Textile sector

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine empirically the impact of human capital development in organizations. It is based on some conceptual aspects of human resource accounting and considers how investments in the development of human capital can be measured in order to investigate the financial returns for organizations.
Design/methodology/approach – The study is exploratory in nature as this is the first of its kind in the Pakistani manufacturing sector. The technique of convenience sampling was used to collect the data due to time and resource limitations. The sample comprises of 30 leading companies in the
Pakistani textile sector. A self-administered postal questionnaire was designed for the research survey. The results focus on the benefits derived by using the capital investment appraisal techniques of human resource accounting including: return on investment, benefit to cost ratio, weighted average cost of capital, and bottom line evaluations.
Findings – The results provide evidence of an association between investment in the development of human capital and the benefits, which organizations can reap from such investments. It further finds that the organizations investing in training and development programs provide high employee productivity that ultimately contributes towards high-organizational performance.
Research limitations/implications – Owing to the research design, the results may exhibit a lack of generalizability to other sectors. As the results cannot be applied to other organizations, further research can be done by using the same techniques.
Originality/value – This paper is a groundbreaking work in Pakistan and thereby an addition to the existing global literature on human resource accounting. This research provides new directions for the literature in this area, by encouraging a debate about the importance of investing in the development.

In this study, the problem of asymmetric information and its effects on credit markets have been undertaken within the theoretical framework. It has been tried to test whether the theory of Stiglitz Weiss Model, one of the approaches of theoretical framework of asymmetric information, is convenient for the credit markets, related to textile sector in Turkey due to Granger and Toda Yamamoto Causality Analysis. It has been also determined the direction of causality is convenient with the theory or not. By analyzing Granger and Toda Tamamoto Causality between selected financial ratios, which was chosen from Central Bank of Rebuplic of Turkey, Company Accounts between 1991 – 2014 for the firms, operated in textile sector and credit risk of the sector, it has been tried to determine which financial ratios have causality with the risk of textile sector and the way of causality between these variables. As a result of Granger and Toda Yamamoto Causality Analysis, which have been carried out, it has been found that, for the textile industry in Turkey, the ratio of total credits in short run to total liabilities and the ratio of total credits in long run to total liabilities are affected by the sector's proportion of liquidated loans to total loans. Due to the mentioned conclusion, some suggestions, belonging to textile sector specifically, have been made by evaluating the strategies, which banks have followed for commercial credit placement, to avoid the default risk of commercial credits. INTRODUCTION Within the context of information conveyed or communicated, the concept of information in the theory of economics is an element that usually leads to render of certain decisions and contributes to accumulation of knowledge in the market (King& Roderer, 1983). Asymmetric information forms when one of the parties in the market has better or more information than the other. The full information possessed by one side of the market also makes the structure of information asymmetrical (Phlips, 1988). Typically, the party that possesses more information or better information about the product traded on the commodity market than the buyer is the seller. However, it is possible that the opposite could also be true. Thus, the buyer can possess more or better information compared to the seller. The circumstances where the seller has more or better information than the buyer are seen more frequently. According to Stiglitz (2002), studies in economics literature, which advocated the market economy and its radical policies for a long time, have ignored everything based on the information theory. The studies in the literature have been concentrated on models built on

ÖZ Bu çalışma ile tekstil ve hazır giyim sektörlerinde çalışan genç yetişkin kadın işçilerin çalışma sebeplerinin neler olduğu, aile ve çalışma yaşamları arasındaki etkileşimin kendilerini ne yönde etkilediğini ortaya koymak amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmada nitel araştırma yöntemi kullanılmıştır. İstanbul'un çeşitli ilçelerinde ve Bursa'nın İnegöl ilçesinde çalışmakta olan ve yaşları 18 ve 27 arasında değişen toplam 18 genç yetişkin kadın işçi ile yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme formu kullanılarak derinlemesine mülakatlar gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda genç yetişkin kadın işçilerin tekstil ve hazır giyim sektöründe çalışma sebeplerinin daha çok ekonomik gereksinim, sosyal çevrenin etkisi, eğitim hayatı ile ilişki, yaşanılan bölge ve sosyalleşme ihtiyacı gibi faktörlerin etkili olduğu görülmüş; ayrıca katılımcıların aile ilişkilerinin değerlendirilmesine, aile ve iş yaşamları arasındaki etkileşime, iş yaşamının aile içi rol ve sorumluluklar üzerindeki etkisine dair verilere ulaşılmıştır. Araştırmaya katılan genç yetişkin kadın işçilerin büyük bölümünün ailesinin ekonomik ihtiyaçlarını karşılamak için çalıştıkları ve aileleri tarafından ikincil emek olarak görüldükleri tespit edilmiştir. Katılımcılar, tekstil ve giyim sektörünün niteliksiz ve  eğitimsiz iş gücü talebini karşılamaktadırlar. Özellikle hızlı ve kolay iş bulabilmeleri bu sektörleri tercih etmelerinde etkilidir. Ayrıca zor ve ağır çalışma koşullarına sahip atölyelerde çalışan katılımcıların aileleriyle kaliteli zaman geçirme ve sosyal ihtiyaçlarını karşılama noktasında ciddi sorunlar yaşadığı tespit edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak genç yetişkin kadın işçilerin çalışmayı tercih etmesinde ve aynı iş kolunda çalışmayı sürdürmeye ilişkin kararlarında aile ilişkilerinin önemli bir dışsal faktör olduğu tespit edilmiştir. (The aim of this study is to reveal the motivation of working of young adult female workers employed in textile and ready-made garments sectors and how the interaction between family and working life affects them. Qualitative research method was used in the study. In-depth interviews were conducted with a total of 18 young adult female workers in various districts of Istanbul and Bursa's İnegöl districts using a semi-structured interview form. As a result of the study, it was concluded that the reasons of working in textile and ready-made garments sectors of young adult female workers are mostly factors such as economic necessity, social environment effect, relationship with education life, need of region and socialization. In addition, data on the evaluation of the family relations of the participants, the interaction between family and working life, and the effect of working life on the roles and responsibilities of the family were obtained. It was found that the majority of young adult female workers who participated in the study worked to meet the economic needs of their family and were seen as secondary labor. Participants meet the unqualified and untrained labor demand of the textile and ready-made garments sectors. Their ability to find jobs quickly and easily is especially effective in choosing these sectors. Participants working in workshops with difficult working conditions were found to have serious problems in spending quality time with their families and meeting their social needs.)

The current research empirically identifies the factors significantly affecting the firm's performance in textile and food sector of Pakistan. The researcher used panel/longitudinal data set which are created with the help of State Bank of Pakistan's annual publication named as "Financial statement analysis of companies (non-financial) listed in KSE for the period 2005 to 2010 which is available at www.sbp.org.pk online. The researcher used one-way fixed effect model due to the presence of cross-sectional fixed effect in the regression results. The dependent variable was profitability as a measure of firm's financial performance while the independent variables were leverage, growth, firm's size, risk, tax, tangibility, liquidity and non-debt tax shield. The firm's performance in case of textile sector is significantly affected by Short term leverage, Size, risk, tax and non-debt tax shield while taking long term leverage as first independent variable, the leverage becomes insignificant along with tax factor. In food sector, Long term leverage, size, risk, tangibility and non-debt tax shield are the factors significantly affecting the firm's financial performance. The textile and food sector should consider the above said factors because these factors significantly increasing or decreasing firm's financial performance. The findings of the current research are limited and applicable to non-financial sector of Pakistan only. It is not applicable to financial sector due to their difference of capital structure. In addition, the researcher used profitability as measure of firm's financial performance while the future research can have ROA, ROE, and EPS etc as firm's financial performance.

Abstract: This article aims to describe the characteristics of innovation in services at small and medium companies (SMEs) in the textile sector at Valledupar, Colombia. The characteristic of innovation are: (1) the formalization and systematization of innovation processes related with the economics activities, (2) The difficulty of make any difference between product innovations and process innovations, (3) The preference in the organizational innovations face to the technological innovations, (4) The difficulty of protecting the innovations, (5) the incremental and flexible role of the innovation, and (6) The origin concentrated on the market. The research is the type descriptive, not experimental and cross-sectional. The population of this research is fifteen small and medium companies at the textile sector of Valledupar, Colombia. The research uses a Likert type questionnaire applied to the managers. The results indicate that the predominant characteristics are the difficult to protect innovations, the difficulty for differentiate between product and process innovation, and its incremental and flexible role. However, the companies analyzed lacks of formalization and systematization in the innovation process.

Apart from the observation that the millennial male is more liberal in shedding the portfolio of male dominated roles and approaching a egalitarian approach in sharing roles with his female partner, the organizational policies is not providing the required compatibility with their young employees. This leads to multiple negative outcomes like organizational stress and attrition. Majority of the existing organizations were conceived by the generation X with their ideologies. This is proved fact there is an ever existing conflict between the two generation thoughts and mindsets which leads to negative outcomes many times. On this note, we can forecast that the concepts like work life balance is very crucial for the future healthy work force.The objective of the study is to analyze the relation between the work life balance and organizational culture of the millennial males in the private sector of Gujarat. The millennial approached in the study are married and their spouse and also full time professionals. This arrangement has lead to enhanced requirement of the concepts like work life balance with the support from their workplace. The data collected for the research was through "Stratified Random Sampling" technique. Over 400 questionnaire were circulated in textile sector of Gujarat, out of which we received 374 responses. Questionnaire on "Work Life Balance"by Dr Reena Shah for understanding work life balance and "OCTAPACE"by Professor T V Rao to understand the organizational culture.