Surface finishing

Il contributo si articola nei seguenti argomenti e paragrafi:
a) Il confronto tra ieri e oggi per la conoscenza dello stato di conservazione del costruito storico. Il complesso monumentale di Colle Ameno fra incuria e discutibilità degli interventi.
b) La riconfigurazione dell’architettura attraverso la realizzazione di fotopiani conoscitivi. Il rilievo critico del rudere architettonico.
c) Dalla ricerca d’archivio all'indagine sul territorio: il confronto critico attraverso l’interpretazione fotografica. I luoghi della conservazione del cibo: lo studio della conserva da neve di Colle Ameno.

Finishing of Additively Manufactured (AM) components is crucial for endowing them with fatigue resistance. Unfortunately, current AM processes naturally promote anisotropic surface characteristics that make it challenging to optimize finishing processes. In this study, bead blasting is explored as a process for finishing Electron Beam Melted (EBM) Ti-6Al-4V. Effects of anisotropic roughness characteristics on mechanics of bead blasting are delineated using surface texture measurements via optical profilometry and residual stress measurements via X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). As-received surfaces resulting from AM as well as those in Electrical Discharge Machined (EDM) are studied. It is seen that pre-processed roughness textures heavily influence final textures and residual stresses. These linkages are quantified using plasticity index as the governing metric-a rougher surface features a larger plastic index which results in comparatively greater evolution of its texture characteristics than a smoother surface after equivalent bead blasting treatments. The mechanics of this evolution are delineated using energy-controlled indentation as a model representing a single impact in bead blasting. It is seen that rougher surfaces featuring complex textures in as-received states also produce complex stress states featuring a greater level of locally tensile stresses during indentation compared with smoother surfaces. Approaches to address these complications are proposed that can potentially transform a printed, non-functional surface into one that is optimized for fatigue resistance.

Program : AME 302 Lecturer : Mr. Ir. Malek Faizal Idrus Submission Date : 4 th of February, 2019 (Week 13) 1 | INTRODUCTION Through my trajectory in the Bachelor's Degree in Mechanical Engineering (Hons.) program in the halls of ivy called Infrastructure University Kuala Lumpur (IUKL) in pursuit of my future prospective career as a mechanical engineer, the module Engineering Workshop (Code: MECH 1802) is a requisite academic provision to completing mechanical engineering students' comprehension other than in theories that fall in the scope or perimeter of mechanical engineering alone. Besides getting the lay of the land about several key terminologies, concepts, and principles germane to this course through weekly class lessons, we received first-hand hands-on training in machining and other related operations and

Construction of buildings, both residential and commercial settings, carried in the city of Arusha located in northern Tanzania has been an absolute challenge in ensuring the desired qualities are maintained to acceptable aesthetic levels. This is due to attacks by efflorescence to finished surfaces that severely damage structural components including structural concrete, steels and paintings. This study analyzes associated construction materials including sand, pumice and ground water sourced from Njiro soils and ground waters, Oldonyosambu pumice quarries and Mirongoine river sand. The findings revealed presence of various chemical elements that when dissolved in water they react to form bicarbonate compounds, that entail severe destruction to finished surfaces and other parts of a structure. However, the study suggests some precautionary and remedial measures in effort to suppress the problem.

Since the very successful application of parallel robots in material handling, many
projects attempted to implement the Gough platforms as milling machine manipulators with limited success mainly achieving roughing.
The displacement of the milling tool should meet surface finish requirements. Users also wish to increase tool feedrate in order to improve productivity thereby reaching high speed milling levels. Even a constant high speed feedrate brings im-
portant challenges since they mean higher actuator  accelerations even on straight lines. This work introduces geometric formalization of surface finish which is more
realistic then classic error calculations.
This research work proposes an off-line simulation tool analysing the milling task feasibility using a robot constituted by a general hexapod parallel manipulator, namely the Gough Platform, often refered as the Stewart Platform. Moreover, in
order to meet the machine-tool standards, the parallel robot will be controlled by a typical CNC controller implementing classic position based algorithms adapted to the parallel robots with any kind of actuator polynomial interpolation. Control sampling rates are studied and their impact evaluated.
High and very high speed milling simulation results show the implementation of linear and third order interpolation between the actuator set-points calculated from the CAD/CAM computed end-effector or tool set-points points. The results show that linear interpolation are not sufficient for high speed milling and then third order interpolation reach the required surface finish at fast and feasible CNC sampling rates.

Orthopedic implants are used as medical devices that are surgically implemented into the body and designed to replace a missing joint, a bone or to support a damaged structure. Even though orthopedic implants have excellent outcomes such as restoring mobility and increasing the quality of lives, the failure of these implants occasionally takes place. This thesis examines a process called “superfinishing” as an alternative surface modification method for use on orthopedic implants that may yield better patient outcomes. It is believed that superfinishing may improve desired properties such as bending stress, fatigue strength, resistance to bacteria adhesion, wear resistance, chemical inertness, low coefficient of friction, and similar or better adhesion characteristics than stainless steels/titanium. The focus of this thesis is to show improvement in bending strength. In this study, specimens were superfinished in two different types of abrasives: aluminum oxide (Al3O2) and silicon carbide (SiC). The results demonstrated that roughness value of stainless steel rods in Al2O3 powder/walnut shell mix decreased to 0.156μm from 0.221μm and roughness value of stainless steel rods in SC powder/walnut shell mix decreased to 0.100μm from 0.184μm which is 36-44% decrease in roughness value. The experiment indicated that roughness value of these rods becomes stable after 21 minutes of superfinishing process but the maximum average load results were collected after 9 minutes of superfinishing process. This study showed that the longer
iv
superfinishing process does not necessarily increase the bending strength. This study also showed that the bending strength of superfinished Ti-6Al-4V rods was increased by
3.81% with SiC abrasives. In addition, bending strength of superfinished 316L rods were increased by 3.35% in Al3O2 abrasives and by 6.49% in SiC abrasives after 9 minutes of superfinishing process. Residual stresses should be studied as the future work to grasp the effects of superfinishing process.

_________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT— Burnishing is a cold working, surface treatment; chip less process in which plastic deformation of surface irregularities occurs by exerting pressure through a very hard and smooth roller on a surface to generate a highly smooth and work-hardened surface. Roller burnishing is an economical process, where skilled operators are not required. This paper presents the reviews of different works in the area of burnishing and tries to find out latest developments and trends available in industries in order to minimize the total equipment cost and result in high production rate, with accuracy and without considerably increasing existing inventories.

Grinding and polishing has always been the finishing process of all kinds of crafted goods. By burnishing, a surface becomes smoothed and an edge sharpened. Polishing gives an object a nicer look and only then the right finish. In certain cases good polishing can also prevent rapid corrosion, as can be observed on the surfaces of finds of Roman metal mirrors.
The grinding and polishing abrasives presented in this book were more-or-less easily available to prehistoric and antique man. If he really actually did work with them can only be proved without doubt in a few cases. This study demonstrates how efficient the different abrasives are and therefore how probable their use in ancient times was. Synthetically made polishing agents, such as corundum, were not yet in use, unlike some side products of early indus¬trial production like tile powder from burnt clay. I confine myself here to grinding and polishing agents which could be useful in the manufacturing of all metals known in an¬tiquity. Most of the abrasives could of course also be useful in the processing of stone (from marble to precious stones), bone, antler and wood, but our experiments and experience in the field and in the laboratory focussed on metals.
When thinking of “natural” grinding and polishing agents, mainly sandstone, quartz sand and maybe natural emery spring to mind. Old handbooks for craftsmen and workshop equipment – plus a very few sources of inform¬ation from antique authors – deal with many other substances which could either be used for sanding or for polishing. These I obtained from natural deposits and from collections, processed them for grinding or polishing and tested them on copper, bronze and brass in line with “Experimental Archaeology”. Originally the aim was to define differences in the microscopic traces which the various abrasives leave as characteristic marks on the small metal sheets, and so to obtain information as to the abrasives used on antique finds. This proved to be impossible mainly because the marks left behind by grinding are primarily affected by the particle size of the abrasives and not by the materials themselves.
Apart from grinding blocs and pulverized polishing agents, grinding and polishing tools such as files, scrapers and burnishers are also examined. Files and hones have already been dealt with in length in many specialist monographs and therefore do not need to be extensively discussed here. On the other hand, the frequently used scrapers, which played such a dominant role in antique metalworking, correspondingly merit a far more in depth examination.
In the archaeological context we rarely find evidence of sanding or polishing materials, because only in excep¬tional cases can they be identified and specified. The num¬berless hones are the exceptions. It cannot usually be determined whether they indicate ancient metalworking or whether they were used for working other raw material. This is only possible when hones are found within a specific metalworking context. However, evidence of traces of metals on brick disks from Augusta Raurica (figs. 46,1–3; 47) shows that by implementing systematic surface analysis on hones, metals also in use in metalworking may in the fu¬ture also be identified. Even with the help of modern analytics, grinding and polishing powders will still be hardly identifiable (examples figs. 102 and 107). Further archaeological research must produce well documented evidence to prove as to whether the abrasives tested and discussed here were all used in times of antiquity or not.
In this spirit, it is to be hoped that archaeologists will examine even the most vague traces of these unimposing raw materials of many craftsmen, because such evidence will help us to a better understanding of past production technologies and of the workflow leading to the finished object.
(Translation Julie Cordell)

We read the documents looking for information on finishes used in the furniture of Barcelona from 1870 to 1920.  The emptying reveals more data than expected, as well as a rich variety of possibilities and combination of products on surfaces. The study shows that the choice of a finish or another was decided from the moment of its design, because it was part of the elements that defined the work, its aesthetics and price. Taking in account these aspects before beginning a restoration is useful for conservators.

Hemos rastreado la documentación en busca de información sobre los acabados utilizados en los muebles de Barcelona desde 1870 hasta 1920. El vaciado revela más datos de los esperados, así como una rica variedad de posibilidades y de combinación de aplicados sobre las superficies.  Se muestra que la elección de un acabado u otro venía decidida desde el mismo momento de su diseño, porque formaba parte de las características que definían la obra, su estética y su precio, una información que es de gran utilidad cuando el restaurador la tiene en cuenta antes de emprender una actuación.

Subsurface damages and surface roughness are the two significant parameters which determine the efficiency of optical components. In this study, a cup diamond wheel is used in grinding process of the specimens made of Zerodur ® glass-ceramic, to investigate the influences of grinding parameters on the SSD and SR. The grinding parameters used in this study are depth of cut, cutting speed and feed rate; and effects of these parameters are studied. The experimental results are compared with the modified model of Lambropoulos, proposed by Li, and a good accordance is observed between them. Two measuring techniques were used to study the SSD. Cross-sectional polishing method and angle polishing method; the first one, suitable for studying the material removal mechanism and the other one convenient for examining the depth of subsurface damages and distribution of micro-cracks in the ground surface, respectively. A novel technique is introduced to measure the cracks length in which the sum of all cracks in a specific area of a SEM micrograph is calculated by image processing method and regarded as a factor to study the cracks length. Also, a statistical model is developed in order to predict the surface roughness and a good agreement is observed between the experimental results and the predicted values.

Electromagnetic abrasive finishing (EMAF) processes under the non-conventional machining processes are the precision material removal processes that applied to a huge variety of materials from brittle to ductile. However, their parametric selection is more difficult as compared to other processes because of the involvement of large process parameters. Hence, the aim of this paper is to study the performance of MAF process and to find out the optimum parameters while machining mild steel. This paper summarized better understanding about the experimental work that had been performed on process and response parameters. The surface roughness and material removal highly depend on machining gap and magnetic flux density. As in permanent magnet, flux density is fixed so in this paper, electromagnet has been chosen for experiment on centre lathe for cylindrical mild steel component. Al 2 o 3 abrasive particles were used in different mesh size with iron particle of fixed mesh size. Different experiments were carried out by varying process parameters like current, percentage concertation of abrasive particle and mesh size of abrasive particle. As a response, surface finish was measured using digital surface roughness tester. Result shows that the effect of process parameters on surface finish.

Summary:
ELID Grinding, since its introduction over two decades ago, has helped in material removal of hard and difficult-to-cut engineering materials. A gist of the important research milestones on the process has been organized in this report. The hybrid process of ELID Grinding has a simultaneous electrolytic reaction and grinding action. Electrolysis takes place between the conductive anodic wheel and highly conductive cathode in presence of a special electrolyte. The resulting anodic oxide wears off easily to allow efficient grinding. The different parameters involved in electrolysis complicate the mechanism of grinding and makes it significantly different from conventional grinding. Different variants of the process have also been reported, though the basic philosophy of operation is the same as basic ELID. Several authors have also suggested mathematical explanations, among other fundamental studies, that provide further insight. The basic components of the process, machine tool, power supply, grinding wheel, electrode and electrolytes, have also undergone several modifications and developments to deliver better results and suit specific purposes. The process has been successfully applied in stock removal operations for hard and brittle ceramic materials with low grinding forces compared to conventional grinding. Fine finishing of almost all kinds of hard and brittle materials, ranging from hardened steels, BK7 glass, mono-crystalline silicon, silicon carbide, aluminum nitride, silicon nitride etc, has been successfully carried out, to provide high quality surfaces with low sub-surface damage. Finally, discussions on the different stages of evolution of the process have been put forward as a conclusion to the report.

Le facciate architettoniche sono spesso luoghi ricchi di testimonianze storiche nelle quali i segni del tempo rendono ben riconoscibili le azioni dell’uomo; la loro lettura costituisce un momento sostanziale nella metodologia conoscitiva finalizzata al restauro e alla conservazione: la profonda e diretta conoscenza del bene indagato con coscienza critica deve guidare alla conservazione dell’integrità dell’opera, mediante un approccio conoscitivo in cui le indagini storiche, gli approfondimenti scientifici e la lettura della “grammatica” devono coesistere, integrandosi. Fra gli elementi caratterizzanti i fronti dell’edilizia storica, e quindi le quinte urbane dei centri storici, la finitura costituisce un elemento fondamentale. Intonaci e cromie sono troppo spesso considerati sostituibili o eliminabili senza avere cura di eseguire alcun tipo di indagine. L’importanza della maturazione di una coscienza critica e teorica dei problemi di tutela e conservazione dei beni culturali costituisce il presupposto per giungere alla corretta definizione del problema conservativo, nel pieno soddisfacimento delle istanze teorico-critiche e dei principi guida del restauro. Nel contributo saranno illustrati in particolare gli studi, le indagini ed i progetti di restauro delle coloriture e delle superfici architettoniche che hanno interessato il patrimonio storico edilizio dei centri storici di Ceglie Messapica, Noto, Bologna, Mesola e Ferrara, articolati attraverso un percorso di conoscenza incentrato sul colore nella sua globalità, con riferimento alla città e all’architettura nella sua complessità, a partire da studi storico-critici, fino ad arrivare alle indagini diagnostiche. Lo studio delle superfici non può prescindere dal linguaggio architettonico alla scala dell’edificio: si pone, dunque, l’attenzione anche alla lettura della grammatica del prospetto. Solo il riconoscimento del significato sintattico di ogni parte permetterà il corretto uso del rapporto cromatico tra le partizioni architettoniche, le cornici, gli ordini e i fondi, senza cadere in quei fraintendimenti, oggi tanto diffusi nei nostri centri storici, di elementi erroneamente separati o impropriamente uniti. Lo studio delle superfici architettoniche è stato strutturato come strumento conoscitivo per individuare idonee linee guida di procedure di intervento e fissando criteri e metodologie di recupero delle preesistenze, strutturando una metodologia analitica in grado di ottenere procedure utili al di là delle categorie di intervento ma in grado di indirizzare gli interventi sul colore della città storica. I casi studio proposti contribuiscono a indirizzare metodologicamente gli interventi sul colore della città storica nel più vasto alveo del restauro e della conservazione generalmente intesi, evidenziando come l’analisi storica, le indagini conoscitive e gli approfondimenti diagnostico-scientifici devono coesistere e integrarsi in un equilibrio reciproco come momento di sintesi del processo intrapreso, all’interno del quale è necessario che il ruolo di guida appartenga alle istanze storico-critiche.

The prevailing approaches for fabrication of orthopedic surgery instruments involve specialized machining processes on cast or stock parts. For high-volume fabrication of those instruments, machining is the most cost-effective approach. However, many trial components and various patient-specific (and/or physician-specific) tools and instruments have complex geometries and are needed only in very small batches sizes. Towards addressing this strong need for efficient manufacturing of customized surgical instruments for hip and knee implant surgeries, in this work, we performed a feasibility study by using a selective laser melting (SLM) process for this purpose. Additively manufactured (AM) 316L stainless steel parts (in both as-built and stress relieved conditions) were compared with the traditionally manufactured components from nominally the same material for both mechanical properties and microstructure. To improve the surface roughness of the AM parts, three different surface finishing post-processes were evaluated to achieve the required roughnesses better than 1.5 microns Ra. Experiments are then conducted to evaluate the effect of AM process parameters, including the laser power, hatch spacing and raster speed, on the resulting as-built surface quality. Lastly, two sample surgical instruments were fabricated and post-processed to demonstrate the methodology. Overall, the use of metal AM for fabrication of custom surgical instrumentation is deemed feasible and promising.

Precision surface quality is required for the optical components used in military and aerospace applications. Optical polishing process is one of the critical steps in fabrication of optical components. Final surface quality of the optical surfaces defines the life and performance of the system. Final surface figure and finish of the optical surface depends upon material removal characteristics of the polishing process. Rate of material removal is not uniform across the workpiece surface; it varies according to number of parameters such as pressure distribution, variation in relative motion at different points, abrasive slurry distribution at the workpiece-polisher interface, etc. Being a loose abrasive based process, the fundamental mechanism of material removal during polishing is still not well understood. One of the cumulative parameter which affects material removal during polishing is friction coefficient. Friction coefficient is a complex parameter and plays an important role...

The architectural facade surface finishing and colorings constitute the place where natural and anthropic marks of aging most settle. The composition of colors creates the chromatic system which is a historic evidence and a messenger of the architecture artistic value. The monumental complex of Colle Ameno, located in the countryside of Sasso Marconi (BO), is a fine expression of the local illuminist architecture. Its unique character lies in the close relationship between several arts, where the architecture born and develops for scenographic purpose in combination with painting. The complex of villa and surrounding rural village was built from an existing manor house and reached its maximum glory in the second half of XVIII century, then fell in abandonment. Torn by the bombings of the World War II and decades of carelessness, the villa-village link faded slowly until the recent surfaces "restoration" which brought an even deeper alteration of the buildings' chromatic system. The result is the distortion of the historic architectural syntax, which led to the scenographic painted system negation, to the perceptive reversal of villa-village link and to the monument values loss.

Abstract (italiano)
Le finiture superficiali e le coloriture dell'architettura storica sono i luoghi in cui maggiormente si depositano i segni antropici e del tempo: la grammatica architettonica e la stratificazione cromatica costituiscono, quindi, una testimonianza delle valenze storiche ed estetiche dell'edificio e del tessuto urbano in cui esso si inserisce. Il complesso monumentale di Colle Ameno, situato nel Comune di Sasso Marconi (BO), costituisce una rara espressione dell’architettura illuminista bolognese di campagna: una delle caratteristiche più significative del complesso è data dal connubio delle arti impiegate per la sua realizzazione dove l'architettura nasce e si sviluppa con intenti scenografici in stretta relazione con la pittura. Il complesso di villa e annesso borgo rurale viene realizzato a partire da una preesistente palazzina di campagna e raggiunge il suo massimo splendore nella seconda metà del XVIII secolo, poi cade nell'abbandono. Colpito dai bombardamenti della seconda guerra mondiale e dai decenni di incuria, il complesso vede il legame fra villa e borgo allentarsi lentamente fino al recente intervento di “restauro” del borgo che causa una ancora più profonda alterazione dell'apparato cromatico del costruito. Il risultato è la compromissione della sintassi architettonica, che porta alla negazione dell'apparato scenografico dipinto, al ribaltamento percettivo del rapporto villa-borgo e alla perdita di valore del monumento.

The surface finish of the parts manufactured by traditional processes cannot meet the requirements of several applications. Thus, the final machining processes are needed to eliminate surface imperfections, increase the fatigue life of the workpiece and improve the surface finish. Magnetic field-assisted abrasive machining is one such process that uses a flexible finishing brush to remove material from the workpiece surface. In this research, the inner surface of aluminum 7075 cylindrical pipes was finished using epoxy adhesive containing magnetically assisted abrasive particles (MAAPs), and percentage increase in surface finish (%ΔRa) and material removal (MR) was investigated by employing the design of experiments technique. The results so obtained were analyzed for studying the influence of process parameters viz. magnetic field strength (MFS), rotational speed of workpiece, particle size of MAAPs, and amount of MAAPs on %ΔRa and MR. This analysis showed that MFS and amount of MAAPs were identified as the most significant parameters and the optimum values of the parameters were obtained as MFS of 10,030 Gauss, rotational speed of 1200 rpm, particle size of 50 µm, and amount of MAAPs of 12 g. The maximum %ΔRa value of 79.8%, MR of 88.2 mg, and surface roughness as fine as 0.07 µm (Ra) was achievable at optimum parameters. The surface examination was done to study the surface conditions before and after finishing.

Vibration has been a major constraint in the machining industries as it has catastrophic effects on the machining parameter. Though there have been several attempts made by the researchers each had their own limitations and constraints. In metal cutting, Magnetorheological fluid (MRF) has proved to be effective in vibration suppression when employed as a semi-active damper. MRF is a smart non-Newtonian fluid which has the capacity to alter its viscosity instantaneously on the application of magnetic field. Along with this property and its robust nature they have used in a wide variety of places as a damper. One major limitation is its settling of magnetic particles which are suspended in a non-magnetic fluid. The settling rate will be further aggravated when the current supplied to coil is increased. Increased current will increase the heat produced in the coil which in turn will heat the non-magnetic fluid wherein its viscosity gets reduced. This problem of settling of iron particles can be prevented by adding stabilizers, similarly the size of particles also has an immediate effect on settling. In the current investigation Titanium and Activated carbon was added as stabilizers to magnetorheological fluid and then the viscosity change brought about in the fluid was studied. Further to support and add clarity to the work variable cutting speed and feed test was also performed. From the experimental results it was evident that stabilizers (activated carbon by 0.1% of weight) in MRF has increased the viscosity and thereby aided in an effective turning process of hardened SS410 steel.

— Surface roughness is a key measure that defines machined surface integrity. In this current work, an experimental investigation was conducted to determine the effects of cutting conditions on surface roughness when turning the Al20%Mg Si metal matrix composite and Bi-treated Al20%Mg Si composite. The results showed that surface roughness value improved with cutting speed increment. In addition, Bi treated workpiece showed better surface finish results compared to base composite

Numerical solutions to Viscous Incompressible flow between two parallel plates have been developed over the last half century. Multi-level techniques are successfully developed and applied for the same problem where significant speed-ups are achieved. Due to complexity of Navier-Stokes equation, obtaining analytical solutions for viscous flow problems if difficult sometimes. Obtaining exact solution of Navier-Stokes equation is possible for some classical cases of steady, laminar, viscous and incompressible flows. Numerical research in this area will help researchers to develop techniques which yield accurate and faster solutions. The present work is on estimating the velocity distribution in Couette flow between two parallel plates by using Newtonian fluids as lubricant. The resulting partial differential equations of Navier-Stokes equation after the boundary conditions are substituted are solved by Finite Difference Method. An algorithm named as "Tri Di m" is generated for the same. By agonal Matrix Algorith using MATLAB, numerical analysis is performed to obtain the velocity distribution between two parallel plates.

As a widely used material in aerospace and medical industry, Ti6Al4V titanium alloy is regarded as difficult-to-machine. In this study, aCN/TiAlN coating was deposited on carbide cutting tools as an attempt to increase the machinability of this alloy. Wear behavior and cutting performance of the aCN/TiAlN coated carbide tools in face milling of Ti6Al4V were investigated under dry conditions. The effect of coating on cutting forces, chip formation and surface integrity of the workpiece with regard to surface finish was investigated. Mechanical and tribological properties of coated samples were characterized by nanoindentation, scratch test, 3D-profilometer, confocal microscope and pin-on-disk test. SEM was employed in combination with EDS for structural and compositional characterization of worn samples. According to the results, abrasive and adhesive wear are dominant tool failures on the coated tools. Higher wear resistance and ~15% longer lifetime were obtained with aCN/TiAlN coated carbide tools in milling of Ti6Al4V. The coating proved to be effective on chip formation and workpiece surface finish. Due to its superior properties in terms of adhesion, wear resistance, surface finish and chip formation, aCN/TiAlN coating is a good candidate for use in face milling of Ti6Al4V alloy.

Drag finishing of brass (Cu-30 wt.% Zn) rings using fluidized abrasives, which is a new finishing technology, is comparatively evaluated with centrifugal disk finishing. The comparison was performed by selecting the same abrasive granulates of two different sizes and operating the equipment for the same processing time or at their respective maximum speeds. The experimental analysis investigated the change in workpiece morphology, material removal during finishing and dimensional accuracy. The results showed that each of the types of equipment investigated in the study were capable of a high finishing performance with a relatively short processing time. However, fluidized bed assisted drag finishing was more effective than centrifugal disk finishing in both the achievable quality of the processed parts and reduced processing time. In contrast, centrifugal disk finishing was preferable whenever low erosion and stringent dimensional tolerances were demanded.

Hard turning has gained substantial response in metal machining since it has substituted the cycle of traditional process i.e. turning, heat treatment and finish grinding associated with hard parts. This current research goals at evolving an electrorheological fluid damper for reducing vibrations of tools and endorsing improved machining results during hard turning. The ER fluid performs like a spring having nonlinear vibration features tackled by configuration of ER fluid, the electric parameters of electric field and the shape of plunger. Turning investigations are conducted to attain a set of electrical compositional and shape constraints which will reduce tool vibrations and endorse improved cutting performance throughout turning of steel EN24 of 49 HRC with minimum fluid application. It is perceived that utilization of ER fluid damper decreases tool vibrations and increases turning performance efficiently. If this awareness gets commercialize it will beneficial for machining industries.

Ultrasonic burnishing is a relatively new method used for finishing workpieces to produce good surface quality. Ultrasonic burnishing does not involve material removal from the surface of the workpiece. However, the method has a significant deforming effect on the material, especially close to the surface, which is why it is vital to know the effect of the method to residual stresses in the material. This study looks at the residual stresses produced in two 34CrNiMo6-M tempering steel qualities of different hardness. The magnitude of stresses is examined using the hole drilling method. The hardness and surface quality of the finished workpiece are measured. The results show that the ultrasonic burnishing not only treats material on the surface efficiently but also deforms the material deeper, producing compressive residual stresses in the workpiece. The hardness increases after finishing and surface quality improves significantly. The roundness of the workpiece is improved and dimensional changes are minor.

During the last two decades, components of ring spinning machines have been greatly improved. Most of the technical advances in ring spinning were aimed at improving the performance of the existing technology. In this study, air atmospheric plasma was used for improving wettability of cotton yarn using modified electrodes. Certain physical properties such as yarn tenacity, yarn hairiness, were evaluated as well. The outcomes revealed a remarkable increase in cotton wettability of compact spun yarns after the atmospheric plasma treatments. The results also pointed out that with the atmospheric plasma treatments of compact yarns give the percent of the liquid absorptive capacity for untreated and treated compact yarn is found 38 % and 105 % respectively. Therefore the percent increase in LAC is found 175 %. Atmospheric Plasma treatment doesn't have significant negative effect on yarn properties not significant at 5%, except for the yarn breaking elongation which significantly reduced after plasma treatment.