikkat edilerek oluşturulduğu, etkili iletişimi sağlamak ve okurda önemli bir etki uyandırmak için dilsel düzenlemenin nitelikli bir şekilde gerçekleştirildiği açığa çıkartılmıştır.

The aims of this study are to provide a comprehensive analysis on Anglo-Saxon runic inscribed rings, studying their materials, purposes and inscriptions.  This is a small group made up of nine confirmed rings, all of which are from the later period. Literature concerning the runic rings is fragmentary and often sparse. Whilst many reputable sources are available, much previous literature comes from dated knowledge and assumptions of runology, some veering into the fantastical where more mundane rings are concerned. This study will attempt to strike a balance between imagination and skepticism, avoiding the pit falls of some runologists who perhaps are a little too imaginative. Therefore, the aims of this study are to gather these sources into a corpus and provide a unified and detailed study of Anglo-Saxon runic rings, and provide new opinion and insight into the runic rings.

The study will open with an analysis of the role of finger-rings in Anglo-Saxon society in general. Following this, a large bulk of this study will focus on what will be referred to as the ‘amulet rings’; a trio of rings with similar runic inscriptions of a presumed magical quality. The mysterious nature of these rings has caused them to be the most widely studied, and they have been connected to a number of manuscript charms. This study aims to examine these rings on a number of levels. Firstly, the materials of these rings will be discussed. Next, the inscription and form of the runes will be studied, along with possible dates for the rings. Lastly, the intended purposes of the rings will be discussed, linking the rings to similar objects and manuscript charms. This study argues that the writers of these related charms attributed power to the runic characters themselves, above their simple literary value.

The other rings this study will cover are of a more mundane quality. Their inscriptions are comparable with non-runic inscribed AS rings, consisting mainly of personal names and records of ownership. For each ring, the materials and dating evidence will be examined, the history of their study, their inscriptions, their purposes and their significance in the context of other runic rings.

This paper considers a connection between the Viking-age door, judicial regulation, and the cult place. It is argued that the door constituted a meaningful boundary to sacral and domestic spaces in the Viking Age, a boundary with judicial and cultic implications. I focus particularly on ring-shaped door-handles, which in the Viking Age seem exclusively linked with cult buildings and aristocratic halls. In a few instances door rings have been intentionally deposited in sacral buildings. Furthermore, the ring is a powerful sacral symbol in Norse worlds, and neck and arm-rings are archaeologically interpreted as expressions of leadership and social rank. Rings are also connected with oaths – ‘swearing a ring oath’, associated with the god Ullr. Ultimately, the paper suggests that deposition of door rings in buildings with sacral qualities must be considered a practice holding a specific and powerful meaning, and that door rings and doors could have cultic-judicial connotations in the Viking Age.

Paper given at Old English Runic Workshop at Eichstatt, March 15-16 2012. Reviews pots  from fifth century  Anglo-Saxon cremation cemetery with  runic stamps and also with other forms of decoration which might be interpreted as runic or quasi-runic .

The aim of this dissertation is to represent as clearly as possible the genre of Viking-Age runic plates by developing readings and interpretations of the inscriptions on the 46 metal plates with runes from the Viking Age known today. Several investigations of the runic plates have been con- ducted with a stereomicroscope for this purpose. On the basis of the new readings thus estab- lished, new interpretations have been proposed for the most problematic sections of previously in- terpreted inscriptions. New interpretations are also offered for inscriptions on runic plates which have previously been considered non-lexical. As well as providing new readings and interpreta- tions, this study has resulted in clarification of the relationship between the form and content of the inscriptions on the runic plates on the one hand and on their find circumstances and appear- ance on the other.

An argued documentation of the readings can be found in an accompanying catalogue in Swedish which was published digitally 2019 and can be downloaded as a pdf file at: <http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-383584>

A new version of the catalogue was published as a book 2021 in Runrön 21:2  and can be downloaded as a pdf file at: <https://uu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1337366/FULLTEXT04.pdf> or here on Academia.edu: <https://www.academia.edu/43439901/Korpuskatalog_till_doktorsavhandling_Viking_Age_Runic_Plates_Readings_and_Interpretations_>

The results of deciphering the middle text of the Rosetta Stone point to the fact that there are many details which cannot be found in the text written (inscribed) in ancient Greek alphabet. This conclusion proves the science awareness from the time of Thomas Young (1822) that the middle text was the original. On the basis of our research we can make this knowledge more precise with the conclusion that the pharaoh's decree from the middle text of the Rosetta Stone in original is written (inscribed) in the language of the ancient Macedonians with letters of the alive (living) masters of that time, i.e. with the official letters and language of the state that had been ruled by them for more than a century.

Zakazana wiedza o słowiańskich pamiątkach z Retry znalezionych w Prilwitz (Przylwicach). Idole prilwickie uznawane są za fałszywki, podobnie jak kamienie Hagenowa, kamienie mikorzyńskie i wiele innych artefaktów ze słowiańskimi runami. Czy aby napewno to prawda czy może manipulacja lub propaganda? Warto zapoznać się z dotychczasową wiedzą na ten temat i odświeżyć temat do dalszych badań.

Even gods are not always above bureaucracy. Societies very different from each other have entertained the idea that the heavens might be arranged much like an earthly bureaucracy, or that mythological beings might exercise their power in a way that makes them resembles bureaucrats. The best-known case is the Chinese “celestial bureaucracy,” but the idea is also found in (to take nearly random examples) Ancient Near Eastern cosmology, the Hebrew Bible, Late Antiquity, and modern popular culture. The primary sources discussed in this essay pertain to an area of history where bureaucracy was historically underdeveloped, namely medieval Scandinavia. Beginning with the Glavendrup runestone from the 900s, I examine a way of thinking about divine power that seems blissfully bureaucracy-free. Moving forwards in time to Adam of Bremen’s description of the temple at Uppsala (1040s–1070s), I find traces of a tentative, half-formed bureaucracy in the fading embers of Scandinavian paganism. In the 1220s, well into the Christian era, I find Snorri Sturluson concocting a version of Old Norse myth which proposes a novel resolution between the non-bureaucratic origins of his mythological corpus and the burgeoning bureacratization of High Medieval Norway. Although my focus is on medieval Scandinavia, transhistorical comparisons are frequently drawn with mythological bureaucrats from other times and places. In closing, I synthesise this comparative material with historical and anthropological theories of the relationship between bureaucracy and the divine.

Eser, "Göktürk Yazısıyla Oluşturulmuş Uygur Kağanlığı Yazıtlarının Metindilbilimsel İncelemesi" başlıklı yüksek lisans tezinin düzeltilmiş hâlidir. Kimi kısımlar oldukça kısaltılmış, çalışmada yeni bir bölümleme yapılmış, tespit edilebilen yanlışlıklar düzeltilmiştir. Gözden kaçan ya da farkına varılmayan yanlışların iletilmesini rica ederim.

In Turkic Studies literature it is believed so far that the runic inscriptions of early Turks found within the borders of today's Kyrgyzstan are concentrated only in Talas valley. However, the archaeological observations in the Kochkor region (1998)(1999)(2000)(2001)(2002) show that the Turkic runic writing system spread over Inner Tien Shan as well.

Seit dem 17. Jahrhundert wurden Brakteaten beschrieben, abgebildet und gedeutet. Vor 150 Jahren begann ihre wissenschaftliche Erforschung. Die Themen, die Christian Jürgensen Thomsen in seinem 1855 veröffentlichten Aufsatz diskutierte, blieben zentrale Anliegen der Brakteatenforschung. Dazu gehören ihre Chronologie, Typologie, Ikonographie und Deutung der Inschriften. Im Kapitel zur 'Forschungsgeschichte' wird analysiert, inwieweit methodische und theoretische Entwicklungen in der frühmittelalterlichen Archäologie Nordeuropas die Brakteatenforschung prägten, andererseits aber auch neue Methoden und Ideen in der archäologischen Forschung immer wieder durch die Brakteatenforschung angeregt und weiterentwickelt wurden. Doch blieb die Erforschung der Brakteaten nicht auf Archäologie und Runologie beschränkt. Die Forschungsgeschichte macht deutlich, in welchem Ausmaß das Verständnis der runden Anhänger durch interdisziplinäre Ansätze gewonnen hat. Die vergleichenden Religionswissenschaften, Kunstwissenschaften und Namensforschung haben wesentlich dazu beigetragen, daß ihre Interpretation als Götterbildamulette methodisch fundiert diskutiert werden kann. Eine entscheidende Voraussetzung für die Erforschung der Brakteaten waren Kataloge der bekannten Funde, die seit der Veröffentlichung von Tafeln mit Brakteatenabbildungen im 'Atlas de l'archéologie du Nord représentant des échantillons de l'âge de bronze et de l'âge de fer' 1857 immer wieder zusammengestellt wurden. Bis auf den letzten Katalog, dessen Abschlussband hier vorliegt, wurden die Brakteaten in den früheren Katalogen stets nach typologischen Gesichtspunkten gruppiert und präsentiert. Zu den Themen, die trotz langandauernder und intensiver Bemühungen nach wie vor kontrovers diskutiert werden, gehören die Beziehung der Brakteaten zu ihren römischen Vorbildern und das Verhältnis zwischen Brakteatenbildern und literarischen Texten. Denn während schon die frühen antiquarischen Forscher gesehen hatten, daß die Brakteatenbilder römische Münz-und Medaillonbilder zum

The purpose of this study is to examine an Old Hungarian inscription that was recently found in the Altai mountain and was claimed to be over 2600 years old, which would make it the oldest extant example of the Old Hungarian script. A careful observation of the Altai script and a comparison with other Old Hungarian inscriptions was made, during which several errors were discovered in the interpretation of the Old Hungarian signs. After correcting for these errors that were apparently introduced by mixing up the inscription with underlying engravings of animal images, a new sequence of Old Hungarian signs was obtained and translated into a new text. The context of the text indicates that the inscription is considerably more recent and is unlikely to be earlier than the 19th century.