Sodium sulphate

Paracetamol IP traditionally considered as a NSAID, is an
effective analgesic and antipyretic drug available as over the
counter without prescription. Paracetamol IP is used widely in all
age groups and it has intensely bitter taste which makes it difficult
to administer in children. The current study is an attempt to
develop transdermal patches of Paracetamol IP for paediatric
patients by solvent evaporation method (with slight modifications)
using a hydrophilic polymer, Na CMC in combination with
polyvinyl pyrrolidone and glycerin as plasticizer. To improve the
effective permeation of Paracetamol IP through skin, permeation
enhancers such as 5% of oleic acid, menthol and ethanol are
incorporated. All the developed transdermal patches showed
desired properties of an ideal TDDS and followed ideal zero order
kinetics. Formulation containing 5% menthol as permeation
enhancer showed higher release rates.

One of the important factors for electrocoagulation (EC) process is the conductivity of the solution to be treated. Essential mechanisms in EC are charge neutralisation by metal (Fe/Al) hydroxocations and aggregation by van der Waals forces since fl occulation of pollutants with metal is caused by their adsorption on metal hydroxide aggregates. In order to enhance the EC process efficiency in organic wastewater effluents, sodium sulphate (Na2 SO4) has been used as a supporting electrolyte (SE) to increase the electric current diffusion in the EC cell. However, literature has reported controversial effect of sodium sulphate on EC process. This review tries to understand the sulphate effect on the EC reactions. Na2SO4 has been found less efficient than NaCl as SE in EC process for the removal of humic substances, oil-in-water emulsions, and fluoride. However, for unskimmed milk sample and cutting oil emulsion sulphate anions were found to be quite harmful both for electrical consumption and EC efficiency. These results may be related to the facts that in the sulphate media the 70% of the aluminium is in the form of Al(OH)3(am) and in the chloride media this percentage is around 40% and the adsorption of chloride or sulphate ions onto the surface of the Al(OH)3(am) can reduce the adsorption efficiency. Consequently, metal cations must be well distributed in the wastewater before the metal hydroxide formation to decrease the negative effect of SE in EC process.

Two types of alkali-activated material (AAM) concretes were exposed to various sulphate bearing-solutions for over two years. Physical changes to the concrete specimen and chemical changes in the exposure liquid were studied in an attempt to understand how sulphate attack occurs in such binders and the role the mix variables play in offering resistance against such attack. The mix variables of alkali-activated slag concrete (AASC) included water-to-binder ratio, percentage of alkali, and the SiO2/Na2O ratio (silica modulus, Ms); for alkali-activated slag/fly ash (AA-S/F) concrete, the mix variables included slag/fly ash ratio and the SiO2/Na2O ratio. The exposure solutions included water, magnesium sulphate (5%), sodium sulphate (5%), calcium sulphate (0.2%), and two concentrations of sulphuric acid solutions, pH 3 and pH 1. The physical changes studied were length and mass change, visual appearance, and change in compressive strength. The exposure liquids were analysed for change i...

Two types of alkali-activated material (AAM) concretes were exposed to various sulphate bearing-solutions for over two years. Physical changes to the concrete specimen and chemical changes in the exposure liquid were studied in an attempt to understand how sulphate attack occurs
in such binders and the role the mix variables play in offering resistance against such attack. The mix variables of alkali-activated slag concrete (AASC) included water-to-binder ratio, percentage of alkali, and the SiO2/Na2O ratio (silica modulus, Ms); for alkali-activated slag/fly ash (AA-S/F) concrete, the mix variables included slag/fly ash ratio and the SiO2/Na2O ratio. The exposure solutions included water, magnesium sulphate (5%), sodium sulphate (5%), calcium sulphate (0.2%), and two concentrations of sulphuric acid solutions, pH 3 and pH 1. The physical changes studied were length and mass change, visual appearance, and change in compressive strength. The exposure liquids were analysed for change in pH and ionic composition. Findings show that the AA-S/F
blend performs better than AASC in sulphate environments, based on strength and change in length. Exposure to water resulted in the most expansion/shrinkage in all mixes studied. An empirical model was proposed for predicting the change in compressive strength for AAS&AA-S/F concretes based on mass gain. Further, a simple performance criterion was put forward for mixes in sulphate environments based on mass gain.